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Effect of the soil air content in vine water status analyzed through stomatal conductance (gs) and SWPmd (n=36).
Source publication
Soils with unfavourable natural conditions for root development can affect both yield and fruit quality of table grapes, mainly due to an inadequate soil air/water ratio. The objective of this study was to generate information about the adaptation of own-rooted or grafted 'Thompson Seedless' vines grown in soils with different soil air capacity (AC...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... soils with limited soil air content (15% or less), gs in the grapevine is reduced ( Table 3). The results are consistent with values reported by Ferreyra et al. (2008) on avocado, where lack of oxygen in the soil also affected root system metabolism and caused stomata closure. ...
Context 2
... results are consistent with values reported by Ferreyra et al. (2008) on avocado, where lack of oxygen in the soil also affected root system metabolism and caused stomata closure. However, the literature has shown that avocado trees are more sensitive to the lack of air in the soil than the grapevine, which could explain the moderate response observed in stomatal conductance in the present study (Table 3). ...
Context 3
... this study, the SWPmd in January (summer) ranged between -0.55 and -0.63 MPa, indicating that plants were not under water stress conditions, and the decrease of the soil air content did not affect the vine water status. However, the SWPmd in the sandy loam soil was significantly more negative than in the sandy soil (Table 3) probably due to the higher canopy and transpiration of the plants (data not shown) Table 4 shows the effect of soil air content on the pruning weight of T.S grafted on different rootstocks. 110-R and Ramsey rootstocks growing in a poor aerated soil showed better performance than the rest of the treatments; however, water status was no affected by the treatment as reported by Iacono et al. (1998). ...
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Climate change will lead to higher frequencies and durations of water limitations during the growing season, which may affect table grape yield. The aim of this experiment was to determine the variability among 3-year old table grape cultivars under the influence of prolonged water deficit during fruit development on gas exchange, growth, and water...
Citations
... In some soils maintained at field capacity, the aeration is a limiting parameter for plant growth, and this can be a common problem in irrigation management. Some orchards can be flooded for 24 or 48 h, by excess water, poor irrigation or absence of a proper drainage system, even in soils near field capacity (Ferreyra et al., 2011). ...
... Below this value there is growth retardation and considerable damage to the roots of most cultivated plants (Valoras et al., 1964; Stolzy et al., 1967; Jacobs et al., 1997; Ferreyra et al., 2011). Given the same porosity, oxygen diffusion is less in humid soils compared to dry soils, which have a larger percentage of their pores filled with air (Moldrup et al., 2000; Feng et al., 2002). ...
Under transient waterlogging, a number of transformations in the soil are generated associated with lack of aeration, seriously affecting the root system. Significant progress has been reported on understanding the effects of lack of oxygen on the metabolism of the roots, although few studies have examined changes in the soil. Diverging conclusions about the degree of tolerance exhibited by plants exclude the effects of hypoxia and anoxia on physical-chemical soil properties under
plant experiments. This review examines the main changes occurring in soil and roots due to transient soil waterlogging conditions. Parameters such as antioxidant capacity, nutrient uptake dynamics and regeneration and distribution of the root system are relevant for selecting rootstocks tolerant to soil waterlogging.
... Hypoxia is an important problem in the Aconcagua valley, where 30% of the Chilean table grape industry is concentrated. In this valley almost 70% of the soils have a high proportion of clay and present high bulk density, high soil compaction and low water infiltration (Ferreyra et al., 2011). These soil characteristics favor soil saturation during the growing season, limiting the soil air capacity, the root penetration and finally the grape production (Stępniewski and Stępniewska, 2009). ...
The effect of flooding on young grapevine plants grafted onto two rootstocks: Harmony and Freedom was evaluated. Grafted and non-grafted plants were grown in plastic pots under normal and flooding conditions. Flooding condition was obtained by keeping the water three cm above the soil and the oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) was 0.2 μg O2 cm-2 min-1: In control ODR was 1.7 μg O2 cm-2 min-1. Net CO2 assimilation and stomata conductance were evaluated in developing and mature leaves. In general, at the beginning of flooding, plants grafted on Harmony showed a rapid reduction in net CO2 assimilation. This reduction reached a minimum after at seven days of flooding treatment. By contrast, the plant grafted on Freedom did not show any reduction on net CO2 assimilation until seven days of flooding. This indicates that this last rootstock confers to the scion a tolerance to hypoxia. On the other hand, the reduction in net CO2 assimilation was well correlated with dry matter production and leaf area in both rootstocks. Harmony grafted plants presented the highest reduction (54%) in dry matter accumulation, while Freedom grafted plants presented 36% of reduction. After the flooding treatment, a significant increase in the accumulation of P was found in plants grafted on Harmony. This raises questions on the role of this element in the plant metabolism under low oxygen conditions. Finally, after the results obtained in dry matter reduction under flooding condition, we conclude that in 'Sultanina' grafted plants, Freedom rootstock induced a better tolerance to hypoxia than Harmony.
... Hypoxia is an important problem in the Aconcagua valley, where 30% of the Chilean table grape industry is concentrated. In this valley almost 70% of the soils have a high proportion of clay and present high bulk density, high soil compaction and low water infiltration (Ferreyra et al., 2011). These soil characteristics favor soil saturation during the growing season, limiting the soil air capacity, the root penetration and finally the grape production (Stępniewski and Stępniewska, 2009). ...
The effect of flooding on young grapevine plants grafted onto two rootstocks: Harmony and Freedom was evaluated. Grafted and non-grafted plants were grown in plastic pots under normal and flooding conditions. Flooding condition was obtained by keeping the water three cm above the soil and the oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) was 0.2 μg O 2 cm -2 min -1 : In control ODR was 1.7 μg O 2 cm -2 min -1 . Net CO 2 assimilation and stomata conductance were evaluated in developing and mature leaves. In general, at the beginning of flooding, plants grafted on Harmony showed a rapid reduction in net CO 2 assimilation. This reduction reached a minimum after at seven days of flooding treatment. By contrast, the plant grafted on Freedom did not show any reduction on net CO 2 assimilation until seven days of flooding. This indicates that this last rootstock confers to the scion a tolerance to hypoxia. On the other hand, the reduction in net CO 2 assimilation was well correlated with dry matter production and leaf area in both rootstocks. Harmony grafted plants presented the highest reduction (54%) in dry matter accumulation, while Freedom grafted plants presented 36% of reduction. After the flooding treatment, a significant increase in the accumulation of P was found in plants grafted on Harmony. This raises questions on the role of this element in the plant metabolism under low oxygen conditions. Finally, after the results obtained in dry matter reduction under flooding condition, we conclude that in 'Sultanina' grafted plants, Freedom rootstock induced a better tolerance to hypoxia than Harmony. INTRODUCTION A low oxygen concentration in the soil produces an adverse environment in the rhizosphere which in turn induces hypoxia in roots, limiting growth and development of the root system (Drew, 1997; Sauter, 2013). Hypoxia is an important problem in the Aconcagua valley, where 30% of the Chilean table grape industry is concentrated. In this valley almost 70% of the soils have a high proportion of clay and present high bulk density, high soil compaction and low water infiltration (Ferreyra et al., 2011). These soil characteristics favor soil saturation during the growing season, limiting the soil air capacity, the root penetration and finally the grape production (Stępniewski and Stępniewska, 2009). One of the ways to reduce the effect of hypoxia is the use of adequate rootstocks, but in Chile this practice has not been extensively used because phylloxera is not a problem. At present almost 90% of the grapevine plantations in Chile are non-grafted (CIREN-ODEPA, 2008), however interest for grafting is rapidly increasing due to the nematodes attacks in the new plantations and the deleterious effects of abiotic stresses like drought (Iacono et al., 1998) and hypoxia (Bornscheuer, 2003). Harmony and Freedom are the most popular rootstocks used in Chile (Muñoz and
Future climate conditions may jeopardize the suitability of traditional grape-growing areas in the Mediterranean. However, precise vineyard management is a crucial component of adaptation strategies aimed at optimizing resource efficiency, which is essential for sustainable farming practices. A fine-scale characterization, based on the spatial variability of soil’s physical–chemical and hydrological traits combined with temporal variability of vine canopy temperature extracted from UAV thermal images has been adopted in a rainfed vineyard of central Italy, for better understanding the impact of soil and climate abiotic factors in the vineyard for planning precision adaptation strategies encouraging sustainable resource use. This study identifies significant soil heterogeneity within the tested vineyard, affecting water retention, nutrient availability, and vine water stress. We combined ground-based measurements with remote sensing-enhanced data spatialization and helped to advocate for site-specific management techniques as short- and long-term strategies (such as canopy management, deficit irrigation, and compost application) to counter climate emergencies, restore soil health, and preserve vine function and economic yields.
Aims
Poor soil aeration can be the result of poor soil drainage, soil compaction, or flooding of the root zone, and tolerance to root hypoxia is determined by rootstock characteristics. Based on this assumption, we aimed to verify whether cherry rootstocks can be classified according to their tolerance to poorly aerated soils based on their root growth traits.
Methods
Six cherry rootstocks, ‘Mazzard F12/1’, ‘Gisela 6’, ‘Colt’, ‘Maxma 14’, ‘Maxma 60’ and ‘Cab 6P’, were established in 300L containers under field conditions and they were evaluated. Three soils with different textures were selected to generate different air-filled porosities by controlling the volumetric water content: 21% (Ɛα21%), 16% (Ɛα16%) and 9% (Ɛα9%). Vegetative growth, photosynthetic parameters and fine root growth were measured during the 2013-2014 season.
Results
In soils with a low air content, Ɛα9%, ‘Colt’ and ‘Maxma 60’ rootstocks increased total fine root production by increasing root growth rates in the last phase. ‘Colt’ and ‘Maxma 60’ can be classified as tolerant rootstocks. In contrast, ‘Mazzard F12/1’ and ‘Gisela 6’ reduced shoot growth by 51.5% and 42.4% and reduced the maximum rate of photosynthesis (Amax) by 69% and 78%, respectively, compared with contrasting soil aeration, resulting in a reduction in total fine root output in poorly aerated soil. They were classified as sensitive rootstocks.
Conclusions
Higher fine root production and lower root mortality were the major root traits of tolerance that improved photosynthetic performance and were associated with high photosynthetic capacity under a prolonged low oxygen content in the soil.
Recent statistics for Chile show that around 37 million ha (49 % of national territory) display diverse levels of erosion, with Regions IV, V and VI containing the highest eroded area, although human-induced soil erosion is concentrated principally from Region IV to Region X. Because the losses of soil quality (non-erosive processes) are not usually obvious they often receive less attention, but it is clear that they can cause a serious long-term economic decline by directly affecting agricultural productivity. Therefore, this chapter aims to describe the relevant human-induced processes (erosive and non-erosive) in Chile considering available information on assessment methods used by various researchers. It is clear that the only thing that can save the country from accelerated soil degradation is a step forward in the ethical thought of man with respect to natural resources.
The various types of soil found in Chile differ widely in their biological, chemical and physical characteristics, responding to diverse combinations of factors and processes of soil formation. Environmentally speaking, soil physical, chemical and biological properties are strongly related, being critical in controlling water and/or plant nutrient availability, the fate of many pollutants and preserving soil biodiversity, with ecosystem consequences. This chapter summarises the results of many years of research work carried out throughout Chilean territory, with the focus on suitable integrated management of these soil characteristics and on the agricultural production perspective. There is no doubt that gaining a full and solid understanding of the soils in Chile is one of the greatest challenges to coming generations, given the limited land availability and the many pressures this natural resource has experienced and will continue to experience.
This textbook is intended for students and soil scientists who want to know about the state-of-art of soil sciences in Chile. The book merges a comprehensive bibliographical review of the soil surveys carried out throughout the length and breadth of Chilean territory during the past 40 years and more recent information obtained by the authors in a number of field studies. As its starting point, the book presents a general overview of important features related to Chilean soils, such as geology and geomorphology, climate, land use and vegetation. In this long and narrow country, a broad variety of soil bodies from the extremely arid Atacama desert to the Patagonian and Antarctic zones have been generated by different soil formation factors and processes. This book provides a description and classification (mainly Soil Taxonomy) of the most important soil types. Particularly important are soils derived from volcanic materials, which cover extended areas of Chile. The book also deals with soil management topics in relation to the soil chemical, physical and biological properties of Chilean soils and includes a number of examples throughout the country. Finally, the book shows how man has induced severe soil degradation problems in Chile, such as erosive soil degradation, non-erosive soil degradation and land desertification.
