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The utilisation of waste plastic and polymeric-based materials remains a significant option for clean production, waste minimisation, preserving the depletion of natural resources and decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases, thereby contributing to a green environment. This study aims to investigate the resistance of concrete composites reinfor...
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... this study, the influence of sulphate attack on the variation in the mass of concrete specimens after one year of immersion was assessed. Figure 8 displays the changes in the mass of cubical samples at one year of immersion in a sulphate solution. A similar tendency was observed for all specimens reinforced with WMP fibres, in which the masses of all specimens were gained by absorbing the sulphate particles after one year of exposure. ...
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... Nonetheless, the production of polypropylene fibers involves chemical processes that may not align with environmental sustainability criteria. Numerous studies have explored the potential of integrating plant debris into concrete as a substitute for traditional components like cement, aggregates, and reinforcing fibers [11,35]. The adoption of natural fibers in concrete and cement mixtures is gaining recognition as a viable alternative to synthetic fibers, particularly in regions seeking affordable construction methods [36,37]. ...
This article presents an experimental approach to evaluate the effectiveness of palm fibers as a natural innovative solution to enhance the thermal resistance of high-performance concrete (HPC) under fire conditions. The utilization of palm fibers aims to promote local materials, since locally sourced materials may be more affordable due to their abundance. Four different high-performance concrete formulations were tested. The first, called HPCSF, which is composed of fibreless silica fumes, served as a reference mix. The second, HPCPSF, included the addition of polypropylene fibers to silica fume. The third, HPCDFSF, integrates date palm fibers with silica fume. Finally, the fourth, HPCPQSSF, combined polypropylene fibers with varying amounts of quarry sand and silica sand, in addition to silica fume. The results of the fire resistance tests show that the incorporation of palm fibers into the concrete mixture improves structural strength, reduces spalling, prevents crack formation under high-temperature conditions, and increases fire resistance in HPC.
... These reactions concur with the addition of POFA into the concrete matrix due to its mineral composition and pozzolanic properties [40,75]. The SiO 2 in POFA can react with the Ca(OH) 2 from cement hydration to produce extra C-S-H bonding [76]. Table 7 summarizes that only 30% QD + 70% RS achieves the structural requirement of 2 MPa specification from the laboratory results. ...
The fabrication of bricks commonly consumes relatively high natural resources. To reduce the carbon footprint in the brick production industry, repurposing industrial wastes in the making of sustainable bricks is a recent trend in research and application. Local wastes, such as oil palm shell (OPS), palm oil fuel ash (POFA), and quarry dust (QD), are massively produced annually in the palm oil-exporting countries. Moreover, QD from mining industries is hazardous to both water and air quality. For better waste management in marching towards sustainability, these wastes should be given their second life as construction materials. Therefore, this paper investigates the possibility of incorporating agro-industrial wastes into the brick mixture by examining their properties by means of several standardized tests. For the mix design, a 100% replacement of coarse aggregate with OPS, 20% replacement of cement with POFA, 20% cement weight of limestone as admixture, and 0 to 50% replacements of fine aggregate with QD are experimentally considered. The optimum mix of these wastes is preliminarily determined by focusing on high compressive strength as an indicator. Other examinations include splitting tensile, flexural strength, water absorption, and efflorescence tests. Although the agro-industrial waste cement brick is 18% lower in the strength to weight ratio compared to that of conventional, it is observed that it has better late strength development due to its POFA pozzolanic properties. Moreover, the proposed green cement brick is further checked for compliance with several standards for feasible use in the construction industry. Financially, the cost for the brick with the new mix design is almost equivalent to that of conventional. Hence, this green cement brick is reasonable to be employed in the construction industry to promote material sustainability for better waste management.
... Temperature increases accelerate the dissolution reaction, which damages fibers when the pH is above 11. Wool fibers can be damaged by both acids and alkalis [3,45,46]. Wet wool's strength is mainly determined by the covalent cross-links formed by disulfide bonds. As a result, pre-treatment and altering wool fibers 0 0 Figure 13. ...
An important goal to achieve sustainable development is to use raw materials that are easily recyclable and renewable, locally available, and eco-friendly. Sheep wool, composed of 60% animal protein fibers, 10% fat, 15% moisture, 10% sheep sweat, and 5% contaminants on average, is an easily recyclable, easily renewable, and environmentally friendly source of raw material. In this study, slump testing, compressive and flexural strengths, ultrasonic pulse velocity, sorptivity, and chloride penetration tests were investigated to assess the influence of wool fibers on the strength and transport properties of concrete composites. Ordinary Portland cement was used to make five concrete mixes incorporating conventional wool fibers (WFs) ranging from 0.5 to 2.5% and a length of 70 mm. The wool fibers were modified (MWFs) via a pre-treatment technique, resulting in five different concrete compositions with the same fiber content. The addition of WF and MWF to fresh concrete mixes resulted in a decrease in slump values. The compressive strength of concrete was reduced when wool fibers were added to the mix. The MWF mixes, however, achieved compressive strength values of more than 30 MPa after a 90-day curing period. Furthermore, by including both WF and MWF, the flexural strength was higher than that of plain concrete. In addition, adding fibers with volume fractions of up to 2% reduced the concrete composite’s sorptivity rate and chloride penetration depths for both WF and MWF content mixes. Consequently, biomass waste like sheep wool could be recycled and returned to the field following the circular economy and waste valorization principles.
... In plus, Alyousef et al., [11] reported that the inclusion of sheep wool fibers in concrete improves tensile and flexural strength. Moreover, it was observed from a study conducted by Alyousef et al., [12] that the addition of palm oil fuel ash and waste metalized plastic to concrete improves the resistance of the concrete to sulphate and acid attacks. According to Alaskar et al., [13], the addition of basalt fibers to concrete improves its mechanical properties. ...
This work investigates the physical and mechanical properties of compressed earth brick (CEB) reinforced with raw doum fibers (RDF) and treated doum fibers (TDF). Firstly, the raw materials were characterized. Then CEB reinforced by fibers varying from 0 to 2% by mass were elaborated. The addition of RDF and TDF reduces the compressive strength by 25% and 35% respectively. However, the inclusion of fibers improves the thermal insulation of CEB and decreases its density of about 16%. The research finding indicates also that the capillarity absorption increases with the increase of fiber content. These results indicated that the use of doum fibers to produce ecological building materials has a promising future.
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... The ultimate load rises from 27.5 kN to 33.5 kN in UT 4 beams with V f = 0.31% and UT 7 beams with V f = 0.54%. However, a deeper examination of these outcomes reveals that the alignment of the fibres is more important than the total fibre content, and the cross-sectional area technique is better for determining this and the ultimate load [33,34]. ...
Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) as a novel high-performance composite material can be used as a strengthening material and component bearing load alone. The flexural performance of TRC beams strengthened with textile reinforcement such as carbon tows was experimentally examined and associated with those of steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) beams. Through four-point bending tests, this research explores the effects of textile layers and dosages of short textile fibre on the flexural strength of concrete beams. A total of 64 prism samples of size 100 mm × 100 mm × 500 mm were made, flexure-strengthened, and tested to evaluate various characteristics and the efficiency of TRC versus SRC beams. TRC beams performed exceptionally well as supporting material in enhancing concrete’s flexural capacity; in addition, TRC’s average ultimate load effectiveness was up to 56% than that of SRC specimens. Furthermore, the maximum deflection was about 37% lesser than SRC beams. The results showed that by increasing the number of layers, the TRC’s effectiveness was significantly increased, and the failure mode became more ductile.
... According to Almeshal et al. [14], recovering plastic wastes from pre-and postconsumer sources is one of the most popular technological advances to recycle such waste, generate new raw materials, and end the loop of plastic waste; however, due to a deficiency of equipment and technology, most of the polypropylene food trays, including several impurities, are not appropriate to send for recycling and be used as secondary raw materials. Conventional approaches to discarding the massive volume of generated plastic wastes worldwide include burning and dumping [15,16]. Consequently, a reliable waste disposal strategy is required for this form of solid waste. ...
Sulfate and acid attacks cause material degradation, which is a severe durability concern for cementitious materials. The performance of concrete composites comprising waste plastic food trays (WPFTs) as low-cost fibers and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) exposed to acid and sulfate solutions has been evaluated in an immersion period of 12 months. In this study, visual assessment, mass variation, compressive strength, and microstructural analyses are investigated. For ordinary Portland cement (OPC), six concrete mixtures, including 0–1% WPFT fibers with a length of 20 mm, were prepared. In addition, another six mixtures with similar fiber dosages were cast, with 30% POFA replacing OPC. It was discovered that adding WPFT fibers and POFA to concrete reduced its workability. POFA concrete mixes were found to have higher long-term compressive strength than OPC concrete mixes cured in water. As a result of the positive interaction between POFA and WPFT fibers, both the crack formation and spalling of concrete samples exposed to acid and sulfate solutions were reduced, as was the strength loss. The study's findings show that using WPFT fibers combined with POFA to develop a novel fiber-reinforced concrete subjected to chemical solutions is technically and environmentally feasible. WPFT fibers have a significant protective effect on concrete against chemical attacks.
... The SEM images of PAFRC gravity specimens containing 0.8% PP fibres display the projection and distribution of fibres on the exposed surface of concrete, which results in higher roughness of concrete components. Additionally, the projection of fibres and the strong bond between fibres and other particles lead to higher contact among the exposed surface of concrete and the vehicle's wheels, consequently enhancing the skid resistance and reducing the risk skid-related accidents [27,41,42]. Empirical correlations were used to relate the BPN values obtained for the PAFRC mixtures under dry and wet conditions. ...
Two-stage concrete (TSC), also known as prepacked aggregate concrete (PAC), differs from traditional concrete in terms of site application and manufacturing process. Although this type of concrete is not a replacement for conventional concrete applications, it is an ideal option for unusual and difficult placing conditions, especially for repairing existing concrete structures. In other words, this type of concrete is a newly developed concrete and made by placing and packing coarse aggregates and fibres in a designed formwork, then injecting a cement grout mixture into the free spaces between the aggregate particles using gravity or a pump device. For the mentioned system and others, concrete components used as floors or pavements must have an adequate degree of roughness during service life when exposed to skid and abrasion. Thus, this research work introduced a new concrete method (prepacked aggregates fibre-reinforced concrete—PAFRC) with high abrasion and skid resistance reinforced with waste polypropylene (PP) fibres from the carpet industry. The effects of PP fibres at 0–1% dosages on the mechanical properties, abrasion resistance, and skid resistance of PAFRC mixes were studied. The results revealed that the addition of PP fibres reduces the compressive strength of concrete mixtures. Nonetheless, the presence of PP fibres results in PAFRC mixes having higher tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and skid resistance than plain concrete. It was detected that in both grouting methods (gravity and pump), with the addition of PP fibre up to a specific dosage, the resistance against abrasion and skid was increased by about 26% compared to plain PAC mix. Additionally, the outcomes indicated that PAFRC is a promising material for applications such as pavements with high abrasion and skid resistance.
... Usually, the manufacturing industries of the OPC are the main emitter of the atmospheric greenhouse gases [6][7][8]. The International Energy Agency (IEA) suggested the limit of total CO 2 emissions up to 6-7% [9][10][11][12]. The global demand of OPC is estimated to rise up to 200% by the end of 2050 [9]. ...
The demand of highly sustainable and eco-friendly construction materials with low energy consumption and carbon emission has ever been increasing globally. In this rationale, some modified concretes were prepared via the replacement of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by the effective microorganism (EM) and fly ash (FA) at an optimum proportion. The strength performance and microstructure properties of the produced concrete mixes as a function of the EM and FA replacements for OPC were determined. The amount of OPC in the concrete mixes was replaced by the EM and FA at four ratios for the composition optimization. Water was replaced at 5, 10, 15 and 20% by the inclusion of EM solution while FA at 10, 20, 30 and 40% was used to replace the OPC. Using the available experimental test database an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was developed to estimate the strength properties of the design mixes depending on each binder mass percentage. Results revealed that the engineering properties of the proposed concrete mixes were improved significantly due to the incorporation of the EM and FA as replacement of the OPC. In addition, the compressive strength of the modified concretes was increased up to 30% and the microstructures were enhanced at an early age because of the substitution of 10% of FA and EM. On top, the concrete formulated with 10% of EM and FA as replacement of OPC displayed enhanced durability as well as reduced porosity, drying shrinkage and carbonation depth of 13.3, 26.9 and 13.4% at 28 days of age, respectively. In short, the replacement of the OPC by FA and EM in the modified concrete was shown to reduce the carbon dioxide emission, energy consumption, and cost. Based on the findings, it was asserted that the designed sustainable concrete mixes may be environmental friendly with reduced green-house gases emission and landfill requirements for the FA wastes.
... Among all plastic wastes, polypropylene types of trays used for food packaging are unfit for recycling and reuse in the form of secondary raw materials due to the lack of technology, as it contains different impurities. However, incineration and landfill are common ways to discard this massive volume of waste plastic generated globally [18]. Consequently, a reliable disposal method for this sort of waste is essential. ...
... In addition to regulatory necessities for the chemical composition of reused plastic, reduced physical and mechanical properties may limit closed-loop recycling potential. Therefore, the construction industry is one of the potential sectors that waste plastics can be used in various forms [18]. In the last decades, utilisation of waste plastic material aggregates and fibrous materials in concrete and mortar have been extensively investigated [20,21]. ...
Recycling of waste plastics is an essential phase towards cleaner production and circular economy. Plastics in different forms, which are non-biodegradable polymers, have become an indispensable ingredient of human life. The rapid growth of the world population has led to increased demand for commodity plastics such as food packaging. Therefore, to avert environment pollution with plastic wastes, sufficient management to recycle this waste is vital. In this study, experimental investigations and statistical analysis were conducted to assess the feasibility of polypropylene type of waste plastic food tray (WPFT) as fibrous materials on the mechanical and impact resistance of concrete composites. The WPFT fibres with a length of 20 mm were used at dosages of 0–1% in two groups of concrete with 100% ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and 30% palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as partial cement replacement. The results revealed that WPFT fibres had an adverse effect on the workability and compressive strength of concrete mixes. Despite a slight reduction in compressive strength of concrete mixtures, tensile and flexural strengths significantly enhanced up to 25% with the addition of WPFT fibres. The impact resistance and energy absorption values of concrete specimens reinforced with 1% WPFT fibres were found to be about 7.5 times higher than those of plain concrete mix. The utilisation of waste plastic food trays in the production of concrete makes it low-cost and aids in decreasing waste discarding harms. The development of new construction materials using WPFT is significant to the environment and construction industry.
... Once the reinforcing bar is subjected to corrosion, the area of the bar decreases, leading to a reduction in the yield strength and ultimate capacity of the RC member [11]. However, if the corrosion occurred in the critical bond region of the RC member, the mode of failure might change from a flexural failure to a bond splitting failure [12][13][14][15][16]. ...
The present research investigated the bond behavior of a cleaned corroded reinforcing bar repaired with a partial depth concrete repair and a partial depth concrete repair followed by the application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. Twelve lap splice beams were cast and tested under static loading. The test variables considered were a partial depth repair with prepackaged self-consolidating concrete (SCC) for six lap splice beams and additional confinement with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets for another six beams. The test results for the repaired lap splice beams were compared with those for a monolithic lap splice beam. This research found that the average bond strength increased as the bar mass loss increased for all bonded lengths. The lap splice beams repaired with partial depth were able to repair concrete with similar properties to those of the monolithic concrete. However, they had higher concrete strength than the monolithic beams which showed a higher average bond strength than the monolithic lap splice beams. The beams confined with FRP sheets showed a rise in the bond strength and the equivalent slip by 34–49%, and 56–260% as compared to the unconfined beams, respectively.
