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Effect of eight weeks of calisthenics training on hemodynamic measures in normotensive overweight and obese individuals 

Effect of eight weeks of calisthenics training on hemodynamic measures in normotensive overweight and obese individuals 

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Obesity is a complex and growing global epidemic which has reached epidemic proportions. This is problematic in that obesity is a major health problem and is associated with a significant increased blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to determine if home-based calisthenics training can improve blood pressure measures as an intervention to...

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... significant difference was found in RHR (p = 0.000), RSBP (p = 0.003), RDBP (p = 0.025), RPP (p = 0.000) and RMAP (p = 0.003) from pre-to post-test in the CAL. No significant difference was found in RHR (p = 0.588), RSBP (p = 0.896), RDBP (p = 0.419), RPP (p = 0.891) and RMAP (p = 0.639) from pre-to post-test in the CON (Table 2). ...

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... In summary, while improvements in health-related physical fitness have been previously demonstrated in overweight or obese women using a variety of physical activity interventions, these studies are individualised laboratory-and/or home-based studies and are usually performed in high-income countries (HICs) where the ecological validity and practicality of such programmes are limited [47]. In this regard, the present study also utilised a quasi-experimental design, because when compared to randomised controlled trials (RCTs), such studies have shown to have higher internal validity (i.e., better establishment of the causal relationship between the intervention and the outcome) and higher external validity (i.e., the findings can be better generalised to other contexts and settings). ...
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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death globally, particularly impacting low-and middle-income countries and rural dwellers. Therefore, this programme aimed to investigate if a community-based mind-body PA programme implemented in a low-resource setting could improve health-related physical fitness outcomes. Black overweight or obese adult women (25 ± 4.7 years) with a body mass index (BMI) >25 kg.m −2 recruited from a rural settlement in South Africa with manifest risk factors for multimorbidity were assigned to a 10-week waiting-to-treat non-exercising control group (n = 65) or a community-based mind-body programme (n = 60) consisting of 45-60 min, thrice-weekly Tae-Bo. The intervention resulted in significant (p ≤ 0.05) improvements in body weight (p = 0.043), BMI (p = 0.037), and waist (p = 0.031) and hip circumferences (p = 0.040). Flexibility was found to be significantly increased at mid-and post-programme (p = 0.033 and p = 0.025, respectively) as was static balance (mid: p = 0.022; post: p = 0.019), hand grip strength (mid: p = 0.034; post: p = 0.029), sit-up performance (mid: p = 0.021; post: p = 0.018), and cardiorespiratory endurance (mid: p = 0.017; post: p = 0.011). No significant change was found in sum of skinfolds following the programme (p = 0.057). Such a community-based mind-body programme presents an opportunity to level health inequalities and positively improve health-related physical fitness in low-resource communities irrespective of the underlying barriers to participation .
... As such, physical activity public health interventions should focus on overcoming deficiencies in environmental factors and resources. This could be achieved by for example presenting physical activities in the community, effectively reducing environmental factors, such as the extreme cold weather conditions and limiting street environment indicators [34]. Further, physical activity public health interventions could mitigate the effect of resources by making use of existing resources in the community (i.e., community centers for delivery of interventions) and design appropriate physical activity interventions for use in these facilities based on their low supervisory requirements and cost implications [35]. ...
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Continuing epidemiological and clinical studies have accumulated evidence that appropriate regular physical activity (PA) results in significant health benefits and can even prevent and treat many diseases like cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, musculoskeletal problems, stress, anxiety, and depression. These benefits are universal to all populations and age groups making physical activity a critical component in reducing many of the leading causes of global mortality. Additional benefits have also been found to follow an expanding quantity and quality of PA through the proper manipulation of the exercise design (i.e., frequency, intensity, duration, and mode). Global health benefits are achievable through physical activity, but this requires competent health professionals able to prescribe appropriate physical activity to their clients, patients, and communities to ensure engagement in increasing their PA levels and thus contribute to their own well-being and the prevention of the main non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs).
... The sheer range and potential blend of RT program design variables, such as inter alia exercise selection, intensity, and rest interval confounds the development and use of practical and easy-to-follow RT programs that will increase health outcomes (Lawrence et al., 2014). Problematically, the physiological and physical responses, adaptations and benefits are specific to those same program design variables (Arazi et al., 2011). ...
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Resistance training (RT) is increasingly recommended for incorporation into comprehensive fitness or “exercise as medicine” programs. However, the acute effects of RT, and especially its different sub-types, and how they impact health outcomes are not fully investigated. This study evaluated German Volume Training (GVT) (“10 set × 10 rep scheme”) for its efficacy for its use in health settings. This study utilized a randomized crossover design with subjects serving as their own controls to establish baseline values. Subjects were blinded to the study hypothesis. Subjects performed a single session of GVT or no exercise, in a randomised order separated by a 1-week washout period. Outcomes were assessed before and immediately post-exercise. GVT significantly (p < 0.05) decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), but increased heart rate (HR), rate pressure product (RPP) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). No changes were found in the measured spirometry parameters. Increases were observed in carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and minute ventilation (VE), but not respiratory exchange ratio. Post hoc analysis demonstrated that post-GVT values were significantly lower for SBP (p = 0.017; d = 1.00), DBP (p = 0.013; d = 0.90), MAP (p = 0.024; d = 1.06), and VCO2 (p = 0.009; d = −1.32), and significantly higher for RPP (p = 0.001; d = −3.11), RPE (p = 0.001; d = −14.14), and HR (p = 0.001; d = −3.00). This study indicates that acute GVT promotes post-exercise hypotension and is of sufficient intensity to increase both objective HR and subjective RPE intensities appropriately for use in a variety of health promotion settings.
... The sheer range and potential blend of RT program design variables, such as inter alia exercise selection, intensity, and rest interval confounds the development and use of practical and easy-to-follow RT programs that will increase health outcomes (Lawrence et al., 2014). Problematically, the physiological and physical responses, adaptations and benefits are specific to those same program design variables (Arazi et al., 2011). ...
Article
While resistance training (RT) has been proposed as a useful adjunct in a primary prevention setting and rehabilitation context, the exact application of training intensity and volume for maximal therapeutic effects is still unclear. In this regard, German Volume Training (GVT), or the 10 sets method, has been utilized by athletes for decades and may prove a safe and effective method in improving strength and cardiorespiratory endurance, and modifying coronary risk factors. PURPOSE: To determine the physiological determinants during a single bout of German Volume Training. METHODS: Using a within-group design, untrained healthy males (n=19; mean age: 22±1 years) served as their own inactive controls prior to engaging in a single one-hour bout of GVT consisting of leg press, chest press, latissimus dorsi pull-downs and shoulder press for 10 sets of 10 repetitions each with a 60-second rest between sets and a three-minute rest period between exercises. Differences from pre- to post-test were examined using t-tests with alpha levels set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: An acute bout of GVT significantly (p≤0.05) decreased systolic blood pressure (SPB) (from 119±9 mmHg to 110±9 mmHg; p=0.042), diastolic BP (DBP) (from 77±10 mmHg to 68±10 mmHg; p=0.037) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) (from 91±9 mmHg to 82±8 mmHg; p=0.028), but increased rate pressure product (RPP) (from 8370±826 to 12332±1602; p =0.008). Increases were observed in carbon dioxide production (VCO2) (from 0.34±0.09 L.min-1 to 0.65±0.32 L.min-1; p=0.021). No changes were found in any of the measured spirometry parameters. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that GVT is of sufficient safety and provides the appropriate intensity to be included in general primary prevention and rehabilitation settings.
... Although more than 200 risk factors have now been identified that can give rise to CVD, the major risk factors of smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and physical inactivity have been recognised for over 50 years [6,7]. Problematically, the 200 or so risk factors often perform complex interactions and may act synergistically acting to amplify the damage caused by any one risk factor alone [8]. ...
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of death and continuous efforts are needed to reduce CVD risk and established CVD. Most exercise training guidelines do not recommend RT as an integral component of an overall CVD prevention and/or rehabilitation programme. This is notwithstanding the increasing evidence of RT’s orthopaedic and hemodynamic safety, its cardioprotec- tive effects and positive effects on mortality, and even its unique role on improving the comorbidities associated with CVD. As with cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness is increasingly being demonstrated to be related to the integrated function of numerous physiological systems and as a reflection of whole-body health and func- tion. As such, ‘“counting reps’” should be as important as ‘“counting steps’” in any CVD prevention and management programme. While many current international recommendations and guidelines are based on the fact that not all health benefits can be achieved through a single type of exercise, emphasis is still placed on aerobic training over RT. This chapter will not only discuss the importance of RT in overall CVD prevention and/or rehabilitation, but will directly inform recommendations and provide guidelines on practical exercise as a safe and foundational component of CVD programmes.
... These risk factors for developing CVD are traditionally divided into primary and secondary risk factors with primary risk factors being those risk factors that have conclusively shown to have a strong association with CVD. In this regard, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and physical inactivity, are the four traditional primary risk factors [5]. On the other hand, secondary risk factors include diabetes mellitus, obesity, diet, psychological factors, age, hereditary/family history, gender, ethnicity/race, and personal (previous) history [5]. ...
... In this regard, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and physical inactivity, are the four traditional primary risk factors [5]. On the other hand, secondary risk factors include diabetes mellitus, obesity, diet, psychological factors, age, hereditary/family history, gender, ethnicity/race, and personal (previous) history [5]. Thankfully, CVD risk factors can be classified into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. ...
Chapter
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Contrary to the longstanding taboo of resistance training (RT) as a therapeutic treatment, RT has been gaining importance as a safe therapeutic option in the management of numerous diseases. Although exercise has well-documented health benefits on cardiovascular disease (CVD), the benefit of RT on CVD risk factors is not yet as widely prescribed as other modes of exercise. Due to its efficacy in the management of CVD, RT should be regarded as a complementary therapeutic treatment rather than a substitute to other modes of exercise therapy. While it is clear that RT can result in an attenuation of CVD risk, the various RT design options related to intensity and volume and how they impact on CVD risk, especially in different populations (i.e. children, elderly, women) is not yet well documented. This chapter will discuss the physiological phenomenon and benefits of RT as a therapeutic intervention aiming to manage CVD risk.
... Reversing this troubling trend may mean addressing the energy surplus in the home where children are likely to feel the most comfortable (11,12). For this reason, it is believed that interventions should target the overweight and obese children in their home environment, where they can partake in a training program without the need for an array of expensive and bulky equipment (13,14). This maintenance and restoration of health and independence in the overweight/obese population in a cost-effective manner and is especially important in developing countries, such as South Africa, where there is limited transport or funds for transport (14). ...
... For this reason, it is believed that interventions should target the overweight and obese children in their home environment, where they can partake in a training program without the need for an array of expensive and bulky equipment (13,14). This maintenance and restoration of health and independence in the overweight/obese population in a cost-effective manner and is especially important in developing countries, such as South Africa, where there is limited transport or funds for transport (14). Further, there may be an increased need for home-based training since, when compared to a gymnasium, home-based training adds an element of privacy, which is a major concern for most overweight and obese individuals (14). ...
... This maintenance and restoration of health and independence in the overweight/obese population in a cost-effective manner and is especially important in developing countries, such as South Africa, where there is limited transport or funds for transport (14). Further, there may be an increased need for home-based training since, when compared to a gymnasium, home-based training adds an element of privacy, which is a major concern for most overweight and obese individuals (14). In this regard, callisthenic training is a form of dynamic exercise consisting of a variety of simple, often rhythmical, movements generally using minimal equipment or apparatus. ...
... Reversing this troubling trend may mean addressing the energy surplus in the home where children are likely to feel the most comfortable (11,12). For this reason, it is believed that interventions should target the overweight and obese children in their home environment, where they can partake in a training program without the need for an array of expensive and bulky equipment (13,14). This maintenance and restoration of health and independence in the overweight/obese population in a cost-effective manner and is especially important in developing countries, such as South Africa, where there is limited transport or funds for transport (14). ...
... For this reason, it is believed that interventions should target the overweight and obese children in their home environment, where they can partake in a training program without the need for an array of expensive and bulky equipment (13,14). This maintenance and restoration of health and independence in the overweight/obese population in a cost-effective manner and is especially important in developing countries, such as South Africa, where there is limited transport or funds for transport (14). Further, there may be an increased need for home-based training since, when compared to a gymnasium, home-based training adds an element of privacy, which is a major concern for most overweight and obese individuals (14). ...
... This maintenance and restoration of health and independence in the overweight/obese population in a cost-effective manner and is especially important in developing countries, such as South Africa, where there is limited transport or funds for transport (14). Further, there may be an increased need for home-based training since, when compared to a gymnasium, home-based training adds an element of privacy, which is a major concern for most overweight and obese individuals (14). In this regard, callisthenic training is a form of dynamic exercise consisting of a variety of simple, often rhythmical, movements generally using minimal equipment or apparatus. ...
Article
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Background: Childhood overweightness/obesity is likely to further challenge worldwide public health if effective preventative measures, such as physical activity interventions, are not put in place as prescribed by public health organizations, such as the World Health Organisation (WHO). Objectives: This study attempted to determine and compare the efficacy of home-based callisthenic resistance training on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in overweight children compared to normal-weight children. Methods: A quantitative study was undertaken, and 15 previously sedentary overweight/obese children (OOC) and 15 previously sedentary normal-weight children (NWC), aged 9 - 11 years, were assigned to a six-week, 45-minute, non-consecutive callisthenic resistance training program consisting of six exercises. An additional 15 previously sedentary normal-weight children were assigned to a non-exercising control group (NON). Results: In the OOC, the six-week callisthenic resistance training program significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased body mass (from 44.54 ± 10.53 to 43.77 ± 10.38 kg, P = 0.002), BMI (23.27 ± 5.05 to 22.85 ± 5.00 kg.m-2, P = 0.002), percentage body fat (from 33.01 ± 5.15 to 31.94 ± 5.55%, P = 0.042), fat mass (from 15.01 ± 5.45 to 14.30 ± 5.33 kg, P = 0.001), sum of skinfolds (from 46.46 ± 11.65 to 44.38 ± 11.61 mm, P = 0.032), and run/walk time (from 21.70 ± 5.06 to 20.71 ± 4.96 min; P = 0.003). In the NWC, hip circumference was found to be decreased (from 73.26 ± 5.84 to 72.76 ± 5.88 cm, P = 0.031), as was the sum of skinfolds (from 29.38 ± 10.18 to 25.84 ± 8.11mm, P = 0.035). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that home-based callisthenic resistance training can have positive impacts on overall body composition and may prove to be a cost-effective and essential tool in the fight against childhood overweight/obesity whether in normal weight or even overweight/obese children.
... Overweight and obesity are severe public health problems that are common in populations lacking exercises, combined with a hyper caloric intake. Research conducted postmortem on overweight or obesity suggests that overweight adults usually have severe coronary atherosclerosis, concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary embolism, hypoplastic coronary arteries and dilated cardiomyopathies [4]. The metabolic requirements of overweight induce the hemodynamic changes in stroke volume, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as alterations in the hypertrophy of smooth muscle arterial walls [5]. ...
... To date, most studies [9,21] have focused on the effects of acute exercise on arterial stiffness and hemodynamics, without full consideration of the alteration in hemodynamic responses to long term exercise. Lawrence [4] manifested hemodynamic changes (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) in overweight and obese individuals, following 8 weeks of home-based calisthenics training. Recently, Shaw [22] reported the effects of 8 weeks concurrent resistance and aerobic training on hemodynamics (resting heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure) in overweight and obese populations. ...
... Additionally, the hemodynamic variables, induced by exercise, play vital roles in modulating arterial stiffness [3,18,19]. Some studies have reported the effects of home-based training on hemodynamic changes in overweight individuals [4,22]. To date, little information is available concerning the effects of swimming training on arterial stiffness and hemodynamics in overweight individuals. ...
Article
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Background Exercise has been found to either reduce or increase arterial stiffness. Land-based exercise modalities have been documented as effective physical therapies to decrease arterial stiffness. However, these land-based exercise modalities may not be suitable for overweight individuals, in terms of risks of joint injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8-week swimming training and 4-week detraining on carotid arterial stiffness and hemodynamics in young overweight adults. Methods Twenty young male adults who were overweight were recruited and engaged in 8-week of swimming training and 4-week detraining. Five individuals withdrew due to lack of interest and failure to follow the training protocol. Body Fat Percentage (BFP) and carotid hemodynamic variables were measured on a resting day at the following intervals: baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks after swimming training and 4 weeks after detraining. A repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the differences between baseline and each measurement. When significant differences were detected, Tukey’s test for post hoc comparisons was used. Results Eight-week swimming training at moderate intensity decreased BFP, including the trunk and four extremities. Additionally, the BFP of the right and left lower extremities continued to decrease in these overweight adults 4 weeks after ceasing training. Carotid arterial stiffness decreased, while there were no significant changes in arterial diameters. Blood flow velocity, flow rate, maximal and mean wall shear stress increased, while systolic blood pressure and peripheral resistance decreased. No significant differences existed in minimal wall shear stress and oscillatory shear stress. Conclusions Eight-week swimming training at moderate intensity exhibited beneficial effects on systolic blood pressure, arterial stiffness and blood supply to the brain in overweight adults. Moreover, maximal and mean wall shear stress increased after training. It is worth noting that these changes in hemodynamics did not last 4 weeks. Therefore, further studies are still warranted to clarify the underlying relationship between improvements in arterial stiffness and alterations in wall shear stress.
... Reversing this troubling trend may mean addressing the energy surplus in the home where children are likely to feel the most comfortable (11,12). For this reason, it is believed that interventions should target the overweight and obese children in their home environment, where they can partake in a training program without the need for an array of expensive and bulky equipment (13,14). This maintenance and restoration of health and independence in the overweight/obese population in a cost-effective manner and is especially important in developing countries, such as South Africa, where there is limited transport or funds for transport (14). ...
... For this reason, it is believed that interventions should target the overweight and obese children in their home environment, where they can partake in a training program without the need for an array of expensive and bulky equipment (13,14). This maintenance and restoration of health and independence in the overweight/obese population in a cost-effective manner and is especially important in developing countries, such as South Africa, where there is limited transport or funds for transport (14). Further, there may be an increased need for home-based training since, when compared to a gymnasium, home-based training adds an element of privacy, which is a major concern for most overweight and obese individuals (14). ...
... This maintenance and restoration of health and independence in the overweight/obese population in a cost-effective manner and is especially important in developing countries, such as South Africa, where there is limited transport or funds for transport (14). Further, there may be an increased need for home-based training since, when compared to a gymnasium, home-based training adds an element of privacy, which is a major concern for most overweight and obese individuals (14). In this regard, callisthenic training is a form of dynamic exercise consisting of a variety of simple, often rhythmical, movements generally using minimal equipment or apparatus. ...
Article
Childhood overweight and obesity is likely to challenge worldwide public health if they do not engage in recommended levels of physical activity as prescribed by public health organizations. PURPOSE. The study aimed to determine the effects of a six-week callisthenic training program on body composition in previously sedentary normal weight and overweight/obese children. METHODS. Fifteen previously sedentary obese and overweight children (OOC) and 15 previously sedentary normal weight children (NWC), aged between 9 and 11 were assigned to a six-week nonconsecutive callisthenic strength training program of approximately 45 minutes consisting of six exercises, while an additional 15 previously sedentary normal weight children were assigned to a non-exercising control group (NON). RESULTS. Results indicated that the callisthenic training program significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased body mass (from 44.54 ± 10.53 to 43.77 ± 10.38 kg, p = 0.002), BMI (23.27 ± 5.05 to 22.85 ± 5.00 kg.m-2 p = 0.002), percentage body fat (from 33.01 ± 5.15 to 31.94 ± 5.55%, p = 0.042), fat mass (from 15.01 ± 5.45 to 14.30 ± 5.33 kg, p = 0.000), and sum of skinfolds (from 46.46 ± 11.65 to 44.38 ± 11.61 mm, p = 0.032) in the OOC. The callisthenic training also decreased hip circumference (from 73.26 ± 5.84 to 72.76 ± 5.88 cm, p = 0.030), and sum of skinfolds (from 29.38 ± 10.18 to 25.84 ± 8.11 %, p = 0.034) in the NWC. Callisthenic training is a cost-effective and useful intervention strategy to decrease kinathropometric variables, not only in overweight and obese, but also normal weight children.