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Effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Psidium cattleyanum on the germination percentage of (a) Lactuca sativa and (b) Sorghum bicolor and germination speed index (GSI) of (c) L. sativa and (d) S. bicolor. The small letters above the boxplots indicate significant difference between the treatments by Tukey's test (p < 0.05).
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The search for more environmental friendly herbicides, aiming at the control of agricultural pests, combinated with less harmfulness to human health and the environment has grown. An alternative used by researchers is the application of products of secondary plant metabolism, which are investigated due to their potential bioactivities. Thus, specie...
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... lettuce seeds treated with ethanolic extract at the concentrations of 100, 50 and 25 mg mL -1 did not germinate, being completely inhibited (Figure 1a). ...
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... this way, when such effects of phytotoxic activity are compared to the phytochemical screening, it is noted that the treatment with aqueous extract was that allowed germination of lettuce seeds (Figure 1a). This extract did not present flavonoid compounds, such as flavones, flavonols and flavononols (Table 1). ...
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... variable GP remained similar among all treatments in the sorghum model (Figure 1b), whereas in the lettuce model it was significantly inhibited by all treatments compared to C- (Figure 1a). However, greater effectiveness of the ethanolic extract is observed in lettuce compared to the aqueous extract, as total inhibition of GP occurred at its three highest concentrations. ...
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... variable GP remained similar among all treatments in the sorghum model (Figure 1b), whereas in the lettuce model it was significantly inhibited by all treatments compared to C- (Figure 1a). However, greater effectiveness of the ethanolic extract is observed in lettuce compared to the aqueous extract, as total inhibition of GP occurred at its three highest concentrations. ...
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... is important to highlight that C+ reduced the GP in lettuce by approximately 20% when compared to C-, with the reductions caused by the extracts being superior to that promoted by C+ (Figure 1a). Studying the allelopathic effect of the aqueous extract of P. cattleyanum, other study also reported inhibition of the germination of lettuce seeds treated at the concentration of 75 g L -1 , associating this inhibition to the presence of allelopathic compounds, which act by interfering with membrane permeability, cell division and enzyme activation (Hister et al., 2016). ...
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... variable GSI in the sorghum model did not present significant difference between the treatments, including C+ (Figure 1d). However, the lettuce model displayed several significant alterations (inductions and inhibitions), also in Table 1. ...
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... signals (+) and (-) respectively indicate the presence or absence of the chemical classes in the analyzed plant material. relation to C+ (Figure 1c), demonstrating that the extracts are more effective in lettuce than in sorghum. Alterations in the GSI evince the occurrence of changes in the metabolic processes related to germination (Maraschin-Silva and Aquila, 2006). ...
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... AG of sorghum was inhibited by the aqueous extract at the concentration of 100 mg mL -1 in 54.8% of the plantlets, compared to C- (Figure 2d). The evaluation of germination parameters and of the initial growth of the plantlets is considerably elucidative regarding the toxicity of compounds, since these are critical stages of the plant development and subject to high error rates, owing to the seeds presenting lower tolerance to different conditions imposed by the environment (Merino et al., 2018). ...
Citations
... The higher sensitivity of roots is widely reported in the literature (Nakamura et al., 2021;Ogunsanya et al., 2022;Pinto et al., 2023). According to Alves et al. (2022), this is due to the direct contact of the roots with the extracts, exposing them to high concentrations of phytochemical compounds. ...
In order to enhance the chemical and biological understanding of the genus Erythrina, this study evaluated the chemical composition, phytotoxicity, and antioxidant potential of the hexane (Hex), dichloromethane (DCM), and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) phases from the methanolic extract of E. speciosaleaves. The DCM and EtOAc phases exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with DPPH radical reduction percentages exceeding 90%. Phytotoxicity tests revealed the phytotoxic potential of the DCM and EtOAc phases, inhibiting the growth of L. sativa seedlings by more than 40% and 30%, respectively, at concentrations of 1000 ppm and 500 ppm. Phytochemical analysis revealed a high total phenolic content in the DCM and EtOAc phases, where flavonoids such as apigenin, abyssinone II, wighteone, sigmoidin I, orientanol E, vitexin, and quercitrin were detected through techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), and thin layer chromatography (TLC). These compounds may be associated with the observed antioxidant potential and the inhibitory effects observed on L. sativa. However, further research on the isolated effects of these metabolites is warranted.
... This trend of greater sensitivity in the roots has been widely reported in the literature (Chon et al., 2000;Habermann et al., 2016;Anwar et al., 2020;Lima et al., 2021). This is likely because the roots are in direct contact with the extracts and are therefore exposed to higher doses of chemical compounds (Tanveer et al., 2012;Alves et al., 2022). Differences in the effectiveness of plant extracts may be related to the fact that specific compounds are extracted in greater amounts based on their affinity with different solvents (Luthria and Mukhopadhyay, 2006;Corrêa et al., 2008). ...
Medicinal plants produce a high diversity of secondary metabolites with different biological activities, which are commonly evaluated when prospecting for bioherbicides. We analyzed the phytotoxic activity of organic extracts from the leaves of five medicinal species, Byrsonima intermedia, Moquiniastrum polymorphum, Luehea candicans, Miconia chamissois, and Qualea cordata. Phytotoxicity was evaluated on the initial growth of cucumber seedlings through tests with different concentrations of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts. The results showed that all organic extracts and all concentrations affected cucumber development, with methanol extracts generally showing the greatest negative effect on the initial growth of the target species. The only exception was for M. chamissois extracts, in which the hexane extract had the greatest phytotoxicity. Furthermore, the organic extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis, revealing the widespread presence of alkaloids along with other chemical classes. All the study species are thus potential candidates for use as natural herbicides.
... The sesquiterpenes (60.1%) were predominantly found and the main compound was β-caryophyllene (34.2%). Other authors who identified the EO chromatographic profile of CAT leaves also observed mainly sesquiterpenes (Adam et al., 2011;Alves et al., 2022;Castro et al., 2015;Chalannavar et al., 2013;Pino et al., 2004). Despite belonging to the same terpenic class, the investigations previously mentioned showed that the CAT EOs have major compounds that are quite different from those found in the present work. ...
The present investigation described the preparation of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) inclusion complex (IC) of the essential oil (EO) of Psidium cattleyanum (CAT) and the Aedes aegypti larvicidal evaluation of the EO and IC. The EO was extracted from the leaves of CAT with a 0.79% (m m − 1) yield. It is mainly composed of sesquiterpenes, with β-caryophyllene being the major component (34.2%). To achieve optimized conditions for the preparation of the IC, through the physical method of kneading, the parameters molar ratio of EO/HPβCD and the kneading time were evaluated. The best molar ratio of EO:HPβCD was 1:1.14 and the kneading time corresponded to 30 min. The amount of essential oil loaded under optimized conditions was (94.9 ± 1.7)%. The prepared IC was characterized by spectroscopy in the UV-Vis region, FTIR, TGA, DLS, and XRD to prove the interaction of the EO with the HPβCD. The release of EO from the IC was evaluated in aqueous media using 1% DMSO (v v − 1) and acetonitrile. The EO slowly released into the aqueous medium, which was used to simulate the aquatic environment in which A. aegypti larvae develop. The larvicidal activity of CAT EO in DMSO was 81.73 and 102.50 µg mL − 1 for LC 50 and LC 90 , respectively. The IC's toxicity was 134.44 and 168.69 µg mL − 1 for LC 50 and LC 90 , respectively. Although the larvicidal activity of EO is higher as compared to the IC, the latter presents great thermal stability and high water solubility. Taking together, the described in this study points to the fact that IC prepared from CAT EO may represent a good alternative for A. aegypti larvae control.
... In order to detect the antitumor compounds and the toxicity of plants towards cancer cells brine shrimp lethality bioassay is used (Olowa and Nuñeza, 2013). Phytochemicals are synthesized during secondary metabolic processes possessing immense potential as biological activity enhancers (Alves et al., 2024;Oszmiański et al., 2020).The toxicity of the plant extracts is assessed by this method. seeds are used for the treatment of stomach pain, cough and cold (Aziz et al., 2015). ...
The methanolic, chloroformic and aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium and Chaerophyllum villosum were investigated for cytotoxicity, phytotoxic and insecticidal activities. Cytotoxicity was investigated by brine shrimp lethality assay indicating that the crude methanolic extract of A.millefolium and chloroformic extract of C.villosum revealed highest mortality of brine shrimps with (LD50 of 52.60 µg/ml) and (14.81 µg/ml). Phytotoxicity was evaluated using the Lemna minor bioassay which revealed that the crude methanolic extract of A.millefolium and C.villosum extract has maximum inhibition of Lemna minor with (Fl50 6.60 µg/ml) and (0.67 µg/ml).The insecticidal activity showed that among all the insects studied it was observed that methanolic extract of A. millefoliumand C. villosum was highly toxic to Sphenoptera dadkhani with (LD50=4.17 µg/ml) and (0.34 µg/ml). From the present study it can be concluded that different extracts from A. millefolium and C. villosum showed good cytotoxic, phytotoxic and insecticidal activity in a dose dependent manner.
... Em relação a composição química, majoritariamente foram encontrados sesquiterpenos (60,1%) e o principal composto foi o β-cariofileno. Outros autores que identificaram o perfil cromatográfico do OE das folhas da CAT também observaram predominantemente sesquiterpenos (ADAM et al., 2011;ALVES et al., 2022;CASTRO et al., 2015;CHALANNAVAR et al., 2013;PINO et al., 2004). ...
... As bandas b, d e e confirmaram que houve interação entre o OE e a HPβCD. A banda c em 1640 cm -1 aparece devido à deformação angular da H2O presente tanto no OE quanto no CI em pequena quantidade (BARBOSA, 2007). ...
... Em relação a composição química dos OE, majoritariamente foram encontrados sesquiterpenos (60,1%) e o principal composto foi o β-cariofileno (34,2%). Outros autores que identificaram o perfil cromatográfico do OE das folhas da CAT também observaram predominantemente sesquiterpenos (ADAM et al., 2011;ALVES et al., 2022;CASTRO et al., 2015;CHALANNAVAR et al., 2013;PINO et al., 2004). Apesar de pertencerem à mesma classe terpênica, os trabalhos, citados anteriormente, demonstraram que os OEs da CAT têm compostos majoritários bastante distintos dos encontrados. ...
... A seleção dessa espécie também se justifica pela abundância de sementes e por ser facilmente encontrada em mercados locais. Além disso, essa planta apresenta um processo germinativo rápido e padronizado, ocorrendo em questão de poucas horas (ALVES et al., 2021(ALVES et al., , 2022COSTA et al., 2017). ...
Weed invasion represents a challenge for farmers, who typically manage it with herbicides. However, this approach raises concerns about environmental and human health, as well as increasing resistance in these plants with continued use. Therefore, exploring alternative methods, such as heterocyclic compounds, triazoles, is essential due to their biological and environmental relevance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of twelve 1,2,3‐triazoles on the germination and early development of Lactuca sativa, Bidens pilosa, and Lolium multiflorum, as well as their impact on cell division in the cells of L. sativa. Triazole derivatives 4a, 4b, 4c, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4k, and 4l exhibited phytotoxicity, showing varying levels of inhibition in germination, germination speed index, and root growth. Chlorinated compounds were the most detrimental to lettuce development. B. pilosa was notably affected by compounds 4h, 4i, 4k, and 4l, while L. multiflorum responded most to triazoles 4c and 4l, with effectiveness comparable to that of the herbicide glyphosate. All derivatives, except 4l, exhibited aneugenic mechanisms of action, and 4a, 4b, 4c, 4e, 4f, and 4g showed clastogenic effects. This study demonstrated the potential of triazoles as effective agents against weed growth, with mechanisms that warrant further investigation for agricultural applications.
