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Effect of dietary vitamin D3 and vitamin K3 interaction on total length of gilthead seabream larvae at different sampling points (day 7: one-way ANOVA—p=0.552 and two-way ANOVA—VD=0.454, VK=0.485, and VD∗VK=0.826; day 14: one-way ANOVA—p=0.061 and two-way ANOVA—VD=0.925, VK=0.551, VD∗VK=0.315; day 21: one-way ANOVA—p=0.03 and two-way ANOVA—VD=0.001, VK=0.536, and VD∗VK=0.023).
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Vitamins D and K are essential fat-soluble nutrients that intervene in bone development processes among other biological functions. The present study is aimed at investigating the potential combined effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin K 3 (menadione) in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. For that...
Citations
... In Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), a combination of vitamin D 3 , vitamin K 3 , calcium, and environmental factors did not affect growth or bone mineralization [63]. Recently, the interaction of dietary vitamin D 3 and vitamin K 3 was also studied on gilthead seabream larvae, showing that an increase in both vitamins reduces larval growth and survival and causes abnormal expression of bone biomarkers and calcium regulating genes [75]. This study further elucidates the significance of bone biomarkers and calcium-regulating genes in the modulation of bone formation and the maintenance of calcium homeostasis in fish. ...
... The interplay between vitamin D and vitamin K is pivotal in regulating bone metabolism and ensuring calcium homeostasis across the animal kingdom [2]. Despite the importance of the interaction of these vitamins in different animal species, there are few studies on fish [5,25,26,41,67,75], and no studies have been reported on the interaction of vitamin D 3 and vitamin K 3 in commercially important Mediterranean fish species. In the present study, feeding juvenile gilthead seabream a plant-based diet fortified with varying amounts of vitamin D 3 and vitamin K 3 did not impact growth, body morphometric traits, or serum calcitriol levels. ...
... Meanwhile, casr regulates the expression of stc2 [101] and improves osteoblast differentiation during bone turnover [102,103], whereas stc2 contributes to osteoblast differentiation along with bone differentiation markers [104]. Hence, both vitamin D and K are involved in the dynamic process of bone remodeling [105,106]; an imbalance in these vitamins could affect bone quality, increase the risk of fracture [1,107], and cause skeletal anomalies in fish [5,41,75]. Hence, adequate levels of these vitamins are required to maintain normal bone formation and mineralization [108,109]. Therefore, fish that were fed the 0.19/1.65 diet showed an upregulation of genes related to bone formation, bone remodeling, and calcium metabolism in a balanced relation, suggesting normal bone development, bone turnover, and calcium homeostasis in fish bone. ...
The interaction between vitamin D and vitamin K is crucial for regulating bone metabolism and maintaining calcium homeostasis across diverse animal species due to their complementary roles in calcium metabolism and bone health. However, research on this interaction of vitamin D and K in fish, particularly Mediterranean species like gilthead seabream, is limited or not studied. This study aimed to understand the effects of different dietary combinations of vitamin D3 and K3 on
juvenile gilthead seabream. Accordingly, seabream juveniles were fed with varying combinations of vitamin D3/vitamin K3 (mg/kg diet) for 3 months: (0.07/0.01), (0.20/0.58), (0.19/1.65), (0.51/0.74), (0.56/1.00). At the end of the trial, survival, growth, body morphology, serum calcitriol, and vertebral mineral composition remained unaffected by varying vitamin levels, while gene expression patterns
related to bone formation, resorption, and calcium regulation in various tissues were significantly influenced by both vitamins and their interaction. Gilthead seabream juveniles fed the 0.07/0.01 mg/kg diet upregulated calcium-regulating genes in the gills, indicating an effort to enhance calcium absorption to compensate for dietary deficiencies. Conversely, an increase in vitamin D3 and K3 up to 0.19 and 1.65 mg/kg, respectively, upregulated bone formation, bone remodeling, and calcium
homeostasis-related gene expression in the vertebra and other tissues. On the contrary, a dietary increase in these vitamins up to 0.56 mg/kg vitamin D3 and 1.00 mg/kg vitamin K3 downregulated calcium metabolism-related genes in tissues, suggesting an adverse interaction resulting from elevated levels of these vitamins in the diet. Hence, sustaining an equilibrium in the dietary intake of vitamin D3 and vitamin K3, in an appropriately combined form, may potentially induce interactions between the vitamins, contributing to favorable effects on bone development and calcium regulation in gilthead seabream juveniles.
... Skeletal abnormalities, particularly in juvenile fish, continue to affect the production and welfare of cultivated fish (Darias et al., 2011;Lall and Lewis-McCrea, 2007). The association of vitamin D with skeletal organogenesis and health has been demonstrated in a variety of fish species (Darias et al., 2010;Darias et al., 2011;Sivagurunathan et al., 2022;Sivagurunathan et al., 2023). Across vertebrates, vitamin D signalling regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralisation of the osteoblast cells that make up bone tissue (van Driel and van Leeuwen, 2014). ...
... The vitamin D system has a major role in the regulation of bone tissue in vertebrates (van Driel and van Leeuwen, 2023). In fish, the influence of vitamin D on bone mineralisation depends on the species and rearing water salinity (Sivagurunathan et al., 2022;Sivagurunathan et al., 2023;Lock et al., 2010;Cheng et al., 2023;Brown and Robinson, 1992;Darias et al., 2010;Lall and Lewis-McCrea, 2007). In sea bream (Sparus aurata) and zebrafish, vitamin D is implicated in bone mineralisation during osteogenesis (Fleming et al., 2005;Sivagurunathan et al., 2022). ...
... Prior studies have conclusively highlighted the crucial role of vitamin A, as demonstrated by Fernández and his co-authors [38,75], illuminating its significance in bone health and underlining the risk of the alteration of bone homeostasis by hypervitaminosis A, accelerating bone mineralization, and inducing vertebral compression or fusion in juvenile fish [75]. Furthermore, the works of Dominguez and Sivagurunathan in 2021 and 2022 have underscored the potential role of vitamin D in averting skeletal irregularities in seabream [76][77][78]. Similarly, Izquierdo and Saleh's studies delved into the ramifications of vitamin E within the context of bone deformities [37,79]. ...
The gilthead seabream, one of the most important species in Mediterranean aquaculture, with an increasing status of exploitation in terms of production volume and aquafarming technologies, has become an important research topic over the years. The accumulation of knowledge from several studies conducted during recent decades on their functional and biological characteristics has significantly improved their aquacultural aspects, namely their reproductive success, survival, and growth. Despite the remarkable progress in the aquaculture industry, hatchery conditions are still far from ideal, resulting in frequent abnormalities at the beginning of intensive culture, entailing significant economic losses. Those deformities are induced during the embryonic and post-embryonic periods of life, and their development is still poorly understood. In the present review, we created a comprehensive synthesis that covers the various aspects of skeletal morphogenesis and anomalies in the gilthead seabream, highlighting the genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors contributing to bone deformities and emphasized the potential of the gilthead seabream as a model organism for understanding bone morphogenesis in both aquaculture and translational biological research. This review article addresses the existing lack in the literature regarding gilthead seabream bone deformities, as there are currently no comprehensive reviews on this subject.
The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of spray‐dried and fresh forms of the microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata and other commonly used commercial diets on vitamin and mineral compositions of rotifer produced under commercial conditions. Experimental rotifers groups were fed Protein‐Plus® (PP treatment), Inactive Beaker's Yeast® (INBY treatment), Algome® (Algome treatment), freshly cultured N. oculata (FA treatment), and spray‐dried N. oculata (SDN treatment). At the end of the experiment, seven essential vitamins, nine macro‐ and micro‐minerals, and two pigments were analyzed in diets and rotifers. All the treatments tested provided adequate levels of Ca, P, Mg, and Co to the rotifers, but insufficient levels of I, Zn, and vitamins B2 and E. Moreover, PP diet produced rotifers with high levels of vitamins B1, B3 and B9, and P; the SDN diet produced rotifers with high levels of P and Cu; the Algome diet produced rotifers high in vitamins B3 and B9, and Ca; the INBY diet produced rotifers with high levels of vitamin B1 and Ca; and the FA diet produced rotifers with more vitamin B6, Se, and Cu. In conclusion, specific minerals or vitamins corrections are required in these feeds for rotifers to adequately meet the nutritional needs for marine larvae.
