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Effect of temperature and time on the total anthocyanins (a), flavonoids (b), total phenolic content (c), and antioxidant activity in relation to DPPH radical (d).

Effect of temperature and time on the total anthocyanins (a), flavonoids (b), total phenolic content (c), and antioxidant activity in relation to DPPH radical (d).

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Red chicory leaves are appreciated sensorially and their constituents contain bioactive properties. The objectives of this study were as follows: to use an experimental design to extract anthocyanins from red chicory in aqueous solution at pH 2.5; to determine the stability of the extracts in relation to temperature and pH; and to evaluate the anti...

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... A wide variety of methods have been developed for the antioxidant assessment, including the the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay (Bondet et al. 1997;Brand-Williams et al.1995). Anthocyanins demonstrated in vivo and in vitro antioxidant activity (Migliorini et al. 2019) and blue pea flower anthocyanins could prevent cardiovascular and neurological diseases, cancer and diabetes due to their antioxidant capabilities (Gamage et al. 2021). The current study found that the flower extracts of the colored varieties C. ternatea viz., SB & DB showed higher amounts of TPC, TFC and TAC (Table 1) and they had potent radical scavenging activity (Table 1) comparable to the ascorbic acid standard. ...
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Clitoria ternatea L. (Family: Fabaceae) comprises two varieties, namely, C. ternatea var. ternatea (Papilionaceous form) and C. ternatea var. pleniflora (Non-papilionaceous form). The proposed study compared seven morphotypes of C. ternatea exhibiting different flower colors and symmetry with their profiled bioactive metabolites and ISSR markers. A phytochemical study was performed on fresh floral methanolic extracts to estimate total flavonoid, total anthocyanin (Cyanidin and Delphinidin equivalents), and total phenolic content. The genotypes showed varied amounts of these constituents, with the highest quantities found in the Single Blue morphotype for phenolic and Cyanidin equivalents, while the Double Blue morphotype exhibited the highest flavonoid and Delphinidin content. The antioxidant potential of the Double Blue morphotype was comparable to ascorbic acid in the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Additionally, ISSR markers effectively distinguished morphotypes based on floral color and symmetry. From an initial 30 primers, 20 generated clear, reproducible polymorphic bands. UBC 868 amplified the highest number of bands, while UBC 890 showed complete monomorphism across all varieties with 21 monomorphic bands. The average resolving power was 2.267, and UBC 810 demonstrated significant discriminating power among morphotypes. UBC 855 revealed distinctive patterns in double petal forms, whereas UBC 872 served as a floral color-specific marker, differentiating blue morphotypes from others. This study helps to compare the intraspecific variants differing in color and floral architecture, establishing a correlation between phytochemical profiles and petal coloration, thereby enhancing the understanding of this species' diversity.
... foliosum) have been extensively characterized for their phenolic profile, characterized by several hydroxylated benzoic acid and p-coumaric acid derivatives, chlorogenic acids, and flavonoids, among which are quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin derivatives (e.g., rutin, quercetin-3,4-O-diglucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-(6 ′′ -malonyl-glucoside), apigenin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-7-O-glucoside). Important constituents of red chicory leaves are the anthocyanins, which are responsible for their dark-red color. Among these, several cyanidin (e.g., cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-(6 ′′ -malonyl-glucoside) and cyanidin-3,5-di-O-(6 ′′ -O-malonylglucoside)), delphinidin (delphinidin 3-O-(6 ′′ malonyl)-glucoside), and pelargonidin (pelargonidin-3-O-monoglucuronide) derivatives have been reported [103,104], and they have been associated with the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of red chicory [105][106][107]. ...
... Red chicory whole leaves and polyphenol-rich extracts have already been evaluated for their nutraceutical potential, showing significant antioxidant, cytoprotective, and antiproliferative effects in vitro [105,106]. Chicory fermented with L. plantarum and L. hilgardii shows an increase in antioxidant and antimicrobial activities due to the release of phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid protocatechic acid, chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid, and several degradation products of these phenolics [25]. Red chicory extract has also been evaluated as a natural antioxidant for the food and feed industries, showing an effective reduction in lipid peroxidation of different oils [59]. ...
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Several agri-food byproducts represent valuable sources of compounds to be reutilized for nutritional, nutraceutical, and cosmetic purposes. Examples especially comprise byproducts from the processing of fruits such as pomace, because of their richness in nutrients (e.g., fibers) and bioactive compounds (e.g., polyphenols) that can be destined for animal and human use. However, in agreement with the principles of circular economy that are being promoted during the most recent years, other understudied agri-food byproducts of both plant and animal origin are being evaluated to assess their possible reutilization and valorization. In this review, we aim at summarizing the most recent research dealing with the extraction of nutrients and bioactive compounds from agri-food byproducts using innovative and sustainable approaches. Specifically, the review is focused on byproducts generated in large amounts (tons/year) by the food industry of Northeast Italy, namely, honey, red fruits (grapes and berries), and chicory, which are especially of interest for their content in phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and dietary fiber. The potential applications of these byproducts and extracts in cosmetic, nutraceutical, and nutritional fields are also discussed, referring to the published literature, as well as their potential utilization as sources of novel bioactive compounds with pharmacological applications.
... This is achieved by modulating inflammation pathways, aiding the body's inflammatory response and strengthening the antioxidant defence system (Figure 3). Migliorini and colleagues demonstrated that anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) from red chicory had low cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effects in relation to HepG2 (human hepatoma carcinoma), HCT8 (human ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma), and Caco-2 cell lines (colorectal adenocarcinoma epithelial cells) [109]. Furthermore, Tsuda et al. [110] studied the potential of dietary cyanidin 3-O-β-D-glucosiderich purple corn in preventing obesity and ameliorating hyperglycaemia using mice. ...
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The continued use of synthetic additives in food production and preservation has raised concerns among consumers, given their potential negative health effects. Researchers and food industry experts have been exploring plants with potent functional compounds as an alternative source of natural compounds such as anthocyanins, which can be utilized to produce safe food additives. Given their various biological activities, great potential exists for anthocyanins to be used as additives to preserve food or produce functional foods with health benefits. However, to fully realize the economic and health benefits of anthocyanins, a deep understanding of the different plant sources of anthocyanins, as well as their composition, extraction techniques, and function in various products, is warranted. Therefore, this paper critically reviews the different plant sources of anthocyanins and their application in the food and nutraceutical industries, highlighting emerging extraction techniques, health benefits, and challenges in the use of anthocyanins in the food industry. This review also offers insights that could be used in future research and help establish novel and sustainable methods for manufacturing anthocyanin-based value-added products and ingredients.
... Traditional medicated plants from North Africa to South Asia have been using chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) for hundreds of years [47]. Numerous C. intybus extracts have shown an extensive variety of biological and pharmacological characteristics, including hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antiviral, antihyperuricemia, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities [48][49][50][51]. C. intybus has other pharmacological uses, such as antihypoglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, wound-healing, anti-allergic, anti-ulcerogenic, and gastroprotective properties. ...
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Cichorium intybus, a medicinal plant from the Asteraceae family, has long been utilized in traditional medicine across South and North Africa. This study explores the phytochemical profile, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of C. intybus leaf extracts and develops a green synthesis method for platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) using these extracts. Extracts were prepared using five solvent systems: 80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 100% methanol, 100% ethanol, and de-ionized water. The 80% methanolic extract showed the highest yield (12.79 g/100 g DW), total phenolic content (93.24 mg GAE/g DW), and total flavonoid content (8.92 mg CE/g DW). Antioxidant activity assays revealed that the 80% methanolic extract had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Additionally, the green synthesis of PtNPs was achieved using C. intybus extracts, indicated by a color change and a surface plasmon resonance band at 295 nm in UV–visible spectroscopy. Optimal synthesis conditions were pH 9, 120 min reaction time, and 90 °C. UV–visible and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis and stability of the PtNPs. These findings highlight the medicinal importance of Cichorium intybus and present a sustainable approach for synthesizing platinum nanoparticles, offering significant contributions to phytochemistry and nanotechnology.
... [50,62,124] (4) Evaluation of the performance of extraction methods based on pre-treatment to modify the physical state of raw materials, including dry and fresh matter. The studies referenced for this section are [125][126][127] : (5) Comparison of combined extraction methods, with references to studies by Jiang et al. [46] and González et al.. [128] (6) this section compares raw materials processed in organic and conventional solvents, with references to studies by Fernández et al. [129] and Alrugaibah, Yagiz, and Gu. [4] (7) This section compares modified extraction methods from Wathon et al. [130] and Wu et al.. [131] (8) In the studies conducted by Porto and Natolino [132] and Parra-Campos and Ordonez-Santos, [133] modeling systems combined with multivariate optimization were utilized to determine optimal points. ...
... They explicitly yielded approximately 436.48 mg/100 g of dry matter of cyanidin-3-o-glucoside. [126] However, outcomes may vary in some cases. [127] The difference in results can be attributed to the variation in the simple and combined extraction methods. This causes one matrix to be extracted extensively at the expense of another. ...
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Efficient anthocyanin extraction from emerging food matrices is essential in food technology and requires a precise, consistent, and clear extraction method. This study aimed to develop a decision-tree tool for selecting the optimal anthocyanin extraction technique. A comprehensive data synthesis covering the years 2018 to 2023 was conducted using leading academic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, and SciELO. A combination of systematic and non-systematic approaches was employed to guide the decision-making process. The keywords used included “anthocyanin extraction methods,” and studies with more than 10 citations were prioritized, along with recent and relevant publications. Thirty-six articles were analyzed according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for systematic reviews. While ultrasound and microwave-assisted methods were predominantly featured, accounting for 46% of the reviewed studies, other methods such as enzyme-assisted extraction, deep eutectic solvents, and ionic liquid extraction were also evaluated for their comparative efficiency and suitability across various matrices. Fruits were the primary matrix, with a focus on the pericarp. While fruits, particularly the pericarp, was the primary matrix studied, the decision-tree tool is designed to be applicable across various food matrices, demonstrating its versatility and generalizability beyond fruits. The decision-tree tool was successfully applied to matrices with different structures, showcasing its adaptability. Integration of this tool could streamline selection processes, resulting in significant time and resource savings. In conclusion, this study highlights the influence of plant morpho-anatomical structures and extraction parameters on anthocyanin yield. It demonstrates how the decision-tree approach enhances efficiency and productivity, validated through blackberry and purple sweet potato matrices.
... The most prevalent types of material used for therapeutic purposes are fresh and dried (Fig. 3) [25] . It is the most important therapeutic herb in the Asteraceae family [26] . C. intybus extracts have been shown to have a variety of biological and pharmacological properties, including anti-hyperuricemia, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, antinematodal, antioxidant, antiproliferative, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal effects [1,14,18,27,28] The plant has laxative, detoxifying, energizing, blood-cleansing, and antioxidant qualities. ...
... Also, found is a diuretic effect, which is ascribed to phenolic acids. C. intybus seeds have been utilized effectively in Unani and Ayurvedic medicine [26] . High quantities of inulin promote the development and preservation of appropriate gut flora, giving the plant the name "probiotic" [15,29,30] . ...
... Previous research on chicory (Cichorii herba) has shown stopping the accumulation of cholesterol in the aorta, lowering triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol, regulating HMGCoA (by increasing the turnover rate of cholesterol in the blood and liver), while also having an antioxidant effect [53][54][55][56][57][58]. ...
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Lipid metabolism dysregulation can lead to dyslipidemia and obesity, which are major causes of cardiovascular disease and associated mortality worldwide. The purpose of the study was to obtain and characterize six plant extracts (ACE—Allii cepae extractum; RSE—Rosmarini extractum; CHE—Cichorii extractum; CE—Cynarae extractum; AGE—Apii graveolentis extractum; CGE—Crataegi extractum) as promising adjuvant therapies for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia and its related metabolic diseases. Phytochemical screening revealed that RSE was the richest extract in total polyphenols (39.62 ± 13.16 g tannic acid/100 g dry extract) and phenolcarboxylic acids (22.05 ± 1.31 g chlorogenic acid/100 g dry extract). Moreover, the spectrophotometric chemical profile highlighted a significant concentration of flavones for CGE (5.32 ± 0.26 g rutoside/100 g dry extract), in contrast to the other extracts. UHPLC-MS quantification detected considerable amounts of phenolic constituents, especially chlorogenic acid in CGE (187.435 ± 1.96 mg/g extract) and rosmarinic acid in RSE (317.100 ± 2.70 mg/g extract). Rosemary and hawthorn extracts showed significantly stronger free radical scavenging activity compared to the other plant extracts (p < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis and the heatmap correlation matrix indicated significant correlations between phytochemical contents and in vitro antioxidant activities. Computational studies were performed to investigate the potential anti-obesity mechanism of the studied extracts using target prediction, homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics approaches. Our study revealed that rosmarinic acid (RA) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) can form stable complexes with the active site of carbonic anhydrase 5A by either interacting with the zinc-bound catalytic water molecule or by directly binding Zn²⁺. Further studies are warranted to experimentally validate the predicted CA5A inhibitory activities of RA and CGA and to investigate the hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of the proposed plant extracts in animal models of dyslipidemia and obesity.
... Traditional medicated plants from North Africa to South Asia have been using chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) for hundreds of years [32]. Numerous C. intybus extracts have shown an extensive variety of biological and pharmacological characteristics, including hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antiviral, anti-hyperuricemia, anti-in ammatory, and antidiabetic activities [33][34][35][36]. C. intybus has other pharmacological uses, such as antihypoglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, wound-healing, anti-allergic, antiulcerogenic, and gastroprotective properties. ...
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The clinical medicine, also referred to as biomedicine, is being revolutionised by the growing usage of nanotechnology. Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs), due to its stability and other properties, are found to be particularly more effective in biomedicine. However, the traditional chemical and physical methods of production of PtNPs have brought about some severe concerns to environmental and human health directly, or indirectly that mainly includes land and water pollution. There is need to overcome such concerns raised by replacing traditional methods by environment friendly ones. For this purpose, Cichorium intybus (C. Intybus ) is a significant member of the Asteraceae family of medicinal plants, and has been used in traditional medicine for almost a century. In this research, for synthesis of nanoparticles via sustainable, green and environment friendly approach, C. Intybus leaves extract is used as a precursor. For this, leaves were extracted under five different solvent systems such as 80% methanol, 80% ethanol, methanol (absolute), ethanol (absolute), and de-ionized water. The phytochemical analysis reflected that the greatest extract yield (12.79 g/100 g DW) was obtained from leaves in an 80% methanolic solvent solution. The results indicated that the 80% methanolic leaf extract had the highest total phenolic content (93.24 mg GAE/g DW) and the maximum total flavonoid content (8.92 mg CE/g DW) of methanolic leaf extract. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power were used to determine antioxidant activity. The results revealed that 80% methanolic leaf extract showed the highest level of radical scavenging activity and reducing potential. In UV-visible spectroscopy, a colour change and a surface resonance plasmon band at 295 nm confirmed the production of PtNPs in the reaction mixture. The green methods of nanoparticles like the one presented in this study, have a promising potential to minimize negative impacts on the environmental health. This study paves a path for further research and development in this regard.
... The chemical structure of anthocyanins attributes various biological activities to the molecules, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, regulating apoptosis, participating in enzyme activation, cellular interactions, signal induction, and receptor activation (Gao et al., 2018;Migliorini et al., 2019;Alappat and Alappat, 2020). In acidic solutions (pH between 1 and 2), anthocyanins are more stable since they exist primarily as a flavyl cation (AH + ). ...
... In acidic solutions (pH between 1 and 2), anthocyanins are more stable since they exist primarily as a flavyl cation (AH + ). In contrast, pH levels above 6 can cause the heterocyclic ring to break, making the reaction irreversible and losing biological activity (Migliorini et al., 2019;Enaru et al., 2021). High temperatures increase the rate of thermal degradation of anthocyanins, in addition to exposure to light, which results in colour changes due to the formation of brown degradation products (Pedro et al., 2016a,b;Escher et al., 2020). ...
... Studies in the literature show that natural extracts rich in anthocyanins show instability and degradation of compounds at temperatures above 60 • C. Migliorini et al. (2019) showed similar behaviour to the chicory and purple basil extracts in the aforementioned studies when the extract was exposed to a temperature of 60 • C but was more sensitive to degradation at higher temperatures (close to 100 • C). ...
Article
This study aimed to obtain an anthocyanin extract from the purple leaves of Camellia sinensis cv. Zijuan using a sustainable, non-toxic, and low-cost solid-liquid extraction, employing an aqueous citric acid solution (0.2 mol/L) as the extracting solvent, and to evaluate its chemical stability at different pH values, as well as its in vitro antioxidant properties in chemical and biological terms. The phenolic composition, in vitro antioxidant activity, and the stability of anthocyanins against pH, temperature, and light of the crude extract (CE) were evaluated, as well as the phenolic composition and bioactivity in the crude lyophilised extract (CLE). In the direct/reverse spectrophotometric titration, anthocyanins showed structural changes between pH 2 and 10, and reversibility of 80%. The antioxidant activity against the DPPH radical showed inhibition percentages of 73% (pH 4.5) to 39% (pH 10). Thermal stability was observed at 60 °C, and prolonged exposure of the extract to light caused photodegradation of the anthocyanins. Thirty-three phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins and catechins, were quantified in the CLE by UPLC-ESI-MS and HPLC, totalling 40.18 mg/g. CLE reduced cell viability (IC50 from 18.1 to 52.5 μg GAE/mL), exerted antiproliferative (GI50 from 0.0006 to 17.0 μg GAE/mL) and cytotoxic (LC50 from 33.2 to 89.9 μg GAE/mL) effects against A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells), HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), HCT8 (ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma), and Eahy926 (somatic cell hybrid cells); and showed protection against oxidation of human plasma (635 ± 30 mg AAE/g). The results showed the diversity of compounds in the extracts and their potential for technological applications; however, temperature, pH, and light must be considered to avoid diminishing their bioactivity.
... Anthocyanins are part of flavonoid compounds which act as bioactive compounds because they have antioxidant properties [32]. Anthocyanins are useful for capturing free radicals in the body and as antibacterials in food ingredients [33]. The phytochemical content of the butterfly pea flower includes tannins, flabatanins, saponins, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, phenolphthavonoids, flavanol glycosides, proteins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, anticyanins, stigmasite 4-ene-3,6 diones, volatile oils and steroids [10]. ...
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This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties of dried noodles mixed with wheat flour and red bean flour with the addition of butterfly pea flower (Clitoria Ternatea L.) extract. The design used in this study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Data analysis using ANOVA and further test with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) analysis at 5% level. The treatments used in this study were treatment A (20 ml water: 0 ml butterfly pea extract), B (15 ml water: 5 ml butterfly pea extract), C (10 ml water: 10 ml butterfly pea extract), D (water 5 ml: 15 ml butterfly pea extract), and E (0 ml of water: 20 ml of butterfly pea extract). The results of this study significantly affected the 5% level on the water content test, ash content, fat test, protein test, carbohydrates, antioxidant activity, and physical analysis of color. Based on the physical and chemical analysis of dried noodle products, the best treatment was in treatment C (addition of 10g telang flower extract) with a color test value of 232.98°Hue, an elasticity test of 26.50%, a moisture content of 6,36%, a ash 1.49%, fat content 2.14%, protein content 19.36%, carbohydrate content 70.63%, and antioxidant activity 33.32%.