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This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Aloe vera extract (AvE) on serum electrolytes, urea, and creatinine as indices of renal function in Sprague-Dawley rats. Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 80 and 130 g were used. Rats were divided into two groups: The control and the test groups (n=6). The test group received 1...
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... Lipid profile markers, which include triglyceride (TG) 37,38 , serum Total Cholesterol (TC) 39 , Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) 40 , and Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) levels were determined based on the following formula 41 : LDL = TC − (HDL + TG/5) and VLDL = TC − (LDL + HDL). In addition to serum Creatinine (Cr) 42 , Urea (U) 43 , Uric acid (U), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), serum Potassium (K + ), sodium, chloride (Na + ), Calcium (Ca +2 ), and Chloride (Cl -) electrolyte levels are also measured within the renal function tests 44 . Skeletal muscle indicators such as serum myoglobin and creatinine kinase are also assessed 45 . ...
Background: This study investigates the possible synergistic influence of probiotics, specifically Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) and Bacillus coagulans (BC), in conjunction with Simvastatin (SMV) for treating Rhabdomyolysis in hypercholesteremic rats. Aim: The study aims to evaluate the combined effects of SMV with LA or BC on various health parameters in hypercholesteremic rats induced with rhabdomyolysis. Methods: Hypercholesteremic rats with rhabdomyolysis were treated with SMV, LA, BC, and combinations of SMV with LA or BC. The study measured body weight, lipid profiles, renal function, skeletal muscle, and inflammation markers. Results: The combination treatments showed promise in reducing body weight gain. Regarding lipid profiles, SMV in tandem with LA demonstrated slightly enhanced efficacy in lipid regulation compared to other combinations. Both probiotic strains exhibited substantial potential in preserving nephron function alongside SMV. Probiotic combinations with SMV helped mitigate skeletal muscle dysfunction. Regarding inflammation, both combinations alleviated inflammation symptomatic of rhabdomyolysis. Notably, BC, combined with SMV, excelled in dampening inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6, surpassing LA. Conclusion: The combined administration of SMV with LA or BC effectively mitigates rhabdomyolysis-induced issues, with varying impacts on diverse outcomes. Future investigations are imperative to comprehensively ascertain the optimal probiotic regimen for managing rhabdomyolysis. These positive outcomes underscore the multifaceted roles of probiotics in addressing rhabdomyolysis-related complications, emphasizing the necessity for further exploration into their mechanisms and clinical implications.
... One of the major functions of the kidney is to filter and excrete nitrogenous waste products OPEN ACCESS EDITED BY from the circulation, and to re-absorb water and essential electrolytes into the circulation. Hence, raised blood urea nitrogen or serum urea, and serum creatinine are markers of impaired renal function (1)(2)(3), which are usually seen in acute kidney injury (AKI). Acute kidney injury is a complication of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury seen in patients after post-surgical procedures in the kidney such as transplant, delayed graft function and graft rejection (4). ...
Introduction
Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) may lead to acute kidney injury via the induction of oxidative stress. On the other hand, Moringa oleifera has been reported to exert antioxidant activities. This study was designed to assess whether or not Moringa oleifera-based feed supplement could prevent I/R-induced renal injury.
Materials and methods
Renal I/R was induced by occluding the right renal artery for 30 min followed by a 2-h reperfusion.
Results
Renal I/R led to increased absolute renal weight and renal organo-somatic weight index. Renal I/R also caused distortion of renal histoarchitecture and impaired renal function evidenced by elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. In addition, renal I/R significantly elevated renal levels of hydrogen peroxide, MDA, and advanced oxidation protein products, but suppressed the levels of reduced glutathione, protein thiol, and non-protein thiol, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. In addition, renal I/R up-regulated myeloperoxidase activity and the renal levels of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6. Renal I/R also up-regulated Bax and caspase 3 expression in the kidney. Furthermore, I/R-driven structural and biochemical alterations were markedly inhibited by Moringa oleifera-based feed supplement.
Discussion
These results suggest that Moringa oleifera-based feed supplement may preserve the gross and histoarchitectural integrity of the kidney as well as renal function via downregulation of Bax/caspase 3 signaling by targeting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the kidney of I/R rat.
... Aloe vera contains barbaloin which decomposes to aloe-emodin-9-anthrone 21 in intestine which causes an increase in water content of the intestine by two mechanisms inhibition of rat colonic sodium, potassium adenosine triphosphatase and increase of paracellular permeability across the colonic mucosa, this results in excess loss of sodium and potassium. 22 These ions play an important role in normal cardiac function, inappropriate proportion of these ions affects heart contractions which can become irregular and weaker increasing cardiac failure risk, depletion of these ions from blood was confirmed by sodium potassium test. Their low levels had an additive effect on cardiac damage, which masked cardioprotective action of Arjuna. ...
... Blood was collected via cardiac puncture and put into a sample bottle and centrifuged at 3000rpm for 15 minutes. The serum gotten was used for urea and creatinine assay as described by Saka et al. 16 Determination of Lipid peroxidation: The left kidney was excised out, cleared of fats, weighed and homogenized in cold phosphate buffer and centrifuged at 3000rpm. The supernatant was collected into plain sample bottle and stored at -20C. ...
Background: Cashew (Anarcadium occidentale) nut possess antioxidative and antiinflammatory properties which may be beneficial for nephrotoxicity caused by lead-mediated lipid peroxidation and impaired histoarchitecture of the kidney.
Methods: Serum urea and creatinine as well as kidney lipid peroxidation (MDA) and
histoarchitecture was assayed on kidney tissues of 20 Wistar rats in order to ascertain the
impact of cashew nut on nephrotoxicity induced by lead. The experimental animals were
grouped into groups A, B, C and D; Group A served as control and received 1ml of distilled
water. Experimental model of nephrotoxicity was induced on groups B, C and D with lead
acetate 150mg/kg; group B was left untreated while groups C and D were treated with
500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg (P.O.) of cashew nut respectively for 14days.
Results: Lead acetate significantly increased serum urea, creatinine and kidney MDA at
P<0.05 as well as impair histoarchitecture of the kidney tissue by causing great degree of distortion of glomerulus, thin macula densa, distorted thin segments of loop of Henle and
infiltration of inflammatory cells on the tissues. Cashew nut showed beneficial input by
averting the adverse impact of lead acetate via reducing serum urea, creatinine and kidney
MDA significantly at P<0.05 as well as moderating the histoarchitecture of the kidney
tissue back to normal architectural components with various cells of straight segments of
loops of Henle and mild irregular contour of thin segments of loop of Henle.
Conclusion: Cashew nut attenuated nephrotoxicity caused by lead-mediated lipid peroxidation and impaired histoarchitecture of kidney tissues.
... The significant increase in Na + concentration observed in treated groups from our study may be due to its ability to stimulate glucose excretion by increase the rate of filtration and preventing the reabsorption of glucose in the renal tubular cells of the kidneys 47,59,60 . Glucose being an osmotically active substance may therefore cause more water to be excreted through the kidney therefore, elevating the concentration of Na + in the blood serum 53 . ...
Background: Diabetes as chronic disease has serious complications which can affect multiple vital organ systems, thereby leading to more severe and irreversible pathological conditions. This study investigated the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective potentials of unripe Carica papaya (UCP) seed extract in diabetic rats using three different solvents. Methods: Thirty adult male Wistar rats were used. Twenty-five out of thirty were induced with diabetes following an overnight fast, by a single intravenous injection of 60 mg/kg STZ. The rats were grouped into six groups (n=5):NC: normal control, DC: diabetic control, DSTD: diabetic and treated with glibenclaimide, aqueous (DAUCP), methanol (DMUCP) and petroleum ether (DPEUCP) rats were induced but treated with 200 mg of aqueous, methanol and petroleum ether extract of UCP seed extract respectively. The extracts were administered to the animals orally for 21 days. Results: The animals administered with different extracts showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in blood sugar level, ALT, AST, ALP, γ-GT, urea, creatinine, BUN, total and direct bilirubin and an increase level in total protein, albumin, globulin and sodium, potassium, bicarbonate and chloride when compared to the diabetic control group. Conclusion: It can be inferred from that data that the extracts have hepatoprotective and nephroprotective potentials on the liver and kidney. This implies that unripe C. papaya seed can be effectively used in the management of diabetes.
... The creatinine clearance test is used to monitor the progression of renal disease. The diagnosis of renal failure is usually suspected when serum creatinine is greater than the upper limit of the "normal" interval (Saka et al., 2017). ...
The toxicity study of Lepisanthes fruticosa (ceri Terengganu) was carried out using a repeated dose 28-days oral toxicity method on female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. About twenty-four female SD rats with an average body weight of 116.27±11.95 g were divided into four groups. The control group (C) was given a ground normal pellet while treatment groups were given L. fruticosa extract incorporated with ground pellet with different dosages (low dose 0.5 g/kg (CEL), medium dose 1.0 g/kg (CEM) and high dose 3.0 g/kg (CEH)). Each rat was given a 25 g pellet per day. Upon arrival, all rats were placed in individual cages and given drinking water via ad-libitium. Rats were acclimatized for seven days before treatment started. On day 29, after 12-15 hrs of fasting, rats were euthanized using CO2 and blood samples were taken from the vena cava for further blood and serum analysis. After 28 days of treatment, the body weight of rats in all treated groups was increased with no significant difference. Administration of L. fruticosa extract did not cause any negative effect on blood haematology. Findings from the serum biochemical test showed that the consumption of the extract did not result in liver and kidney failure since no significant changes were observed in enzymatic and blood parameters. Based on these findings, the L. fruticosa extract was safe to be taken even at a high dose (3.0 g/kg) as no experiment-related mortality and no toxicity symptom occurred on the experimental animal.
... Taking high doses of nutritional antioxidants could potentially improve the management of cancer, cardiovascular disease, infections, inflammatory conditions, and certain complications associated with diabetes, whether through prevention, treatment, or palliation [21] . [22] Allium cepa Onion Amaryllidacea Bulb Nephroprotective, antioxidant [23] ...
... Mice in the healthy group did not receive any treatment and did not affect urea levels. The healthy control group experienced an increase in urea from 50 mg/dL to 53.4 mg/dL and creatinine by 0.472 mg/dL to 0.5 mg/dL, and Increased muscle mass and biological systems in rats (Guyton & Hall, 1997;Saka et al., 2012). However, this increase was not much higher than in the treatment group. ...
Date palm seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are known to contain phenolic compounds that have the potential as natural nephroprotective agents. Phenolics with solvents suitable for polarity and compounds identified by phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis, and activity assays. This research went through 3 stages, screening with exploration and qualitative analysis of GCMS. The anti-nephrotoxic activity test used a pre-posttest controlled group design. In this study, rats have divided into six groups, namely Healthy control, negative control, and three treatment groups with ethanol extract of dates 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg. Mice were induced with 1% carrageenan twice a week. On macroscopic observation, date palm seeds are oval with indentations and light brown with a hard texture. Microscopic profile, endosperm, parenchyma, endocarp, stone cells, collenchyma, starch, oil cells, and carrier bundles. Physicochemical analysis, water content (8%), ash content (1.15%), fiber content (14.96%), and ethanol soluble extract content (10.3%). GC-MS analysis showed phenol,2,6-bis(1,1-dimethyl ethyl)-4-methyl, 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic, and dihydromethyl jasmonate. A dose extract ethanol of 600 mg/kg BW reduces urea and creatinine levels up to 8,3 mg/dl and 0.132 mg/dl. The conclusion of the phytochemical study obtained a pharmacognostic profile. The GCMS analysis obtained the compound. The activity of the ethanol extract of date palm seeds can reduce urea and creatinine levels so that it developed as an anti-nephrotoxic alternative from natural ingredients.
... Scale bar: 200 µm powder treatment evident from the statistically non-significant change in the level of creatinine and urea. Sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, and magnesium are intracellular ions which play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis within the body (Saka et al. 2012). The treatment with Chlorella powder did not cause any statistically significant differences in the serum level of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate compared to vehicle control mice. ...
Chlorella is a green alga consumed as a dietary food supplement in pulverized form. In addition to its high nutritional value, it is also reported as an excellent detoxifying agent. The Chlorella powder has been reported for removal of mercury, cadmium, and radioactive strontium from the body. The present study evaluated the toxic effect of Chlorella powder (source: Chlorella vulgaris) in Swiss albino mice at acute and sub-acute (28 days repeated dose) doses. In acute and sub-acute oral toxicity studies, mice were administered orally with Chlorella powder at single (2000 mg kg−1) and repeated (1000 mg kg−1, once daily for 28 days) doses, respectively. During the study, mice were observed for clinical signs and mortality, weekly body weight, feed and water consumption, and biochemical, hematological, organ weight, and histological parameters. In the acute oral toxicity study, the test item Chlorella produced no change in clinical signs, and no morbidity or mortality was observed throughout the study period. The change in weekly body weight was statistically insignificant compared to the vehicle control group. In the sub-acute oral toxicity study, no statistically significant changes were observed in behavior, body weight, feed and water consumption, and biochemical, hematological, organ weight, and histological parameters compared to vehicle control mice. No morbidity or mortality was observed during the study period. Oral administration of Chlorella at acute and repeated doses in mice showed no toxicity or adverse effect. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level was estimated to be 1000 mg kg−1 body weight per day for male and female mice.
... High serum chloride values above normal are usually associated with kidney injury [44], while low serum chloride values are usually attributed to its excess elimination via urine [45]. These results agree with the study by Saka et al. that suggests oral ingestion of A. vera is associated with electrolyte imbalance [46]. Furthermore, the increased chloride ion levels were of toxicological significance since the values were out of the reference range of (100-107) mmol/L for female Wistar rats aged 8-16 weeks [37]. ...
Background
Several local communities in Central, Western, Eastern, and Northern regions of Uganda have been using the whole leaf extracts of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (Asphodelaceae) in the treatment of various ailments. Also, several commercial companies sell A. vera as soft drinks in Uganda. However, there are inadequate reports on the toxicities of such preparations. This paper reports the acute and sub-acute oral toxicity of aqueous extracts of whole leaf and green rind of A. vera in Wistar rats.
Methods
Acute oral toxicity test was carried out in female Wistar rats at doses of 175, 550, 1750, and 5000 mg/kg, p.o. The animals were observed for signs of toxicity for 14 days. Similarly, a sub-acute oral toxicity test was performed in both sexes of rats at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg, p.o. daily for 28 days. All the groups of animals were monitored for behavioral, morphological, biochemical, and physiological changes, including mortality and compared with respective controls. Body weights were measured weekly while the animals’ relative organ weights, hematological, biochemical, gross, and microscopic pathology were examined on day 29.
Results
There was no mortality or apparent behavioral changes at the doses tested in acute and sub-acute oral toxicity tests. Thus, the Median Lethal Dose (LD50) of green rind and whole leaf aqueous extracts was above 5000 mg/kg. Gross anatomy revealed that the rats’ relative spleen weight in green rind extract at 200 mg/kg significantly decreased compared to the control group. The creatinine levels in female rats that received green rind extract and the chloride ion levels in male rats administered whole leaf extract were significantly elevated. Conversely, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) levels significantly decreased at lower doses of the green rind extract compared to the control. Histopathology of the kidney revealed the renal interstitium’s inflammation at doses of 200 and 800 mg/kg of the whole leaf extract.
Conclusion
The findings demonstrated that A. vera green rind and whole leaf extracts are non-toxic at relatively high doses when used for a short duration. Prolonged use of the aqueous whole leaf extract might be associated with kidney toxicity.
