Table 3 - uploaded by Paul W. Cardozo
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Four Holstein heifers (360 +/- 22 and 450 +/- 28 kg of BW in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) fitted with ruminal trocars were used in 4 x 4 Latin square designs to evaluate the effects on ruminal microbial fermentation of the following: Exp. 1, no additive, alfalfa extract (30 g/d, AEX), a mixture of cinnamaldehyde (0.18 g/d) and eugenol (0.09 g/d; CIE...
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Context 1
... Population. There were no time of sam- pling × treatment interactions for protozoal counts, and average treatment effects are reported (Table 3). The CIE1 increased (P < 0.01) holotrich counts, and al- though there is no clear explanation for that, it may be hypothesized that it is due to the numerical decrease in entodiniomorphs. ...
Similar publications
A dual-flow continuous culture system was used to investigate the effects of pH and addition of an enzyme mixture to a total mixed ration (TMR) on fermentation, nutrient digestion, and microbial protein synthesis. A 4 x 4 Latin square design with a factorial arrangement of treatments was used, with four 9-d periods consisting of 6 d for adaptation...
Citations
... These effects include increases in propionate and decrease in acetate (Busquet et al., 2006;Valenzuela-Grijalva et al., 2017). Moreover, Cardozo et al. (2006) indicate improved rumen fermentation and a lower acetate/propionate ratio. Therefore, many studies have suggested using these substances as a substitute for antibiotic growth-promoting modulators of the rumen microbial population because of their biological action (Khiaosa-Ard & Zebeli, 2013;Thacker, 2013). ...
... Therefore, many studies have suggested using these substances as a substitute for antibiotic growth-promoting modulators of the rumen microbial population because of their biological action (Khiaosa-Ard & Zebeli, 2013;Thacker, 2013). Overall, these changes improve feed efficiency and average daily gain (Benchaar et al., 2008;Cardozo et al., 2006). According to studies conducted by Bhatt et al. (2009), Phalphale et al. (1997, Pradhan and Biswas (1994), Bhatt (2015) and others, there was a significant difference in the counts of bacteria and protozoa in the groups supplemented with herbal combinations compared to the controls. ...
... Van Bibber-Krueger et al. (2016) reported no impact related to menthol supplemented at varying concentrations, including for the same concentration as that used in this study [19]. Previous studies have shown that capsaicin can improve DMI in beef cattle (Cardozo et al., 2006; Rodríguez-Prado et al., 2012) and also increase appetite in humans [20][21][22]. Contrary to these reports, we did not observe an effect of AB compared to other MBS groups. ...
... Van Bibber-Krueger et al. (2016) reported no impact related to menthol supplemented at varying concentrations, including for the same concentration as that used in this study [19]. Previous studies have shown that capsaicin can improve DMI in beef cattle (Cardozo et al., 2006; Rodríguez-Prado et al., 2012) and also increase appetite in humans [20][21][22]. Contrary to these reports, we did not observe an effect of AB compared to other MBS groups. Interestingly, no difference was detected between NC and PC (p > 0.05) on any of the growth performance variables, suggesting that in this study, the administration of TFS did not significantly affect growth performance. ...
Ergot alkaloids present in endophyte-infected tall fescue can cause a series of negative effects in exposed cattle. This study evaluated the effectiveness of molasses-based block supplements (MBSs) in alleviating vasoconstriction, which leads to reduced peripheral blood flow, heat stress, and impaired growth performance in cattle. A total of 100 crossbred steers were assigned to five treatment groups: a negative control with no tall fescue seed; a positive control with ergot-infected tall fescue seeds; and three MBS treatments, including a control block, a block containing menthol, and a block containing capsaicin. Blood flow was assessed through ultrasound imaging of the coccygeal artery, while thermal imaging was used to monitor body temperature regulation. Growth performance, feed intake, and blood biomarkers were also measured. Cattle consuming MBS had improved weight gain, greater arterial diameters, and enhanced thermoregulation compared to those without supplements. No significant differences were observed between the different MBS formulations. These results suggest that molasses-based block supplementation can help mitigate heat stress and poor growth performance associated with ergot alkaloid consumption, potentially providing a practical nutritional strategy for cattle producers managing cattle exposed to ergot alkaloids.
... Studies have suggested that the pungent power of capsaicin increases water and DM intake in ruminants (Cardozo et al., 2006;Rodríguez-Prado et al., 2012). For diets with high concentrate content, where there is a reduction in the ruminal pH value (Arteaga-Wences et al., 2021;Westphalen et al., 2021), the capsaicin molecule is in a hydrophobic state, thus activating its antimicrobial effect (Burt, 2004). ...
... However, in some ruminant studies, this effect was not observed (Westphalen et al., 2021). Cardozo et al. (2006) indicated that the capsaicin present in pepper extract stimulated peptidolysis in cattle, providing a greater supply of small peptides and amino acids for the synthesis of ruminal bacteria. The greater availability of N in the rumen of lambs with lower levels of pepper inclusion in the diets may have contributed to greater microbial activity and, consequently, greater digestion of soluble carbohydrates for the initial levels of pepper inclusion in the lambs' rations. ...
... This result can be explained by the increase in ruminal NH3-N level as a function of time. Capsaicin also contributes to the breakdown of the peptide chains in proteins (Cardozo et al., 2006). ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a phytogenic additive on nutrient intake, diet digestibility, nitrogen balance, and ruminal parameters of lambs. Four lambs with an average body weight of 27.6 ± 2.9 kg were distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design and fed a basal diet composed of 600 g DM/day of corn silage and 400 g DM/day of concentrate. The basal diet was supplemented with no additive 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 g/kg DM of pepper. The intake of DM, crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in g/day decreased linearly (P < 0.05). No effects (P > 0.05) were observed for the apparent digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and ether extract. There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the digestibility of CP and non-fibrous carbohydrate, with maximum digestibility estimated at 707.7 and 924.8 (g/kg DM) at levels of 2.55 and 0.27 g/kg DM of pepper, respectively. There was no effect (P > 0.05) on urinary nitrogen and retention nitrogen. Increasing levels of pepper did not alter (P > 0.05) the pH value and N-NH3 concentration of the ruminal fluid. However, there was an effect (P < 0.05) of time on the pH and N-NH3 value of the rumen. The inclusion of pepper in the diet of confined lambs negatively alters dry matter and NDF intake without impairing nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, and other ruminal parameters.
Keywords capsaicin; digestibility; intake; nitrogen balance; ruminal parameters
... Therefore, the concentration and composition of VFA are important indicators of rumen digestion and metabolism [30,31]. Acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid are the main VFA products of rumen microbial digestion and metabolism, accounting for 95% of TVFA [32]. Among them, acetic acid can enter the liver through the blood circulation, where it is converted into acetyl-CoA, and further enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle to produce energy. ...
... This phenomenon explains the fluctuation in rumen fluid pH observed in this study. Furthermore, it has been proposed that the bioactive compounds found in certain plants may acidify the rumen environment under normal physiological conditions by decreasing the ciliate protozoa population, which subsequently affects the ruminal digestion of starch [32]. The fact that the total VFA concentration remained unchanged and were all treated with the same feeding management practices in lambs indicates that including dietary AAE has no effect on rumen pH. ...
This study sought to evaluate the effects of Artemisia argyi aqueous extract (AAE) on rumen fermentation parameters and the microbiota within the rumen of lambs. A total of 32 lambs that are 3 months old and 24.06 ± 0.04 kg in body weight were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, with eight replicates per treatment. The diets for the four groups were formulated with the following adding dose of AAE: 0 mg/kg (CON), 500 mg/kg (AAE-L), 1000 mg/kg (AAE-M), and 1500 mg/kg (AAE-H), respectively. The results showed that, compared to the CON group, three AAE add groups significantly decreased the A/P ratio; AAE-M and AAE-H groups significantly increased MCP and propionic acid contents. Supplementation with AAE had no significant effect on the alpha and beta diversity of the rumen microbiota, but significantly increased the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria, such as Actinobacteriota in the rumen. In conclusion, AAE supplementation improved the rumen fermentation and microbiota of lambs. In the overall consideration, under the conditions of this research, the supplementation of 1000 mg/kg AAE was optimal.
... The cause of this difference is not known, but we suspect that it may be due to different dosing and processing of the product. Increased water intake [25,38,39], as well as increases in digestive enzymes [40], bile acids [41] and endogenous Cholecystokinin [42] in the gut, caused by capsaicin stimulation, are likely to be responsible for the increased DMI and feed efficiency. However, when the dosage was increased to 12 g/d, the DMI and ADG showed a downward trend, while the F/G began to rise. ...
... Similarly to our results, a study by Oh et al. [45] showed a linear increase in the apparent digestibility of CP with the addition of rumen chili oleoresin to cow diets. Capsaicin can promote the synthesis of microbial proteins by rumen microorganisms [39], and increase the activities of trypsin in the small intestine [46] and protease in the jejunum mucosa [47], which may increase the apparent digestibility of CP; in addition, the amount of feed intake can also affect this. Therefore, we cannot be sure that the increase in the apparent digestibility of CP in this experiment was caused by the addition of CAP. ...
This study investigated the effects of Capsicum oleoresin (CAP) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and meat quality of fattening beef cattle. A total of 48 Simmental crossbred cattle, selected based on body weight (484.7 ± 48.4 kg), were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (each with 12 animals) in a randomized complete block design. In each group, the basal diet was supplemented with 0 g/d CAP (control), 4 g/d, 8 g/d and 12 g/d. The results showed that adding CAP linearly increased the dry matter intake (DMI; p = 0.023), led to a quadratic increase in the average daily gain (ADG; p = 0.035) and linearly decreased the feed-to-gain ratio (F/G; p = 0.018). The apparent digestibility of CP also linearly increased with increasing CAP dosage (p = 0.023), while the apparent digestibility of ADF showed a decreasing trend (p = 0.054). Additionally, the slaughter performance index and nutritional composition of beef were not affected by the amount of CAP added (p > 0.05), while the pH value of beef decreased linearly with increasing CAP addition (p = 0.016). Among all groups, the 8 g/d one exhibited the highest DMI, ADG, F/G, apparent digestibility of CP and water-holding capacity, as well as the lowest cooking loss. In conclusion, CAP can be used as a potential novel feed additive in the diet of beef cattle to improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Under the conditions applied in this study, a CAP amount of 8 g/d per cattle was found to be optimum for fattening beef cattle.
... The concentration of NH 3 -N in the rumen serves as a crucial indicator of the metabolic balance between dietary protein breakdown and microbial protein utilization. Our results are consistent with those of Cardozo et al. [29] and Geraci et al. [30], who also reported decreased ruminal ammonia levels associated with similar CPS supplementation. Additionally, the role of butyrate in rumen health and development has gained significant attention in recent years. ...
Complex phytonutrients (CPS) have attracted extensive interest due to their anti-inflammatory effects. This investigation focused on the impact of CPS on rumen health in lambs on high-concentrate diets, emphasizing growth performance, ruminal fermentation, epithelial barrier integrity, ruminal metabolism, and microbial communities. A total of 54 lambs, 3 months old and with a 30.42 ± 0.54 kg body weight, were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, with six replicates per treatment and three lambs per replicate. The lambs received a basal diet (the ratio of concentrate to forage was 75:25) without CPS supplementation (CON) or with the inclusion of 2.5 g/kg (CPS2.5) or 5.0 g/kg CPS (CPS5.0) for a total of 60 days. The CPS groups exhibited increased growth performance and improved rumen fermentation parameters. Mechanistically, CPS enhanced rumen epithelial barrier function, thereby lowering inflammation and inhibiting the overactivation of the JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway, and the effect of CPS5.0 was better than that of CPS2.5. Notably, CPS5.0 could optimize the composition of rumen microbiota and increase the levels of Ursolic acid and other metabolites. The strong associations between rumen bacteria and health-related indicators and differential metabolites were further highlighted. Our findings suggest that adding CPS to lambs’ diets has widespread positive impacts, including improved growth performance, reduced inflammation and mRNA relative expression of apoptosis-related genes, enhanced barrier function, and beneficial changes in the rumen microbiome and metabolite profiles.
... However, this may be dependent on the source. Cardozo et al. [37] reported that essential oils reduced the feed intake of beef heifers fed high-concentrate diets. The authors tested a mixture of cinnamaldehyde plus eugenol (0.18 and 0.09 g/d, respectively) and speculated a possible antinutritional effect of the product used; however, the actual cause was not concluded. ...
With the growing use of crossbred cattle in Brazilian feedlots and increasing pressure to reduce antibiotic use as growth promoters, this study examines the impact of three feed additives—monensin (MON), monensin with Lithothamnium calcareum (LCM), and a blend of essential oils (BEO)—on the performance of Nellore (NEL) and crossbred (CROSS) cattle. A total of 90 Nellore and 90 crossbred bulls were assigned to a completely randomized block design with a 2 × 3 factorial design for 112 days, and all received the same diet with varying additives. Their methane (CH4) emissions were estimated. All data were analyzed using the emmeans package of R software (version 4.4.1). Crossbred cattle outperformed Nellore in average daily gain (ADG), hot carcass weight (HCW), and dry matter intake (DMI), though feed efficiency remained unaffected. Across additives, no significant differences were observed in ADG, HCW, or dressing percentage. However, LCM had a lower DMI than the BEO, while MON showed better feed efficiency than the BEO. A breed-by-additive interaction trend was noted for DMI as a percentage of body weight (DMI%BW), with Nellore bulls on LCM diets showing the lowest DMI%BW. Crossbreeds had greater net energy (NE) requirements for maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg), and MON-fed animals had greater NEm and NEg than the BEO. Crossbred bulls had greater daily methane (CH4) emissions than Nellore bulls. Animals on the BEO had greater daily CH4 emissions and greater g CH4/kg metabolic BW than LCM bulls. In conclusion, the addition of Lithothamnium calcareum to monensin did not enhance performance compared to monensin alone. Monensin outperformed the BEO in feed efficiency and nutrient utilization.
... The main goal of manipulating the rumen fermentation is to increase the effectiveness of digestion and metabolism of nutrients, to increase the productivity of the animals and to suppress the undesirable processes as methanogenesis. There are numerous studies showing beneficial effects of herbs and spices on feed intake, immune functions and health, rumen fermentation and productivity of small and large ruminants (Kraszewski et al., 2002;Greathead, 2003;Wawrzynczak et al., 20005;Cardozo et al., 2006). Positive effects of plant supplements such as spices in nutrition of sheep and goats have been reported by Butter et al. (1999). ...
Proximate and Phytochemical composition of ginger were analysed to find out its utility as a potential feed/feed additive for ruminant livestock. The results of proximate analysis revealed the presence of dry matter (97.20%), crude protein (11.36%), crude fibre (12.28%), ether extract (5.90%), Nitrogen free extract (60.29%) and ash (7.37%). However, the quantitative phytochemical analysis indicated a higher presence of oxalate and flavonoid, compared to other phytochemicals that is tannins, saponnins, alkaloids and phenols. The presence of these primary and secondary metabolites indicated that the plant would serves as feed/feed additives for ruminant livestocks when used in appropriate quantity.
... However, it has been proven that there is a tendency for animals supplemented with capsaicin to increase the amount of dry matter they ingest (p = 0.08) [13]. Furthermore, the increase in dry matter consumption has been confirmed when capsaicin is associated with cinnamaldehyde and eugenol [14] and with capsaicin compounds in dairy cows [15]. ...
... Modifications in the quantity and quality of milk can be explained due to the reported increase in dry matter consumption in animals supplemented with capsaicin present in bioactive compounds [32][33][34][35]. Furthermore, an increase in water consumption is reported in experimental groups that consumed capsaicin [15,36]. There is a strong correlation between water consumption and DMI (R = 0.98) [33], which allows us to hypothesize its influence on the passage rate. ...
... The above is explained due to the action of spicy aromatic capsaicin compounds on the nervous system (the vagus nerve) [36]. In turn, supplementation in ruminants with mixtures of bioactive compounds including capsaicin show modification in the production of the volatile fatty acids propionate, valerate, and isovalerate [15,34,37], as well as an increase in the total amount of VFA [33] and decreased lactate production [15]. ...
Simple Summary
Microencapsulated hot chili pepper (MHCP) has properties that affect the metabolism of bovines, so the objective of this research was to study the effects of MHCP on milk production and the reproduction of dairy cows. Twenty-four animals were separated into two groups. In the first group, each cow consumed 1 g of microencapsulated hot chili per day. The second group served as a control group for 42 days. Daily milk production and weekly milk composition were monitored for 42 days. These animals were subjected to a hormonal synchronization protocol, tests to monitor the size and vascularization of the ovarian structures, as well as the evaluation of serum progesterone. Ultimately, the supplemented group presented differences in milk production and milk components. On the other hand, a trend was found in which the ovarian follicle was mostly irrigated in the group that consumed the MHCP. We conclude that MHCP provides benefits in dairy production.
Abstract
The present study evaluates the effect of including microencapsulated hot chili pepper (MHCP) in the diet of crossbred dairy cows on the volume and quality of milk and on ovarian morphofunctionality. Twenty-four crossbred females in their lactating period were used. The cows were divided into two experimental groups, a control (CT) and an MHCP -supplemented group (CP) given 1 g a day per animal of microencapsulated hot chili in concentrate for 42 days. Over seven weeks of daily milk production was measured, and sample milk was collected weekly for composition analysis. Animals were subject to an ovulation synchronization protocol on day 0 (D0), and an intravaginal progesterone (P4) implant, estradiol benzoate, and prostaglandin (PGF2α) were administered. On D8, the P4 implant was removed and PGF2α, equine chorionic gonadotropin, and estradiol cypionate were administered to the animals. The ovarian dynamics were evaluated in B mode and color Doppler. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the group X time interaction, the volume of milk produced, and the amount in kg/day of milk components. There was a higher percentage of vascularization in the preovulatory follicle in the CP group (p ≥ 0.10). The findings show that the inclusion of MHCP in the diet of dairy cows does influence their milk production and reproduction.
... The addition of 2 g/d of anise extract (an essential oil) to four Holstein heifers for 21 days resulted in a decrease in protozoal counts (Entodinium spp. and Holotrichs), leading to the reduction in ruminal ammonia production [47]. Regarding the effects of saponins as well as essential oils, saponins have been reported to decrease ruminal protozoal counts and ammonia concentrations [41,48]. ...
Caffeine is a plant secondary metabolite, commonly known for its bioactivity properties. This molecule increases microbial activity during anaerobic digestion. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of caffeine doses on the rumen fermentation profile and nutrient digestibility when continuous culture fermenters were fed a lactating cow’s diet. We hypothesize that adding caffeine doses into continuous culture fermenters with a rumen fluid inoculum will not affect anaerobic fermentation or nutrient utilization. Fermenters were fed twice a day (at 0800 and 2000 h) with an experimental diet of high-producing dairy cows (53.55 g/DM day; Forage:Concentrate ratio, F:C of 40:60). Four levels of caffeine (0 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm) were added to the diets as a treatment. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design. Two blocks of four fermenters were run in two replicated periods of ten days. Statistical analyses were conducted in SAS version 9.4 for Windows (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) using the GLIMMIX procedure. The addition of caffeine at a 50 ppm dose on continuous culture fermentation decreased the protozoal counts (Diplodinium spp.) (p = 0.03) and ammonia concentrations (p < 0.05). A treatment of 50 ppm of caffeine increased the DM, OM, and starch digestibility (p < 0.05). When caffeine doses increased further than 50 ppm, the OM, DM, and starch digestibility decreased linearly (p = 0.01). The total volatile fatty acids and fatty acid proportions were unaffected. However, the acetate-to-propionate ratio (A:P) tended to decrease linearly among treatments (p = 0.07). The means of pH measurements and maximum pH had a significantly linear decrease effect (p < 0.01). Caffeine may represent a potential rumen fermentation modifier for use in lactating cow diets.
