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Water is the most crucial input for agricultural production. Vagaries of monsoon and declining water table due to over exploitation of water have resulted in shortage of fresh water supply for agricultural use, which calls for an efficient use of this precious resource. In the background of shrinking water resources and competition from other secto...
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... field experiment was conducted by Bharti et al. 2007 [5] during winter season of 2002-03 and 2003-04 at Pusa in Bihar to study the effect of inter cropping system. Among the treatments maximum water use efficiency (on the basis of maize equivalent yield) was obtained with maize + potato (Table 3). Tetarwal and Rana (2006) [45] and Kumar and Rana (2007) [15] reported that one row of moth bean in paired row of pearl millet + and one row of green gram between paired rows of pigeonpea recorded higher water use efficiency over sole crop, respectively. ...Similar publications
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An analytical review of physical blue and green water scarcity in terms of agricultural use, and its amenability to economic interpretation, is presented, employing more than 600 references. The main definitions and classifications involved and information about reserves and resources are critically analyzed, blue and green water scarcity are exami...
Citations
... In areas dominated by light-textured soils, methods such as drip irrigation can play a vital role in minimizing water loss during the plant's growth period by directly delivering water to the root zone. Studies have shown that drip irrigation significantly reduces water loss while maintaining high crop yields, making it an ideal choice for regions with limited water resources [51,52]. While climate change generally increases irrigation requirements due to higher temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, there are scenarios where technological advancements and changes in crop management can mitigate these effects. ...
Citation: Deveci, H.; Önler, B.; Erdem, T. Modeling the Effect of Soil Type Change on Irrigation Water
... The increase in water costs and the revenues generated from water rights trading provide farmers with stronger incentives to adopt water-saving irrigation technologies. Water-conserving technologies, including drip and sprinkler irrigation, not only improve irrigation efficiency and lower water usage in agriculture [52,53], but also enhance crop water absorption, more effectively meeting the water requirements for food crop growth [54]. This, in turn, increases food yield per unit area and promotes food security. ...
Water scarcity is a critical barrier to sustainable food production and food security. To address this issue, China introduced a pilot policy for water rights trading in 2014. Using panel data from 29 provinces (cities and districts) in China from 2006 to 2022, this paper investigates the impact of the water rights trading policy on food security and explores its underlying mechanisms through the DID model. It is found that (1) the water rights trading policy substantially boosts food production in pilot areas and mitigates the effects of water scarcity on food security. (2) The water rights trading policy enhances food security by advancing water-saving irrigation technology and optimizing crop-planting structures. (3) The impact of the water rights trading policy proves more pronounced in areas with lower water use efficiency and higher food production potential. Therefore, it is recommended that the government continue advancing the water rights trading policy and adjust it dynamically based on regional differences. Additionally, strengthening guidance on water-saving irrigation technologies and optimizing cropping structures will further enhance the adaptive capacity of the agricultural system, helping to ensure food security.
... Soil moisture is a relevant parameter of the surface energy balance and is crucial for environmental applications such as drought monitoring, water resources management, and flood prediction (Babaeian et al., 2019). Soil moisture steers crop production in agricultural water management (Pawar & Khanna, 2018). The depletion of soil moisture can cause conditions in the soil, which hampers crop growth, reduces yield, and poses a threat to food security (Xing et al., 2022). ...
Root zone soil moisture (RZSM) is crucial for agricultural water management and land surface processes. The 1 km soil water index (SWI) dataset from Copernicus Global Land services, with eight fixed characteristic time lengths (T), requires root zone depth optimization (Topt) and is limited in use due to its low spatial resolution. To estimate RZSM at 100-m resolution, we integrate the depth specificity of SWI and employed random forest (RF) downscaling. Topographic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical datasets were utilized to develop three RF models (RF1: SAR, RF2: optical, RF3: SAR + optical). At the DEMMIN experimental site in northeastern Germany, Topt (in days) varies from 20 to 60 for depths of 10 to 30 cm, increasing to 100 for 40–60 cm. RF3 outperformed other models with 1 km test data. Following residual correction, all high-resolution predictions exhibited strong spatial accuracy (R ≥ 0.94). Both products (1 km and 100 m) agreed well with observed RZSM during summer but overestimated in winter. Mean R between observed RZSM and 1 km (100 m; RF1, RF2, and RF3) SWI ranges from 0.74 (0.67, 0.76, and 0.68) to 0.90 (0.88, 0.81, and 0.82), with the lowest and highest R achieved at 10 cm and 30 cm depths, respectively. The average RMSE using 1 km (100 m; RF1, RF2, and RF3) SWI increased from 2.20 Vol.% (2.28, 2.28, and 2.35) at 30 cm to 3.40 Vol.% (3.50, 3.70, and 3.60) at 60 cm. These negligible accuracy differences underpin the potential of the proposed method to estimate RZSM for precise local applications, e.g., irrigation management.
... The imposition of water stress reduced plant foliage cover, with the degree of decrease dependent on the severity of the stress and the specific crop stage affected. Skillful application of deficit irrigation practices can result in considerable water savings in crops like cotton, which is particularly suitable for this approach (Pawar et al., 2018). Despite the adaptability of cotton to restrict or deficit water conditions, it becomes essential to address the challenges posed by diminishing groundwater resources (Detar, 2008;Himanshu et al., 2019;Ale et al., 2020). ...
Lessons learned from past experiences push for an alternate way of crop production. In India, adopting high density planting system (HDPS) to boost cotton yield is becoming a growing trend. HDPS has recently been considered a replacement for the current Indian production system. It is also suitable for mechanical harvesting, which reducing labour costs, increasing input use efficiency, timely harvesting timely, maintaining cotton quality, and offering the potential to increase productivity and profitability. This technology has become widespread in globally cotton growing regions. Water management is critical for the success of high density cotton planting. Due to the problem of freshwater availability, more crops should be produced per drop of water. In the high-density planting system, optimum water application is essential to control excessive vegetative growth and improve the translocation of photoassimilates to reproductive organs. Deficit irrigation is a tool to save water without compromising yield. At the same time, it consumes less water than the normal evapotranspiration of crops. This review comprehensively documents the importance of growing cotton under a high-density planting system with deficit irrigation. Based on the current research and combined with cotton production reality, this review discusses the application and future development of deficit irrigation, which may provide theoretical guidance for the sustainable advancement of cotton planting systems.
... Sharma et al. (2018) compiled the WP of major crops (Table 3) and reported a wide variation in WP among the crops and crop cultivars. To achieve improved WP, it is important to rely only on agronomic practices that demand less irrigation and provide maximum crop yield (Pawar & Khanna, 2018). The high variability in productivity data indicates a huge scope for improving WP. ...
The global population is constantly increasing, reached 8 billion in November 2022 and is expected to reach 9 billion by 2037. This increased population is expected to increase the demand for food, clothing and shelter, which in turn are heavily dependent on limited water resources. The available freshwater resources for agricultural use are further declining due to overexploitation and changing climate in the major food baskets of the world. This increasing water scarcity is exacerbated by expanding cities due to increasing urbanization. This calls for a new look at the allocation of water to agriculture. Therefore, the development of new strategies to improve agricultural water use may serve as an important adaptation strategy. This review attempts to include a comprehensive review of the literature on (i) the status and definition of water productivity and (ii) factors responsible for low water productivity (WP) in Asian agriculture. Furthermore, it contains practical approaches to enhance water use efficiency at the farm level covering all field crops and a range of soil types, which include (i) agronomic interventions; (ii) genetic interventions, such as the identification and cultivation of crop cultivars with high WP; and (iii) genotype, environment and crop management interactions for higher WP.
... Drip and mulching can be a way to achieve the goal of more crop per drop (Pawar and Khanna, 2018). Importance of water requirement in kharif crop for Malwa region is also advocated by Ranade et al. (2021). ...
Background: Farmers are facing many constraints related with pigeonpea cultivation therefore proper resources management and scientific practices can increase the production and productivity of pigeonpea. Drip and mulching can be a way to achieve the goal of more crop per drop. Methods: The field experiments were conducted during kharif season of year 2016-17 and 2017-18. The study area is located (23°16'48'' N-latitude, 77°21'36'' E-longitude) in Madhya Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in vertisols with twenty seven treatment combinations consisting of three mulching, three discharge rate (2 lph-D1, 4 lph-D2 and 8 lph-D3) and three irrigation levels viz. 60% CPE (I1), 80% CPE (I2) and 100% CPE (I3). Well treated bold seeds of pigeonpea (TJT-501) were dibbed in soil on ridge-furrow land configuration. Result: The plant height was maximum in 2 lph (175.78 cm), I2 (176.10 cm) and number of branches, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod also followed the same trend. Maximum yield was registered with D1 (16.48 q/ha) followed by D2 (14.91 q/ha) and D3 (14.46 q/ha). Irrigation level I2 (16.01 q/ha) registered 13.77% higher seed yield than I1 (14.07 q/ha). In case of discharge rate, B:C decreased as rate increased. Among irrigation level treatments, lowest value (1.26) of B:C recorded with 60% CPE whereas highest B:C (1.56) was registered with 80% CPE, which is at par with 100% CPE (1.52). It can be concluded that pigeonpea cultivation is not economical with mulch and 100% supply of irrigation during kharif. It is viable to supply irrigation as per CPE only at branching, flowering and pod development stages.
... sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), maize (Zea mays), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) have higher WUE than C 3 crops like wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (A. sativa), pulses, and oilseeds due to the absence of worthless photorespiration process, especially under semiarid environment (Pawar and Khanna 2018). The crop water productivity (CWP) of major crops like rice (Oryza sativa), wheat, maize, sugarcane, and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) are having the range of 0.30-0.54, ...
Soil physical constraints and ever declining soil physical environment is seen as one of the major threats to the world food security. At the global level, about 6.17 billion hectares of land is affected by soil physical constraints and degradation by soil erosion, and India is no exception to it. Approximately, 90 million hectares (Mha) of the area in India too is suffering from various soil physical constraints like shallow depth, subsurface hardpan, temporary waterlogging, surface crusting, etc. These soil physical constraints need to be appropriately managed by the adoption of suitable problem-based techniques like mulching, suitable tillage, compaction, addition of organic manures, etc. so that their productivity could be improved. Apart from that, the shrinking availability of input resources like water and nutrients for agriculture are compelling the need of improving their use efficiency in agriculture. Several technologies are in practice either individually or in an integrated way to augment the efficiency of these inputs. The primary objective of this chapter is to bring all possible tools and techniques available to manage the soil, nutrients, and water while maintaining the physical soil health intact. Toward this, several methods are available with proven effectiveness in improving the input use efficiency. For improving water use efficiency (WUE), e.g., mulching decreases the loss of soil moisture and saves the surface soil against the direct beating impact of raindrops, thus, avoid the surface sealing which increases the water infiltration and its prolonged storage in the soil profile. The higher irrigation efficiency of approximately 80–90% can be attained by farmers by using micro-irrigation system. The drip irrigation system results in reductions of water use by 30–60% and an increase in crop yield by 20 to 50% in various crops. Sensors-based application of water can effectively save irrigation water and improve WUE. On the other hand, low efficiency of fertilizers/ nutrients is found to push up cultivation cost and pull down the profits in agriculture. As far as Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) is concerned, the integration of various nutrient sources through Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) is found to enhance the productivity of crops and use efficiency of the nutrient resource through the integrated application of fertilizers, bulky manures (organic or green), legumes, and crop residues. The slow-release fertilizers, release the desired nutrient/s in a regulated, delayed pattern to match with the sequential needs of plants for nutrients. The objective should be to apply the inputs at right rate, right time, and right place. This way, they enhance the use efficiency of nutrients and increase crop yields. The ultimate aim is to augment the use efficiency of resources like water and nutrients without wastage of either and simultaneously keeping soil health intact.
... So, efficient crop production practices play a crucial role in augmenting WUE. The crop management practices should be such that it reduces the soil moisture loss, increases the availability of soil moisture to the crops, and enhances the ability of crops to maximize the produce or produce per unit of water consumed (Pawar and Khanna 2018). The crop management practices for achieving higher WUE are briefly discussed below. ...
... The availability of irrigation water and its amount should also be considered while selecting crop type . In general, C 4 crops (plants in which the primary CO 2 acceptor is 4-carbon compound) such as maize, pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), sorghum and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), have higher crop water productivity than C 3 crops (plants in which the primary CO 2 acceptor is 3-carbon compound) like wheat, barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena sativa), pulses and oilseeds because C 4 plants lack photorespiration which increases their photosynthetic efficiency and reduces transpiration ratio (Pawar and Khanna 2018). The crop water productivities of rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, and cotton (Gossypium sp.) are 0.30-0.54, ...
Presently, groundwater contributes 60% of total irrigation, and due to overdrafting of groundwater, it has reached the level of water crisis in many states of India. Climate change (CC) also poses many threats, especially in terms of quality, quantity, and sustainable use of water resources, which require judicious use of water management technologies to improve agricultural water productivity. There is need to harvest each drop of water and use efficiently and effectively in CC. Thus, the scope of improving water use efficiency (WUE) and enhancing water productivity in agriculture under the present CC scenario has taken to be the priority area of interest. Therefore, there is a need to improve either the irrigation method or inculcation of multi-sensor-based technology, which makes the irrigation system automated, or interventions of agronomical measures in fields. Considering this, Government of India has also taken initiative by launching PMKSY (Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana) to fulfil the dream of “More crop per drop” to familiarize modern irrigation methods and “Har Khet Ko Pani” by promoting on-farm development, integrated farming as well as integrated approaches in watershed management in farmers’ fields. Apart from it, recent advances in sensor technologies and the Internet of things (IoT) have made automated irrigation scheduling, which helps in real-time monitoring of soil moisture. But there is need to conduct more research to develop a low-cost automated irrigation system for wide acceptability by small and marginal farmers that will help fulfil the dream of “More crop per drop.” The “More crop per drop” paradigm provides the pathway to solve many problems related to water management by improving overall agricultural water productivity. By considering the facts, this chapter aims to describe the current scenario of CC as well as its uncertainty in irrigation water availability. It also takes a critical look at the present status and issues of irrigation methods. Lastly, this chapter discusses the technological interventions, including both engineering and agronomical measures to address the challenges of irrigation water management and to enhance WUE.
... Swathi et al., (2018) reported that the congenial environmental conditions determine the growth and flowering behaviour of pigeon pea. Pawar and Khanna (2018) advocated that mulching and drip can be a way to achieve the goal of more crop per drop. Pigeon pea yield increased tremendously when irrigated through drip method. ...
... Over-exploitation of fresh water has been increased by twofold from the last decade to increase crop production and food security for the ever-increasing world population (Liu et al. 2009;Yuan and Shen 2013). This over-exploitation declining the ground water table will reduce the fresh water supply for crop production, which puts emphasis on using precious water resources efficiently (Pawar and Khanna 2018). Several strategies have been devised to enhance the consumptive use of irrigation water or WUE including varying sowing methods ), lateral-move machines and center pivots (Roth et al. 2014), and models. ...
Sustainable cotton production in current environmental conditions is under threat due to climatic variability and shortage of ever-decreasing resources for agricultural crops. There is dire need to improve the cotton production to fulfill increasing demands of the ever increasing world population which will rise up to nine billion till 2050. Poor soil health, poor water quality and water shortage, insect pest complex, and unpredictable climatic patterns are predominant problems to cotton production. Hence, there is a great challenge to manage cotton crop in a sustainable fashion without the degradation of soil, water, and environment due to climate variability. There are several factors associated with low production of cotton including improper sowing and picking, poor pesticide spraying approaches, inappropriate amount and time of irrigation, processing and ginning through inappropriate and primitive procedures, heat stress, lack of disease- and pest-tolerant varieties, improper nutrient management, improper disease management, and improper weed management. It is the need of the hour to adopt the modern technologies and applications for sustainable cotton production. There are several modern technologies which can increase the production of cotton and make the idea of sustainability feasible because of their site-specific management of all agricultural inputs. GPS, GIS, and remote sensing technologies make the precise seeding of cotton seed, fertilizers, and pesticides. IPM, IWM, and INM are the well-developed modern concepts which not only reduce the cost of production but also mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases. For sustainable cotton production, implementation of these modern concepts is crucial so that the human beings will get benefits in the future. Therefore, this chapter will be focused on the recently developed technologies which can be sustainably utilized for the better management of cotton crop across the world. This chapter will explore the importance of Decision Support system (DSS) for sustainable cotton production; role of GPS, GIS, and remote sensing for identifying site-specific factors such as soil quality indicators; importance of transgenic cotton; impact of mechanical sowing and picking on sustainable cotton production; use of UAVs for nutrient and pesticide management; and impacts of modern concepts on increasing agronomic production and advancing global fiber and oil security.
