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Effect of (a) heavy metal kind × heavy metal dose interaction, (b) heavy metal dose × priming interaction on germination percentage
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This research was conducted to determine the effects of priming treatments (GA3, KNO3 and Hy-dropriming) on germination and seedling growth in perennial ryegrass contaminated with different doses (0, 75, 150, and 300 mg l-1) of cadmium and nickel. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions. Perennial ryegrass cv. Integra was used as the pl...
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This study was conducted under laboratory conditions to determine the effects of priming pretreatments (GA3, KNO3 and H2O) on germination and seedling development of sweet sorghum exposed to different levels (0, 75, 150 and 300 mg l-1) of lead, cadmium and nickel stress. The results of the research revealed that, in general, heavy metals negatively...
This study investigated the uptake and distribution of heavy metals in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in artificially contaminated soil. The seeds were germinated in trays filled with typical farm soil and at its third truly leaf, transplanted in soil pots contaminated with low and high levels of copper, iron, cadmium and nickel. The element...
The phytotoxicity of heavy metals released through anthropogenic activities conclusively reduces crops growth and productivity. The current study was carried out to assess the effect of some heavy metals (zinc [Zn], lead [Pb] and cadmium [Cd]) and their mixture on growth of eight wheat genotypes in early stage under laboratory conditions. The resul...
This study investigated the uptake and distribution of heavy metals in tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill) in soils artificially contaminated with heavy metals. The seeds were germinated in trays filled with typical farm soil and at its third truly leaf, transplanted in soil pots contaminated with low and high levels of copper, iron, cadmium and n...
Bidens pilosa L. has been confirmed to be a potential Cd hyperaccumulator by some researchers, but the dynamic and real-time uptake of Cd2+ influx by B. pilosa root apexes was a conundrum up to now. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of salinity and pH variations on the characteristics of Cd2+ influx around the root apexes of B. pi...
Citations
... Heavy metals are the main abiotic factors that cause stress in plants (Atis and Akar, 2018). It has been demonstrated that heavy metals affect a wide variety of plant processes, with a clear negative impact on the germination process of seeds. ...
The buildup of heavy metals in the environment is one of the risks to the growth and development of plants globally, as well as to people if they consume plants contaminated with these heavy metals. Numerous countries have implemented diverse strategies to reduce the probability of these metals building up. Among these strategies, using biofertilizers to encourage seed is the most important. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine how well Bacillus megaterium might increase the resistance of two types of Phaseolus vulgaris L. seeds (ASGROW and Sunray) to varying levels of nickel and cadmium (0, 100, and 200 mg.L-1). Since cadmium is hazardous to living cells and an unneeded element, these two elements were selected. Within specific bounds, nickel is one of the essential trace elements for plant cells. It turns into a hazardous element if its concentration goes above those thresholds. After priming and without priming seeds exposed to heavy metals, measurements of the germination parameters (SRL, SSL, SFW, SDW, and proline content of the seedlings) were made. The following germination indicators—RL, SL, and SFW—were decreased by heavy metals. A proportionate rise in amount was noted as the levels of heavy metals increased. In contrast, heavy elements increased the dry weight of seedlings. These minerals also assisted in the build-up of proline in seedlings that had higher concentrations of heavy metals. By contrasting promoted and non-promoted seedlings, Bacillus megaterium significantly lessened the harmful effects of the heavy metals employed in the study.
... Heidari and Sarani (2011) reported that the germination rate of mustard decreased significantly with increasing lead and cadmium levels. It has also been reported by other researchers that the presence of heavy metals in the environment and increasing doses increase the negative effect on seed germination (Akar and Atis, 2018;Ertekin and Bilgen, 2021;Kabir et al., 2008). Furthermore, Wierzbicka and Obidzinska (1998), who studied the effects of lead on the germination of different plant species, reported that germination results were not dependent on concentration but on the absolute amount of lead per unit of seed mass. ...
... They reported that the doses of heavy metals, except nickel, above 20 ppm significantly reduced root length and the degree of effect varied according to the metal type. Akar and Atis (2018) reported that the negative effect of nickel on the root length of perennial ryegrass was higher than cadmium, while Akar and Atış (2018) reported that the root lengths of tall fescue under nickel and cadmium stress were similar. This shows that the effect of heavy metals varies according to plant species. ...
... Priming with H2O generally resulted in higher root length (Table 5). In contrast to our findings, Akar and Atis (2018) reported that KNO3 promoted root elongation in perennial ryegrass under heavy metal stress. Akar and Atış (2019) reported that the mean root length values of red fescue under heavy metal stress were similar for KNO3, GA3 and hydropriming pretreatments. ...
This study was conducted under laboratory conditions to determine the effects of priming pretreatments (GA3, KNO3 and H2O) on germination and seedling development of sweet sorghum exposed to different levels (0, 75, 150 and 300 mg l-1) of lead, cadmium and nickel stress. The results of the research revealed that, in general, heavy metals negatively affected both germination and seedling growth properties. However, the severity of the negative effect showed significant differences depending on the kind and dose of the heavy metal. It has been determined that the negative effects of cadmium and nickel were higher than lead. Among the priming pre-treatments, it was determined that in general, pre-application with H2O was sufficient, and there was no need for other priming agents. However, it has been determined that heavy metals significantly reduce root and seedling growth even at low doses. This situation showed that even if germination occurred, healthy plant growth would not occur at heavy metal doses above 150 mg l-1.
... This could possibly be achieved through the regulation of H + -ATPase activity, as shown for soybean [94]. The advantageous impact of GA 3 application on morpho-physiological parameters and stress mitigation was also determined in Lolium perenne under Ni and Cd exposure and in Lepidium sativum under As treatment [95,96]. ...
Environmental changes are inevitable with time, but their intensification and diversification, occurring in the last several decades due to the combination of both natural and human-made causes, are really a matter of great apprehension. As a consequence, plants are exposed to a variety of abiotic stressors that contribute to their morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular alterations, which affects plant growth and development as well as the quality and productivity of crops. Thus, novel strategies are still being developed to meet the challenges of the modern world related to climate changes and natural ecosystem degradation. Innovative methods that have recently received special attention include eco-friendly, easily available, inexpensive, and, very often, plant-based methods. However, such approaches require better cognition and understanding of plant adaptations and acclimation mechanisms in response to adverse conditions. In this succinct review, we have highlighted defense mechanisms against external stimuli (mainly exposure to elevated levels of metal elements) which can be activated through permanent microevolutionary changes in metal-tolerant species or through exogenously applied priming agents that may ensure plant acclimation and thereby elevated stress resistance.
... Germination and seedling growth properties were adversely affected by different doses (0, 75, 150, and 300 mg l -1 ) of HMs like cadmium and nickel. Priming treatments (GA 3 , KNO 3 and Hydro-priming) have positive effects on germination properties and seedling growth in perennial ryegrass (Akar & Atis, 2018). Priming treatments in Trifolium repens seeds with gibberellic acid 0.1 mM at 22°C during 12 h or with polyethylene glycol (-6.7 MPa) at 10°C during 72 h increased the germination speed and the final germination percentages in the presence of 100 lM CdCl 2 or 1 mM ZnSO4 (Galhaut et al., 2014). ...
Heavy metals (Cd) contamination of soil and water due to anthropogenic activity, causing toxicity/stress, has potential to turn down the crop productivity and quality globally. Cd affects the fundamental and crucial processes of plants from seed germination to grain
maturity, among them antioxidant defense and photosynthesis are prime one. Recent development in various disciplines of agricultural
and biological sciences such as molecular breeding, integrative multiomics, and advance agronomical technology involved in heavy
metal tolerance, although they are limited to lab conditions or less popular among farmers fields. Therefore, seed priming is promising
and versatile approach to heavy metal stress tolerance. Seed priming with various organic and inorganic salts (CaCl , Mg (NO ) , proline), plant growth regulators (auxin, gibberellins, salicylic acid), showed the promising results in counteracts the effect of Cd. Seed
priming involve in improvements of seed germination, seedling establishment, antioxidant defense, water and mineral nutrition, and carrying stress memory in progenies. To consider the above points, this review summarizes the effect of Cd toxicity on plant system and mineral nutrition. We also provide a glance of seed priming technology in respect to Cd stress tolerance at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels at different plant growth stages.
... Fakat sanayileşme ile birlikte hem sanayi alanında hem de tarımsal faaliyetler kapsamında kimyasal girdi kullanımı hızlanmakta ve bu sebeplerden dolayı tarım arazileri hızla çevresel kirliliğe maruz kalmaktadır [11,12]. Toprakta çeşitli çevresel problemlerden dolayı bulunabilen ağır metaller hem toprağın biyolojik yapısını hem de kültürü yapılmakta olan bitkileri olumsuz etkilemektedir [13]. Bu durum bitkiler için çok önemli bir abiyotik stres kaynağıdır ve tarım alanlarında kültürü yapılan bitkiler için bu kaynaklar vasıtasıyla stres koşullarının oluşması, bitkilerin fizyolojisini etkiler, genetik potansiyellerini değiştirir, verimliliklerini azaltır ve hatta ölümlerine bile sebep olabilir. ...
... Plant tolerance of heavy metals in the soil is crucial in the first stages of germination upon radicle emergence, and usually, the most pronounced effect of heavy metal toxicity is the failing of plant germination not producing seedlings and mature plants (Akar and Atis, 2018). It has been recorded that seed priming, a method usually used for the improvement of seed performance, germination speed, and uniformity (Ashraf and Foolad, 2005;Krishnotar et al., 2009;Srivastava and Bose, 2012;Karalija et al., 2019), can be beneficial for heavy metal tolerance during the plant development (Karalija and Selović, 2018;Š abanović et al., 2018;). ...
... The root is the first plant organ that senses heavy metals in the soil and is strongly affected by Cd which results in inhibition of primary root growth, and often stimulation of lateral root formation (Xu et al., 2010;Yuan and Huang, 2016;Akar and Atis, 2018). In this research we showed a general increase of root growth in the primed plants related to non-primed seed, cultivated on the same Cd supplemented media. ...
Changes in the environment as a result of industrialisation and urbanisation impact negatively on plant growth and crop production. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most dangerous metals that enters the food chain, with toxic effects on plants and human health. This study evaluated the potential of Silene sendtneri as a novel hyperaccumulator and the role of seed priming in tolerance and accumulation rate of Cd. The effect of different priming agents on germination performance, root growth, seedling development, metal uptake and accumulation, antioxidant defences including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants has been assessed. Seed priming using silicic acid, proline alone or in combination with salicylic acid- enhanced germination, seedling development, and root growth under Cd stress. The same priming treatments induced an increase of water content in shoots and roots when plants were exposed to Cd. The enzymatic antioxidant response was specific for the priming agent used. An increase in ferulic acid and rutin in shoots was related to the increase of Cd concentration in the medium. The concentration of malic and oxalic acid increased significantly in shoots of plants grown on high Cd concentrations compared to low Cd concentrations. Silene sendtneri can accumulate significant levels of Cd with enhanced accumulation rate and tolerance when seeds are primed. The best results are obtained by seed priming using 1% silicic acid, proline and salicylic acid.
... Perennial ryegrass tolerates more frequent harvesting or grazing, and has also more superior fodder quality [8]. It is also widely used for home lawns, golf course, urban landscapes and other sports fields [9,10]. ...
The objective of this study was to determine cy-togenetic and agronomic characteristics of 37 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) accessions, collected from natural flora in Turkey, in 2010. Nuclear DNA content of the accessions was measured by flow cytometer, using propidium iodide as fluoro-chrome and the information was used to determine the ploidy of the accessions. The field trial was carried out in the experimental fields of the Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University and five agronomic characters such as plant height, stem diameter, tiller number , fresh yield per plant, hay yield per plant were investigated for two years between 2012 and 2014. In addition, the correlation between DNA content and morphological characters was evaluated. Based on the results of the nuclear DNA content analysis, 2C nuclear DNA content of accessions vary between 5.354 and 6.004 pg. Nuclear DNA content of the accessions were correlated by counting the mitotic chromosomes of the accessions, by using a classical squash technique. It was found out that all the accessions used in chromosome counting had 2n=14 chromosomes, indicating that all the accessions used in the study were diploid. According to the results obtained from field experiments, mean plant height, stem diameter, tiller number, fresh yield per plant and dry yield per plant of perennial ryegrass accessions varied between 57.05-90.80 cm, 1.31-2.00 mm, 60.10-397.50 number, 163.55-730.00 g, 49.65-164.00 g, respectively. Wide variation was observed among accessions used in the study for both, cytological and agronomic characters. According to the Pearson correlation analysis, hay yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with plant height and tiller number. There was a negative correlation between DNA content and all characters, except for hay yield per plant.
... The intense accumulation of heavy metals in nature is becoming increasingly problematic for all types of organisms, especially plants. Heavy metals are the major abiotic stress factors that cause stress on the plant (Akar and Atis, 2018). ...
... To provide for sufficient germination in seedbed in the cultured fields, the adequate attention should be given after seed sowing (Almansouri et al., 2001). Heavy metals are the major abiotic stress factors that cause stress on the plant (Akar and Atis, 2018). Therefore, knowing the effect of plant species on germination and seedling forming ability of heavy metals existing in germination environment is very important at this point (Akar and Atış, 2019). ...
... Akinci and Akinci (2011) found that the MGT in spinach extended with increasing nickel dose from 0 to 800 mg L -1 . In addition, Akar and Atis (2018) reported that the effect of nickel on MGT of perennial ryegrass was more pronounced than cadmium. Akıncı and Çalışkan (2010) reported that as the lead dose increased from 0 to 800 mg L -1 , mean germination times of pepper, eggplant, cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon, melon, okra and bean extended. ...
Heavy metal contamination in soils can adversely affect seed germination and seedling growth of most plants. This research was conducted to determine the effects of different doses (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg L-1) of Ni (nickel), Cd (cadmium), Pb (lead), Cr (chromium) and Hg (mercury) on seed germination and seedling growth of sorghum. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions at the Agricultural Faculty of Akdeniz University in 2017. Sorghum cv. N48×Early Sumac was used as the plant material. In the research, germination rate (GR), relative germination index (RGI), mean germination time (MGT), relative vigor index (RVI), relative root length (RRL), relative shoot length (RSL), root fresh weight (RFW) and shoot fresh weight (SFW) were measured during germination and seedling growth to determine the effects of heavy metals. The results showed that both germination and seedling growth properties were adversely affected by heavy metals. In addition, while the negative effect of cadmium on germination properties was limited, it had serious negative effects on seedling characteristics of sorghum. Increasing heavy metal doses adversely affected all investigated properties. In conclusion, even though heavy metals used this study had negative effect on germination and seedling growth of sorghum, especially Hg and Cd caused higher an adverse effect than others.
Seed priming technology (SP) is a practice (conducted prior to sowing) where seeds are treated with a wide range of seed priming agents (SPA) for a set time period followed by withdrawal. The efficacy of SP has been widely examined against various abiotic and biotic stressors with various crops in controlled field environmental conditions. Among the abiotic stressors, heavy metals and/or metalloids (HMs) are considered as a serious threat to sustainable agriculture. Compared with other stressors, the efficacy of SP in ameliorating HM-induced phytotoxicity and minimizing HMs content in edible parts are limited. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive study dedicated to HMs stress in wide range of crops. This review article employs a blend of bibliometric-based analysis (to assess global trends) followed by systematic evaluation of traditional (micronutrient, biomolecules, etc.) and nanomaterial (NMs)-based SPAs in ameliorating HMs-induced stress and accumulation in various crops. Our assessment suggests SPs as a suitable means to fill the vacuum that exists among the controlled environment and field condition, cost effective, easy remedial measure for HMs-induced stress. However, the need of in-depth (cellular and molecular level) as well as multi-location trials will definitely add to the current knowledge for development of effective HM stress resilience.
Kenevir (Cannabis sativa) lif bitkileri arasında önemli bir yeri olan ve son yıllarda üretimi ve bilimsel araştırmalara konu olması yönünden popülerleşen bir bitkidir. Kenevir adaptasyon kabiliyetinin yüksek olması ile de ünlü bir bitkidir. Bu çalışma kenevirin farklı kadmiyum (CdCl2) dozlarında (kontrol, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375 mg L-1) çimlenme ve ilk fide gelişimini incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışma kontrollü laboratuvar koşulları altında tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda çimlenme oranı (ÇO), çimlenme indeksi (Çİ), ortalama çimlenme süresi (OÇS), kök uzunluğu, sürgün uzunluğu ve yaş ağırlık değerleri incelenmiştir. Bu parametreler üzerinde kadmiyum dozlarının etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemsiz bulunmuştur. Ancak ÇO, OÇS, kök uzunluğu, sürgün uzunluğu ve yaş ağırlık yönünden en yüksek değerler kontrol uygulamasında gözlenmiştir.
