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Effects of Spirulina on the body weight (g) gain of broiler.
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A B S T R A C T The study was conducted to evaluate the prebiotic effects of Spirulina as a growth and immunity promoter for broiler chickens. Birds (n=100) were randomly and equally distributed into four groups (T0, T1, T2 and T3) and fed on a diet containing 0, 2, 4 and 8 g Spirulina/kg feed respectively for 4 weeks. The body weight was significa...
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Study was conducted to evaluate the potential application of the dried microalga Arthrospira platensis in Oreochromis niloticus diets as a replacement for fish meal protein. A. platensis was incorporated into fish diets at 0% (D1-control), 10% Diet2 (D2), 20% Diet3 (D3), and 30% Diet4 (D4) replacement of fish meal protein. The final weight gain was...
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... A significant increase in the white blood cells of broiler chickens fed Spirulina-supplemented diets was observed [39]. Furthermore, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in RBC count and hemoglobin values was observed in the blood of broilers fed Spirulina-supplemented diets at 2-8 g/kg feed [40]. ...
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with Spirulina platensis (SP) on the productive performance, carcass characteristics, behavior, blood serum metabolites, hematological indices, and economic efficiency of Fayoumi broiler chickens for a 56-day. In total, 120 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed among four dietary treatments with three replicates (n = 10/group) for 8 weeks. The dietary treatments were a control basal diet without SP and the same basal diets supplemented with 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0% SP. Birds fed 1% Spirulina-supplemented diets recorded significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio and less overall feed intake and feeding behavior than those in the control group. No significant changes (p > 0.05) were recorded in the dressing percentage or the relative weights of internal organs among the different experimental groups, except for the thymus. Diets containing 0.5 or 1.0% SP saw an increase (p < 0.05) in serum total protein and globulin and a reduction (p < 0.05) in serum cholesterol concentration. The lymphocyte percentage in birds fed SP diets was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in birds fed the control diet. These results suggest that adding SP up to 1% to the broiler diets could positively affect some important blood biochemical parameters, enhance their immunity response, and improve their growth performance. However, from an economic point of view, supplementation with 0.25% of SP is recommended for Fayoumi broiler chickens.
... Spirulina or Chlorella (Qureshi et al., 1996;An et al., 2016;Kang et al., 2017;Mirzaie et al., 2018;Khan et al., 2020). Similarly, both Spirulina (0.01 −0.8%) and fresh Chlorella (1.0%) increased white blood cell counts and lymphocytes in addition to reducing heterophils in broiler peripheral blood (Kang et al., 2013;Jamil et al., 2015;Khan et al., 2020). Algae-specific effects on intestinal integrity are sparse; however, dietary inclusion of 1.0 to 2.5% and 0.2% Chlorella or Spirulina, respectively, have been shown to increase villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CrD) in the broiler ileum and jejunum (Kang et al., 2017;Khan et al., 2020;Mirzaie et al., 2020). ...
... Findings from this study in algae-supplemented cornbased diets are in agreement with other published outcomes of improved BWG and FCR in healthy 42-dayold broilers fed Spirulina (Jamil et al., 2015;Khan et al., 2020). Algae-induced changes in histomorphology, intestinal integrity, systemic immunity, and tissue kinotypes in corn-fed broilers translated to improved performance in these birds, but similar outcomes did not translate to improved performance in birds fed wheat-based diets. ...
Novel feed ingredients may improve poultry health, but functionality of these ingredients may vary across basal diet formulations. This study evaluated a proprietary algae ingredient's effects on broiler performance, intestinal health, systemic immunity, and metabolic/immune kinotypes between corn- or wheat-based diets. Ross 308 broilers were housed in 80 floor pens (14 birds/pen) and assigned to 1 of 4 corn or wheat-based diets ± 0.175% algae ingredient for 42d. At the end of each 14d starter, grower, and finisher period, 10 birds/treatment were euthanized for tissue collection to assess intestinal histomorphology, systemic immune cell populations by flow cytometry and kinotypes by peptide arrays. On d28 and 29, 43 birds/treatment underwent a 12h feed restriction challenge followed by a fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran intestinal permeability assay. For the entire 42d study, wheat-based diets improved feed conversion rate (FCR) by 5 points compared to corn-based diets (P < 0.0001). Performance benefits related to algae inclusion were diet dependent, with algae inclusion improving 42d FCR by 6 points only in corn-based diets (P = 0.006). Birds fed wheat-based diets had reduced splenic monocyte/macrophage, CD1.1⁺, and T cell populations in the first 14d (P < 0.0001) and reduced serum fluorescence on d28/29 (P = 0.0002). Algae inclusion in the corn-based diet increased villus height in the duodenum on d28 and jejunum on d42, while reducing splenic CD3⁺CD8α⁺ cytotoxic T cells 13.4-27.5% compared to the corn-based control at the same timepoints (P < 0.0001). Kinome results showed a significant innate immune toll-like receptor (TLR) response via MyD88 at d14 in the small intestine of birds fed corn-based diets with algae that shifted to a more growth factor and adaptive immune-oriented response by d42. Concurrent with immune changes, signaling changes indicative of lipid metabolism in the small intestine, ceca, and liver were seen in birds fed the corn-based diet with algae. The observed differential responses to basal diet composition and algae inclusion emphasize the need to comparatively evaluate feed ingredients in various diet formulations.
... Besides, lower production costs and a short rearing period have made it very popular among entrepreneurs, especially in South Asian countries [27,28]. e broiler can be produced in a safe way using Azolla (Azolla pinnata), spirulina, probiotics, phytobiotics, and other nonchemical feeds and inputs, which are safe for human health [29][30][31][32][33]. Safe broiler does not refer to fully organic broiler since a fully organic broiler is produced by all organic inputs, including organic hatching of eggs and chicks [34]. ...
The poultry meat industry is primarily dominated by broilers, and conventional broiler meat is claimed to be malicious to human health and environment since it is produced using hazardous feeds and other dietary supplements. This study aimed to evaluate consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for safe broiler chicken meat following a contingent valuation model (CVM). Also, consumers’ consumption and different types of perceptions on safe broiler meat were assessed from the data collected among 300 consumers in Bangladesh. Consumers’ health and environmental perception of safe broiler meat are found to be high, indicating that they are more concerned about these attributes in the case of consuming broiler meat. The results reveal that conventional broiler meat losses its appeal to consumers after a certain income level and is mainly consumed by lower- and middle-income groups. This study divulges a unanimous demand for safe broiler meat among the consumers who intend to consume about 36% higher than their present consumption level if the availability was ensured in their local market. The average WTP premium for safe broiler meat is estimated to be about BDT 39.87 per kg. The consumers’ WTP is positively influenced by their education, income level, the current consumption of broiler chicken meat, health perception, and taste and nutrition perception. This study recommends meat producers, entrepreneurs, and farmers adjust their production and marketing plans by incorporating suitable quality control procedures to meet the unfilled consumer demand for safer broiler meat. Besides, slow-growing safer broiler chicken needs to be introduced to improve meat’s taste and nutritional aspects.
... According to the findings of various studies, the proportion of carbohydrates pre sent in spirulina spp. is around 13.6% [42,43]. On the other hand, a number of additiona studies came to the conclusion that the total carbohydrate content of spirulina ranged from 15% to 25% dry weight [32,33,42,[44][45][46]. There is no cellulose present in spirulin ...
... According to the findings of various studies, the proportion of carbohydrates present in spirulina spp. is around 13.6% [42,43]. On the other hand, a number of additional studies came to the conclusion that the total carbohydrate content of spirulina ranged from 15% to 25% dry weight [32,33,42,[44][45][46]. There is no cellulose present in spirulina algae's carbohydrates; instead, they are made up of a variety of sugars, such as glucose, mannose, galactose, and xylose, in addition to glycogen. ...
... Spirulina contains the amino acids methionine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, alanine, arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, proline, serine, and threonine [46]. According to research conducted by Siva et al. [18], the highest levels of the EAAs leucine and valine were found in spirulina at 5400 and 4000 mg/100 g, respectively. ...
Spirulina is a kind of blue-green algae (BGA) that is multicellular, filamentous, and prokaryotic. It is also known as a cyanobacterium. It is classified within the phylum known as blue-green algae. Despite the fact that it includes a high concentration of nutrients, such as proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids—in particular, the necessary omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids—the percentage of total fat and cholesterol that can be found in these algae is substantially lower when compared to other food sources. This is the case even if the percentage of total fat that can be found in these algae is also significantly lower. In addition to this, spirulina has a high concentration of bioactive compounds, such as phenols, phycocyanin pigment, and polysaccharides, which all take part in a number of biological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. As a result of this, spirulina has found its way into the formulation of a great number of medicinal foods, functional foods, and nutritional supplements. Therefore, this article makes an effort to shed light on spirulina, its nutritional value as a result of its chemical composition, and its applications to some food product formulations, such as dairy products, snacks, cookies, and pasta, that are necessary at an industrial level in the food industry all over the world. In addition, this article supports the idea of incorporating it into the food sector, both from a nutritional and health perspective, as it offers numerous advantages.
... According to the findings of various studies, the proportion of carbohydrates pre sent in spirulina spp. is around 13.6% [42,43]. On the other hand, a number of additiona studies came to the conclusion that the total carbohydrate content of spirulina ranged from 15% to 25% dry weight [32,33,42,[44][45][46]. There is no cellulose present in spirulin ...
... According to the findings of various studies, the proportion of carbohydrates present in spirulina spp. is around 13.6% [42,43]. On the other hand, a number of additional studies came to the conclusion that the total carbohydrate content of spirulina ranged from 15% to 25% dry weight [32,33,42,[44][45][46]. There is no cellulose present in spirulina algae's carbohydrates; instead, they are made up of a variety of sugars, such as glucose, mannose, galactose, and xylose, in addition to glycogen. ...
... Spirulina contains the amino acids methionine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, alanine, arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, proline, serine, and threonine [46]. According to research conducted by Siva et al. [18], the highest levels of the EAAs leucine and valine were found in spirulina at 5400 and 4000 mg/100 g, respectively. ...
... Many medicinal plants and algae like SPA play a major role in many metabolism and biological reactions through their specific mode of action (Kaoud, 2012 andCheong et al., 2016). Also, FCR was better for birds supplemented with SPA compared to the control treatment, the improvement of FCR as a result of SPA supplementation to broiler chicken diet could be attributed to the increase in BW accompanied by no effect on FC in accordance with Khan et al., (2005); Kharde et al., (2012);Jamil et al., (2015), and Shanmugapriya et al., (2015). Moreover, Nikodémusz et al., (2010) noticed that broiler chickens fed Spirulina containing diets were superior in their productive performance compared to control birds. ...
... Mariey et al., (2014) indicated that there was a slight increase in the PCV% and red blood cells of broiler chickens fed Spirulina compared with the control group. Spirulina improved the development and maturation of leukocytes (Kumari et al., (2019), and increased the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin (Jamil et al., 2015), which is a pivotal part of the immune defense of broiler chickens due to its content of phycocyanin and polysaccharides. Thymus gland is linked to the present association of zinc and an increase in the number of white blood cell, which helps to improve humoral and cellular immunity (Skrajnowska and Bobrowska-Korczak, 2019). ...
Spirulina platensis algae (SPA) is a natural feed supplement with 40 to 45% crude protein, 2.44% Ca, and 6.27% P. It contains substances (e.g., β-carotene and zeaxanthin, and high Fe, vitamins and phycocyanin). These substances reveal potential biological properties such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic contain. The effects of dietary supplementation of SPA on growth performance, antioxidative, immune status, and intestinal histology were investigated. A total of 540 broiler chickens were randomly assigned into 3 treatments of 18 breeding pens each housed in 6 replicates per each experimental treatment (30 birds per pen). Three diets were formulated to contain 0, 3, and 6% of SPA and fed from d 7 to 35. Body weight and body weight gain at 5 wk of age were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the diet containing 6% SPA compared with the 0% SPA. The supplementation of SPA to a broiler chickens diet improved (P = 0.008) the feed conversion ratio. The obtained results of the experiment showed that broiler chickens fed with 3 and 6% of feed SPA increased (P ≤ 0.05) RBC, Hb, WBC, and lymphocyte values compared to the 0% SPA. Serum total lipid, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations in the diet containing 3 or 6% SPA decreased compared with the 0% SPA. Furthermore, the concentration of high-density lipoprotein was increased (P = 0.001), while the opposite is observed with low-density lipoprotein concentration. Serum Ca and P concentrations had greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the diet containing 3 or 6% SPA compared to the 0% SPA. Broiler chickens with both treated groups of SPA had the best antioxidative and immune status. Moreover, the content of Ca and P in tibia ash increased (P ≤ 0.05) in both broiler chickens fed the diets containing 3 and 6% SPA compared with those fed the diet containing 0% SPA. In comparison to the control treatment, all experimental chickens had increased villus height, goblet cells per 100 enterocytes and villus height per crypt depth in the jejunum histology examination. The inclusion of SPA in broiler chicken fed the diet containing of 6% had a considerably positive effect on growth performance and gut health status. In addition, it is a good source of Ca and P to increase tibia strength.
... Due to the high concentration of crude protein present in Spirulina (50-70 %, Altmannn et al., 2018;Contreras et al., 1979;Kay and Barton, 1991), it is seen as a strong candidate for broiler birds as they require a diet with 10-23 % crude protein to sustain their growth potential (Applegate and Angel, 2008). Cobb 500 broilers fed diets containing 2, 4, and 8 g/kg Spirulina had both a significant increase in body weight (P<0.05) and significant decrease in FCR (P<0.05) when compared to control at 0 g/kg (Jamil et al., 2015). An increase in average daily weight gain has been observed over the course of 42 days for Hubbard broilers supplemented Spirulina (51.42 ± 0.49) compared with control birds (49.32 ± 0.52) (Kaoud, 2012). ...
Research has shown Spirulina to be a viable feedstuff in poultry production. Other species of microalgae are being studied to determine their effects on poultry production. This project compared four microalgaes: Hydrodictyon, Vaucheria, Uronema, and Spirulina and was broken down into three trials. The first experiment investigated the digestibility of an algae species, Spirulina, in broiler chicken diets. Eighty, 25-day-old Ross 708 broiler chicks were sorted into 20 metabolism cages and received one of two diets: Control Diet or Test Diet (75% basal diet + 25% Spirulina). The apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD) of lysine, methionine, cysteine, threonine, isoleucine, valine and arginine in Spirulina was 94.5%, 91.3%, 56.1%, 71.4%, 76.8%, 69.8% and 90.4% respectively. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of Spirulina was 2279 kcal/kg. The second experiment focused on digestibility of Spirulina and novel algae species in laying hens. Sixty, 80-week-old Lohman LSL-Lite laying hens were randomly assigned to Control Diet, Hydrodictyon Test Diet (87.5% basal diet + 12.5% hydrodictyon), 12.5% or one of three other test diets (75% basal diet + 25% Spirulina, Uronema, and Vaucheria). Spirulina diets contained the highest crude protein (25.5%) and methionine levels (0.68%). Uronema had the highest gross energy content of 3880.5 kcal/kg and lysine levels (1.12%). Hydrodictyon diet was the most nutritionally similar to the control. Crude protein was at 15.3% and 16.6% for control and Hydrodictyon respectively. Gross energy was 3429.6 kcal/g in control versus 3316.1 kcal/kg in Hydrodictyon. Lastly, crude fat was 2.7% compared to Hydrodictyon at 2.4%. The last trial was to determine the effects of the addition of microalgae in the diet on laying hen production. Seventy-eight, 23-month-old laying hens were assigned to 1 of 3 of the following experimental diets: control, control + 1% microalgae, or control + 2% microalgae. Microalgae, regardless of inclusion level, had no significant effect on egg weight in this study. Increasing level of inclusion of Spirulina, Hydrodictyon, and Uronema from 0 to 2 % significantly increased yolk color. Vaucheria influenced yolk color at the 2% level. No significance differences shown from any of the algae species regardless of inclusion level for egg weight, egg mass, shell thickness, shell strength, shell weight, albumen weight, yolk weight, and albumen height. In addition, there was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio, feed intake, body weight, or tibial strength between the treatments. However, as these are novel algaes, further studies are required to determine the true usability in poultry production.
... Microalgae, such as Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris, due to their Biochemistry excellent nutritional and functional features, which can aid broiler chicks, they have lately piqued the interest of poultry nutritionists. (Jamil et al., 2015;Sugiharto & Lauridsen, 2016). Microalgae, on the other hand, were regarded as a key component of aquatic biodiversity, and they were produced in a variety of habitats (sea, freshwater, and desert) and in a variety of shapes (single cells, colonies, and laments) (Stengel et al., 2011). ...
... As a result, Spirulina platensis is of particular interest since it has the potential to be employed as a functional food (Ambrosi et al., 2008). Spirulina platensis has been frequently used in broiler diets as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics from the day of hatch through slaughter age (Jamil et al., 2015;Bonos et al., 2016). Poultry meat consumption has risen dramatically in recent decades, because many believe chicken meat is "healthy" and less expensive than red meat. ...
The current study was conducted to assess the consequences of Spirulina platensis extract based on growth performance and immunological response of broiler chicks. There was a total of a hundred and Eighty-one-day-old chicks were assigned at random into three dietary groups undergoing treatment with three replicates of 20 each bird. Control group was given ration without additives. The second and third groups were supplemented with Spirulina platensis extract at doses of 30 and 50 gm./kg. of ration, respectively. Supplementation of broiler chicks with Spirulina platensis extract enhanced their growth performance represented by increasing final body weight, body weight gain, phagocytic activity, and phagocytic index while significantly decreased feed intake and food conversion ratio. Moreover, it increased serum levels of Ig-M, and Ig-G and obviously change in serum level of Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) but not lead to a significant change as compared to control. This study indicated that Spirulina platensis extract in ration enhanced the growth performance and immunological response of broiler chicks through increasing serum levels of immunoglobulins.
... For that reason, it has been used as a functional feed ingredient in broilers [18]. In much of the research, it has been used as a growth promoter [14,19], a replacer of AGP [20], a gut health regulator [21], and an immunostimulator [22] in broilers. According to Bonos et al. [18], PUFAs found in spirulina increase the PUFA content of thigh meat in broilers. ...
... Phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant contents have a synergistic effect that improves broiler meat production [23]. Spirulina is relatively expensive to produce, purchase, and is not as widely available as other feed additives [24], even though many researchers [19,22] reported Spirulina supplementation to be cost-effective for improving broiler growth and meat quality. ...
How to cite: Ismita J, Islam KMS, Al-Mamun M, Debi MR. Comparative efficacy of citric acid, Spirulina platensis, and their combination as alternatives to an antibiotic growth promoter on the performances of broilers. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1):1-7.
ABSTRACT Objective: A 35-day-long trial was conducted to compare the consequences of supplementing cit-ric acid (CA), Spirulina platensis, and their combination as natural substitutes for antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on the productive performance, dressing percentage, and blood serum metab-olites of broilers. Materials and Methods: A total of 150-day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatment groups, each having 30 chicks in it (10 chicks per replicate cage). The dietary groups were as follows: 1-Control (corn-soybean-based), 2-Control + antibiotic (Enrofloxacin, 10 mg/kg bodyweight), 3-Control + 1% S. platensis, 4-Control + 0.5% CA, and 5-Control + 1% spiru-lina + 0.5% CA. Starting from day 7 up to day 21, antibiotics were administered via water; spirulina and CA were offered via feed. Results: When compared to the control, all dietary supplements significantly (p < 0.05) improved broiler growth performance. However, dressing characteristics and serum metabolites (serum creatinine, albumin, and uric acid) were not influenced (p > 0.05) by dietary changes, except cholesterol level (p < 0.05). Supplementation with antibiotics, CA, and spirulina produced comparable results. Among them, the CA-fed group recorded the highest live weight, weight gain, feed intake, improved feed conversion ratio, and the lowest serum cholesterol level (106.5 mg/ dl). The combination group performed better than the control, but not as well as their single supplementations. Conclusions: CA and S. platensis might both be good candidates as natural alternatives to AGP (Enrofloxacin). But, among them, CA performed better in terms of production performance.
... The liver is the main metabolic organ of the body, and more severe liver damage releases higher amounts of liver enzymes. The decreased level of serum enzyme such as AST and ALT indicates lower damage of hepatocytes [29]. ...
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of dietary horsetail (Equisetum arvense) and spirulina (Spirulina platensis) supplementation on performance, egg quality, serum biochemical and antioxidant status of laying hens. A total of 648, 63-week-old Hy-Line W-36 layers were divided into nine groups with eight replicates per group (nine birds per replicate). A feeding trial was conducted under completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 3×3 consisting of three different dietary levels of horsetail supplementations (0, 0.25, and 0.50%, respectively) in combination with three levels of spirulina (0, 1, and 2%, respectively). Results showed that feed intake, egg production, egg weight and mass, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Eggshell thickness, strength, and yolk color were significantly improved in diets supplemented with 0.5% horsetail and 2% spirulina and their interactions. Egg yolk cholesterol was not significantly different among groups; however, a significant reduction was found when fed 2% spirulina. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration decreased by supplementing 2% spirulina in diet; also, spirulina increased total superoxide dismutase (TSOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in laying hens. Overall, the findings indicated that the combination of horsetail and spirulina could have potential for improving the egg’s physical parameters, whereas spirulina was more effective in improving blood traits and oxidative status.
