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Effect of flour content and time of treatment at 25 @BULLET C on the tensile strength of LDPE/SJ flour composites.
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The effects of Spartium junceum (SJ) flour content, treatment time, and temperature on the mechanical and rheological properties of low density polyethylene/Spartium junceum flour (LDPE/SJ) composites were studied. SJ flour was treated with NaOH (5% wt) for 24, 48, and 72 h at 25°C and 40°C. FTIR results showed that there is a partial removal of li...
Citations
... This shows the influence of alkali washing of fibers on FS of WPCs, added with APP. Ikhlef et al. (2012) studied the effect of alkali washing and reported improvement in strength properties of composite due to improved interfacial adhesion between matrix and cellulosic fiber. The addition of boron compound in the formulation resulted in significant loss in strength (both tensile and flexural) and flexural modulus of APP incorporated composites irrespective of fiber treatment. ...
Wood fiber filled high density polyethylene composites (WPCs) were prepared using twin screw extruder and maleated polyethylene as a coupling agent. Bamboo fibers were initially treated with alkali (NaOH), boric acid - borax (Ba-Bx) and borax (Bx). The treated and untreated fibers were used in combination with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to investigate their synergistic effects on thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical properties. Alkali pretreatment (5 % NaOH) of fibers showed significant improvement in performance of APP by increasing thermal stability in WPCs. The derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) results indicate significance of Ba-Bx in promoting char induction at lower temperatures (340 ºC) and thereby, improved the thermal stability in WPCs. Flammability decreased with addition of flame retardant additives. As compared to pure WPCs, composites containing APP 10 % / Ba-Bx 5 % exhibited maximum reduction in average heat release rate (HRR) by 69 %, peak heat release rate (PHRR) by 59 %, total heat released rate (THR) by 48 % and also increased time to ignition (TTI) by 62 %. However, no significant difference was found among the combinations i.e., APP with or without compounds towards reducing the flammability of WPCs. The strength properties also reduced significantly when boron compounds were added along with APP. In general, APP alone (15 %) is enough for imparting thermal stability and flame retardancy in WPCs.
... The O-H bond reoccurred as a result of the SBBWF elongation after treatment with NaOH at rapid variation in the transmitting percentage. The lignin from C=C bond reduced after treatment with NaOH by increasing transmittance from 92.57 to 97.049% 2 (Agarwal & Reiner, 2009;Ikhlef et al., 2012). The absorption band located at 1315 to 1025.0cm¯¹ is a characteristic of C-C stretching and C-O stretching, which were attributed to the carboxyl group of hemicelluloses with also a change in the peak transmittance (Ismail et al., 2002). ...
The production of bio-methane from cow-dung and tannery by product was
carried out. The work focuses on the production of biogas anaerobically through the codigestion of cow-dungs and tannery waste and also to reduce the concentration of sulphide by direct inclusion of facultative lagoon sediment with sodium and calcium alginate. Comparison of the efficacy of various tannery beam house effluents as substrate diluents indicated that the soaking liquor was most favourable. The highest bio-methane concentration of 11.8%v/v was obtained from the use of Soaking liquor, as against 8.8%v/v, 1.2%v/v, and 4.1%v/v when deliming liquor, liming liquor and a combination of the entire beam house liquors were used respectively. Various tannery fleshing to cow-dung ratio of 1:0, 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:2 were investigated. The optimum was established to be ratio 1:2 as indicated by the highest methane concentration of 45.5%v/v as against 1.9% by volume, 4.1% by volume, 7.3% by volume, for 1:0, 1:0.5 and 1:1 respectively. It was observed that a minute concentration of sodium and calcium alginates (0.01% wt/v) which was introduced from the beginning of the anaerobic digestion cycle possessed the efficacy to increase methane concentration and reduce the hydrogen sulphide concentration of the system. The alginates acted as chelating ligands thereby boosting methane production and reducing sulphide concentration. Methane concentration was significantly boosted to 70.1%v/v and 63.8%v/v with the addition of sodium alginate and calcium alginate beads respectively, as against 45%v/v for a similar digestion sample without alginate. In all, sodium alginate had a better performance than calcium alginate beads both of 0.01% wt/v. However, a rise in calcium alginate to about 0.03% wt/v performed better than sodium alginate of 0.01% wt/v. In addition, inclusion of the alginates to the digestion system shortens the retention time for biogas production and the release of hydrogen sulphide gas. This work therefore recommends soaking liquor as diluent in the anaerobic digestion of tannery fleshing, utilizing cow dung and tannery waste (fleshing) in the ratio of 2:1 for anaerobic co-digestion respectively, the use of facultative lagoon sediments as basic inoculant and the use of sodium and calcium alginates (0.01% wt/v) acting as chelating ligands to remove hydrogen sulphide and boost dry methane production above 20% with very good combustion characteristics.
... The O-H bond reoccurred as a result of the SBBWF elongation after treatment with NaOH at rapid variation in the transmitting percentage. The lignin from C=C bond reduced after treatment with NaOH by increasing transmittance from 92.57 to 97.049% 2 (Agarwal & Reiner, 2009;Ikhlef et al., 2012). The absorption band located at 1315 to 1025.0cm¯¹ is a characteristic of C-C stretching and C-O stretching, which were attributed to the carboxyl group of hemicelluloses with also a change in the peak transmittance (Ismail et al., 2002). ...
... These apexes correspond to octaethylene glycol, monododecyl ethef, tergitol, 2-pentanol, dipentylamine, O,O'-BIS(2-aminopropyl)polyethylene and 3-iodoaniline, respectively. The formation of these new compounds after adding of DPWF to the r-LDPE matrix shows that the composite of r-LDPE-DPWF is a potential substitute for a printer component [3,18,23,55,56]. Table 4 presents the distinction between the RSM predictions and experimental values for the FS, FM and IIS of the r-LDPE-DPWF composite. ...
The circulation of recycled low density polyethylene (r-LDPE) globally, using Nigeria as point of reference is emphasized in this work. The need for combining r-LDPE with a less expensive organic fiber as an economical alternative material in panel production for printer component to reduce waste through recycling. In this study, the particle size (PS) and fiber content (FC) of date palm wood fiber (DPWF) in a r-LDPE matrix are essential factors to be considered for optimizing flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM) and Izod impact strength (IIS) of r-LDPE-DPWF (recycled low density polyethylene-date palm wood fiber) composite for producing printer components. The variant FC and PS of the DPWF was compounded in r-LDPE matrix to optimize the FS, FM and IIS of r-LDPE-DPWF composite, using a central composite design (CCD) as a response surface methodology (RSM). The DPWF and r-LDPE-DPWF composite were analyzed by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR). The results indicated that the FS, FM and IIS of r-LDPE-DPWF composite measured 46.66002 MPa, 1.150043 GPa and 1.99899 KJ × m ⁻¹ at optimal operation, respectively. Under these operating conditions, PS and FC were 60.78 mesh (250 μm) and 30 wt.-%, respectively. Finally, the main coefficient of determination (R ² ) for the factors correlated with the characteristics of the r-LDPE-DPWF composite at an approximate value of 1 with a differential error of RSM and experiment values < 0.05 %. It was concluded that the RSM model yielded the necessary parameters for the r-LDPE-DPWF composite to be considered as a potential material for printer components.
... Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) has been subject of several previous scientific researches in the field of polymer biocomposites. Moreover, different matrices such as polypropylene (PP) [10,[21][22][23], low density polyethylene (LDPE) [24], polyvinyl chloride (PVC) [25] and polylactic acid (PLA) [26] have been compounded with Spanish broom fiber or flour to prepare biocomposites. The current work brings a supplementary contribution and aims to take advantage of the low cost, low density, recyclability, biodegradability and the abundant local fibers crops which is Spanish broom for application as potential reinforcement agent for PP matrix. ...
... Thus agglomeration depends on the composition, while the value of the maximum is determined by adhesion and the load carried by the SBF particles. These results agree with those found by Ikhlef et al. [24]. Moreover, there is a slight reduction on the biocomposites MFI values with the alkali-treated SBF compared to those containing dewaxed SBF. ...
This work presents the chemical modification of Spanish broom flour (SBF), and the study of SBF loading and surface treatment on the performances of polypropylene (PP) biocomposites. In order to enhance the interfacial interactions between the PP matrix and the SBF, two types of chemical treatments were used: 2 wt% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for different times (8, 24 and 48 h) and 5 wt% of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS), respectively. Different techniques for characterization such as the melting flow index (MFI), X-ray diffraction, transient plane source (TPS) and water absorption were used. The experiment results showed a decrease of the MFI with increasing of modified SBF content, independently of the type of the chemical treatment. Moreover, this decrease became significant in the biocomposites containing SBF-VTMS. The X-ray patterns showed that surface treatment of SBF could improve their crystallinity and crystallite sizes. The TPS measurements illustrates that the thermal conductivity of the biocomposites decreases with 10 wt% of modified SBF loading. Higher content than 20 wt% of SBF, improved the thermal conductivity of the biocomposites. Meanwhile, the lowest values were found when the VTMS is used. Besides, it was accompanied by a decrease in absorptivity due to the better interfacial adhesion SBF-PP.
... Fibers are immersed in NaOH solution within a certain period of time for the alkali treatment method (Li et al. 2007). Many studies have been carried out to explore the effects of alkali treatment on the properties of various fibers and composite products (Ray et al. 2001;El-Shekeil et al. 2012;Ikhlef et al. 2012;Saiful Islam et al. 2012;Fiore et al. 2015;Then et al. 2015;Cai et al. 2016;Mukaida et al. 2016;Ma et al. 2017;Hashim et al. 2017;Ahmad et al. 2018;Jonoobi et al. 2018;Boran Torun et al. 2019). ...
Effects of alkali treatment and ammonium bicarbonate were studied relative to selected properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) panels. Wood fibers were subjected to alkali treatment with sodium hydroxide or sodium perborate monohydrate (SPM). The MDF panels were produced from untreated and alkali treated fibers with or without ammonium bicarbonate (ABC). The modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bonding (IB), thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), and limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the MDF were analyzed. The mechanical, physical, and fire resistance properties of MDF samples showed differences depending on the experimental parameters used. The lowest TS and WA values were found in the untreated-control group. The highest value for MOR and MOE was found for the group with the addition of 8% ABC. The IB values generally were higher than the untreated-control value. The highest value was determined in the group ABC8. Remarkably higher LOI values were achieved in the LOI test, especially for the groups with the application of both alkali treatment and ammonium bicarbonate.
... cm -1 to 2857.14 cm -1 in Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b), respectively. As pointed out in the pure MSSF as shown in Figure 1 concluded that these weak components that held the bonds of MSSF has been drastically minimized and the cellulosic content in the composition of MSSF has improved after modification with NaOH as justified by works in elsewhere (41)(42)(43)(44) . Figure 2 captures the effect of alkali treatment on cellulose content of MSSF. ...
Background/Objectives: The minimization of unnecessary components from agro-waste is essential for performance and conversion into useful products in domestic and industrial utilization. The need for removal of these unwanted components is important to boost the strength of the agro-waste for its effectiveness as additive in agro-based polymer composite production as new engineering material for structural purpose. This investigation entailed the influence of NaOH concentration and soaking time on the key compositional content of novel mango seed shell fiber (MSSF). Methods/findings: The MSSF was treated with NaOH solution at 2.5, 5, 7.5 wt % concentration and soaking time of 2-6 hr. The compositions of MSSF were obtained for the treated and untreated sample by gravimetric method. The pure and NaOH treated MSSF were analyzed instrumentally employing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer to show the functionality of some substances present. From this result, the optimum composition of MSSF was observed at 5 % NaOH concentration and 4 hr soaking time. The maximum composition at this condition improved than the crude MSSF by 71.33% cellulose content, while the hemicelluloses and lignin content removal was lower than the raw fiber by 91.75 and 98.84%, respectively. Application: The results at this optimum treatment of MSSF composition can be recommended for agro-based polymer composite in indoor application.
... cm -1 to 2857.14 cm -1 in Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b), respectively. As pointed out in the pure MSSF as shown in Figure 1 concluded that these weak components that held the bonds of MSSF has been drastically minimized and the cellulosic content in the composition of MSSF has improved after modification with NaOH as justified by works in elsewhere (41)(42)(43)(44) . Figure 2 captures the effect of alkali treatment on cellulose content of MSSF. ...
... Higher temperature swells the fibers and provides more surface area to the hydroxide ions to penetrate into the structure as discussed previously (Ikhlef et al. 2012;Pejic et al. 2008). This phenomenon causes the leaching out of the intercellular binding material like the lignin, pectin, and removal of the cuticle layer which leads to the reduction in the diameter of the coir fibers (Rajan et al. 2005). ...
This paper presents the use of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method to determine the optimum time, NaOH concentration, and temperature for reduction in lignin content, reduction in flexural rigidity, and tenacity of the coir yarns using box-behnken design. Optimum conditions for better properties are obtained from the ramp graphs. The results indicate that the TOPSIS method is appropriate for solving the multi-criteria optimization of the process parameters based on ranking system. The optimal value for time, concentration, and temperature are 3 h, 5% NaOH, and 80°C based on the defined criteria.
... The differences between virgin/waste and waste/waste samples are characterized by the x-ray diffraction technique and complemented via differential scanning calorimetry. Both techniques have been widely employed to characterize qualitatively and quantitatively the crystalline structures and enthalpy of melting of polyethylene [34,35]. For these reasons, they are applied in the present work also for pyrolysis. ...
... The values of 299, 332, and 205 J/g for enthalpies of pyrolysis of VPE, WVPE, and WRPE were respectively obtained. Since the majority of the work does not categorize their type of residues, the values of enthalpies reported in [35,51] for melting at about 90 J/g, and in [52] for pyrolysis at about 258 J/g provide a rough indication of the expected order of magnitude. Looking at the effect of the physical stress on these categories of polyethylene waste, the results suggest that WRPE suffered some modification in its structure leading to weakening of the material, see Section 3.2. ...
It is elementary to recognize the benefits and the negative impacts of the use of plastic materials on modern societies. Polyethylene (PE) is the major plastic component present in the municipal solid waste. In this paper, two types of low-density PE (LDPE) waste with different mechanical recycling stress histories were used to investigate the influence of recycling cycles on pyrolysis. The kinetic triplet and thermal degradation study were obtained using TGA data.To determine the sample composition and hydrocarbon arrangements, ultimate, proximate and X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out. Taking advantage of these analyses and combining them with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data, a series-parallel pyrolysis pathway was formulated. The waste of recycled polyethylene presented low enthalpy of pyrolysis, at about 205 J/g against 299 J/g for a virgin PE. The DSC analyses evidenced a multi-step reaction behavior of the pyrolysis, confirmed by the kinetic study using different isoconversional methods: the waste of recycled polyethylene presented a higher variation of activation energies as a function of the fraction reacted. The main conclusion is that the results suggest that the recycling stress history promotes the increase of long carbon chains while weakening the boundary among the compounds. This explains the fact that recycled waste needs less activation energy than other samples to degrade thermally. Finally, different categories of low-density polyethylene wastes must be considered when dealing with either kinetics or modeling of the product recovery process.
