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Effects of dietary Oedocladium carolinianum powder supplementation on growth performance and feed utilization of T. ovatus after the 42-day feeding trial.
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The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of astaxanthin-rich Oedocladium carolinianum as an immunostimulant in the diet for Trachinotus ovatus. Three experimental diets containing 0% (OC0), 1% (OC1), and 5% (OC5) O. carolinianum powder were formulated for 6-week feeding trials. The results indicated that the OC5 diet boosted the growt...
Citations
... midgut villi in the pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) (Zhao et al., 2022a). The antioxidant defense system is the primary defense mechanism of cells against oxidative stress. ...
This study examined the effects of feeding largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with diets containing different doses of astaxanthin (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. The results showed that the values of weight gain significantly increased from 620.32 ± 50.38% to 826.14 ± 33.49% as dietary astaxanthin levels increased from 0 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg. When the astaxanthin level exceeded 150mg/kg, the weight gain rate showed a downward trend, but there was no significant difference among of the 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg groups. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were also improved by adding astaxanthin to diets (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, adding astaxanthin to the feed increased the length and thickness of intestinal villus and muscle layer thickness (P < 0.05). The astaxanthin supplementation increased the expression of the NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) gene and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the expression of apoptosis genes Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 (P < 0.05), indicating that it has a good antioxidant ability. Furthermore, adding astaxanthin increased the content of non-specific immune markers and decreased the expression levels of the inflammatory factors interleukin-15 (IL-15) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Moreover, fish fed diets with astaxanthin exhibited lower blood cortisol levels (P < 0.05). The proportions of C20:4n6 (ARA) and C20:5n3 (EPA) in the liver decreased with increasing dietary astaxanthin levels. Based on WGR and SGR values, the optimal addition level of astaxanthin in largemouth bass feed is 134.8 mg/kg ~ 135.75 mg/kg. In summary, the appropriate dietary astaxanthin enhanced the antioxidant capacity and immune response of largemouth bass and had a positive effect on its intestinal health.
... The antioxidant enzymes in fish are usually affected by various nutritional factors (Hassaan et al., 2019;Dawood et al., 2020;Zhao et al., 2022a). Total hepatic antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) protect liver tissues against oxidative damage (Zhao et al., 2022b). In the present work, the T-AOC, SOD, and CAT levels were higher in the fish fed a basal diet supplemented with GXUS03 (10 8 CFU/g) than in those fed a basal diet alone. ...
The present study investigated the effects of dietary Metschnikowia sp. GXUS03 on the growth performance, morphology, intestinal flora, hepatic health, and immune response of juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The fish (average weight = 9.67 ± 1.61 g) were administered either a plain basal diet (control check group; CK), a basal diet supplemented with 1 × 107 CFU/g GXUS03 (M01 group), or a basal diet supplemented with 1 × 108 CFU/g GXUS03 (M02 group) for eight weeks. Relative to CK, M01 and M02 had significantly higher final body weights (FBW), weight gain rates (WGR), specific growth rates (SGR), and feed conversion ratios (FCR) (P < 0.05) as well as less hepatic fat vacuolation. M02 also presented significantly upregulated antioxidant enzymes and enhanced antioxidant capacity. After eight weeks, M01 and M02 also exhibited significantly improved autochthonous gut bacterial community and the formation of various potential probiotics. M02 displayed significantly improved survival in response to Streptococcus agalactiae inoculation. This treatment augmented lipid metabolism and the immune response, increased the serum index (complement 3 content and lysozyme activity), and upregulated hepatic Toll-like receptor (TLR2, MyD88), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and immune-related (C3, lyz) genes. The foregoing results indicate that 1 × 108 CFU/g Metschnikowia sp. GXUS03 dietary supplementation improved the growth performance indices, liver health, and immune responses in tilapia.
... ALT and AST levels (Zhao et al., 2022a;Hanley et al., 2004). Taraxacum officinale extract could significantly reduce ALT and AST and exhibited a protective effect on the liver function of Trachinotus ovatus (Tan et al., 2017). ...
Cuminum cyminum L., commonly known as cumin, which belongs to the family Apiaceae and the order Apiales, is a widely grown spice and medicinal plant in Xinjiang province, China. The fruit of cumin is primarily edible and is also consumed for its medicinal properties. However, after the cumin fruits harvest, a large amount of plant stem waste is often produced, resulting in resource waste. In this study, fruits and stems of cumin were used at 1% and 3% concentrations (F1 and F3; S1 and S3, respectively) as feed additives to investigate the effects of their dietary supplementation on the growth, antioxidant capacity, liver, and intestinal health, and gut microbiota of Oreochromis niloticus. A total of 375 fish were fed, and their mean initial weight was 9.22 ± 0.17 g. After 8 weeks of feeding, the F1, S1, and S3 treatments significantly increased the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of O. niloticus. At the same time, S1 and S3 increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. S1 and S3 also reduced the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum, reducing lipid droplet formation. Moreover, S1 and S3 significantly increased the length of intestinal villus and the abundance of Pro-teobacteria, reduced the abundance of Fusobacteriota and Bacteroidota in the gut, and increased the expression levels of metabolic pathways of the gut microbiome. The cumin stems and the fruits, at the lower 1% concentration , improved the growth performance of O. niloticus, accelerated growth rate, enhanced antioxidant capacity , improved intestinal morphology, and alleviated fatty liver disease. In particular, the stems of cumin have the potential to be used as feed additives for O. niloticus, providing a novel solution for the full utilization of agricultural waste.
... The liver plays a key role in lipid homeostasis, and nutritional restriction changes the structure of the liver, leading to abnormal lipid metabolism and thus disrupting lipid homeostasis [34]. Abnormal accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissue results in cell dysfunction, which, in turn, leads to inflammatory responses and cell death [35,36]. Similar findings were observed in this study, where low dietary protein up-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α. ...
The diet formulation for trout has changed dramatically over the last decade due to changes in the ingredient markets and advances in feed processing technology. The protein requirements of Oncorhynchus mykiss were established at the end of the last century, and it is unclear whether these requirements are applicable to modern dietary formulations. Therefore, an eight-week feeding trial was performed to measure the protein requirements of O. mykiss by evaluating growth, body composition, antioxidation property, innate immune response and liver morphology. The five experimental diets were prepared to contain the same levels of crude lipid (120 g/kg) and graded levels of crude protein (356.3, 383.9, 411.5, 439.2 and 466.8 g/kg). The results suggested that the growth, feed utilization and whole-body crude protein levels were significantly increased when fish were fed diets containing 439.2 and 466.8 g/kg crude protein. Meanwhile, low dietary protein levels (356.3 and 383.9 g/kg) significantly down-regulated the mRNA levels of insulin-like growth factor I, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, complement 3 and lysozyme, and also up-regulated the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 as well as proinflammatory cytokine expression in the liver, including interleukin 1β, interleukin 8 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, low dietary protein levels (356.3 and 383.9 g/kg) damaged liver structure, suppressed total antioxidative capacity and increased the malondialdehyde content in liver. In conclusion, high dietary protein (439.2 and 466.8 g/kg) promoted fish growth, while low dietary protein (356.3 and 383.9 g/kg) damaged liver structure, induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses and weakened non-specific immunity. The protein requirement of O. mykiss reared in the convection-water cages is no less than 439.2 g/kg for optimal growth, antioxidant and immune properties.
... Histological observation after hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed in accordance with the procedures presented in an earlier study [14]. Gut samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and then dehydrated in a graded ethanol series (75%, 4 h; 85%, 2 h; 90%, 2 h; 95%, 1 h; 100%, 1 h). ...
... Thus, digestive function is closely correlated with intestinal development [34]. Earlier studies reported that an increase in villi length and villi thickness implies an enlargement of the surface area and, consequently, improved absorption of nutrients [14,35]. Muscular thickness is closely correlated with the peristaltic capacity of the intestine. ...
... This study reveals that dietary astaxanthin down-regulates the activity of ALT and AST in plasma, which is consistent with previous observations in other fish species fed on diets supplemented with different sources and concentrations of astaxanthin [46,48]. It is noteworthy that fish in aquaculture are sensitive to environmental stressors and infections [14]. Accordingly, supplementing fish feed with astaxanthin is considered helpful in relieving environmental stress and protecting the liver, in turn improving fish health in cage culture [14]. ...
The coloring efficiency and physiological function of astaxanthin in fish vary with its regions. The aim of this study was to compare the retention rates of dietary astaxanthin from different sources and its effects on growth, pigmentation, and physiological function in Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish were fed astaxanthin-supplemented diets (LP: 0.1% Lucantin® Pink CWD; CP: 0.1% Carophyll® Pink; EP: 0.1% Essention® Pink; PR: 1% Phaffia rhodozyma; HP: 1% Haematococcus pluvialis), or a diet without astaxanthin supplementation, for 56 days. Dietary astaxanthin enhanced pigmentation as well as the growth of the fish. The intestinal morphology of fish was improved, and the crude protein content of dorsal muscle significantly increased in fish fed with astaxanthin. Moreover, astaxanthin led to a decrease in total cholesterol levels and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in plasma. Fish fed on the CP diet also produced the highest level of umami amino acids (aspartic acid and glutamic acid). Regarding antioxidant capacity, astaxanthin increased Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and antioxidant enzyme activity. Innate immune responses, including lysozyme and complement systems, were also stimulated by astaxanthin. Lucantin® Pink CWD had the highest stability in feed and achieved the best pigmentation, Essention® Pink performed best in growth promotion and Carophyll® Pink resulted in the best flesh quality. H. pluvialis was the astaxanthin source for achieving the best antioxidant properties and immunity of O. mykiss.
... of antioxidant parameters and gene expression [22]. Besides, from three fish randomly chosen from each cage, the liver was removed and fixed in 40 g/kg paraformaldehyde solution (Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) for histological analysis. ...
... Excessive Keap1 Nrf2-ARE pathway plays an important role in protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by endogenous and exogenous stress [38]. The antioxidant response element (ARE), an important transcriptional regulatory element, mediates the mRNA expression of a set of antioxidant factors, such as SOD, GPX, HO-1 and GR [22,39]. Nrf2 is a key transcription factor that induces the expression of antioxidant factors regulated by ARE [40]. ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and liver morphology in Oncorhynchus mykiss under cage culture with flowing freshwater. Fish (initial body weight 25.70 ± 0.24 g) were fed five isonitrogenous (420 g/kg protein) and isolipidic (150 g/kg lipid) diets containing 50.6, 102.1, 151.3, 200.9 and 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate levels, respectively. The results indicated that fish fed diets containing 50.6-200.9 g/kg carbohydrate showed significantly higher growth performance, feed utilization, and feed intake than those fed 251.8 g/kg dietary carbohydrate levels. Based on the analysis of the quadratic regression equation for weight gain rate, the appropriate dietary carbohydrate requirement of O. mykiss was estimated to be 126.2 g/kg. 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate level activated Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, suppressed superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity, and increased MDA content in the liver. Besides, fish fed a diet containing 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate showed a certain degree of hepatic sinus congestion and dilatation in the liver. Dietary 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate upregulated the mRNA transcription level of proinflammatory cytokines and downregulated the mRNA transcription level of lysozyme and complement 3. Whole-body compositions were not affected by dietary carbohydrate levels. In conclusion, 251.8 g/kg carbohydrate level suppressed the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and innate immunity, resulting in liver injury and inflammatory response of O. mykiss. A diet containing more than 200.9 g/kg carbohydrate is not efficiently utilized by O. mykiss under cage culture with flowing freshwater.
Astaxanthin, a natural ketone carotenoid, is among the environmentally friendly antioxidants and immunopotentiators. A 60-day feeding experiment was proceeded to assess the feasibility of astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis as a growth promoter, antioxidant, and immunostimulant in the hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus). Experimental diets containing grade amounts of Haematococcus pluvialis powder (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g kg⁻¹ feed) were formulated to be fed to red tilapia (Initial weight 27 ± 0.5 g) and designated as control, HP0.5, HP1, and HP1.5, respectively. The results indicated that the HP1 and HP1.5 promoted growth performance by decreasing FCR and increasing FBW, WG, WGR, and SGR confirmed by better intestinal morphology. Moreover, the HP1 and HP1.5 diets improved non-specific immunity via enhancing phagocytic activity, IgG and IgM contents, and nitric oxide, while decreasing MPO values compared to the control. Additionally, the H. pluvialis diets boosted antioxidant ability through elevating serum SOD and GSH activities, unlike the control group. The HP0.5, HP1, and HP1.5 diets also exerted hepatoprotective effects via histological sections as well as, suppressing liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT) and reducing serum TG and cholesterol contents confirmed our data. Besides, a notable decrease in the serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 along with hepatic mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and caspase-3 with the increasing doses of H. pluvialis. These results proposed that a diet supplemented with 1 and 1.5 g kg⁻¹H. pluvialis is exhorted to augment the growth performance, hepatoprotection, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and anti-inflammatory response of red tilapia.
