Table 3 - uploaded by Sule Toktas
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
This paper empirically evaluates the impact of internal migration on empowerment of women in urban areas. Based on data from a nationally representative household survey, we find that migration exerts its positive impact both through improvements in educational attainment and labor market outcomes in urban settings. Migration contributes positively...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Especially, there is a higher probability of better-educated migrants to find themselves in low-paid occupations during the initial years of their migration. Table 3 shows the cross tabulation of education and occu- pation as follows: ...
Context 2
... results indicate the presence of occupational downgrading especially for migrant men. The better-educated part of the more recent migrants (those who arrived between 2009 and 2013) are under-represented in high paid occupations such as skilled non-manual jobs compared to those migrants who arrived before 2004 (Table 3). This observation can partly be accounted by the difficulties in accessing to the appropriate networks necessary for best- matched jobs. ...
Context 3
... same analysis presented in Table 3 above depicts a different picture for women. Although college-educated most recent migrant women (who arrived between 2009 and 2013) have a smaller share in better-paid jobs than the migrant women who arrived before 2004, the reason seems to be associated more with being unemployed or out of the labor force at the earlier stage of migration rather than downgrading as is observed for men. ...
Similar publications
In this dissertation, I explore the interplay of education and empowerment as it is lived by seven young Tanzanian women and developed at a unique all-girls’ secondary school in Tanzania. Drawing on interviews and participant observation from eight trips over four years, this study offers a longitudinal, ethnographic exploration of the school, Sase...
Citations
... Although international migration may have more negative impacts on women than men (2), internal migration has been shown to minimize gender-based socioeconomic inequalities and enhance women's access to necessary reproductive services and enhance their health integrity (3); however, the knowledge is limited and results are inconsistent across studies (4)(5)(6). ...
... Several studies have shown that internal migration could empower women through more socioeconomic and educational opportunities in the new environment that had been missing in their previous location and thus, enhance their access to reproductive and maternity care (5,(10)(11)(12); while, some studies reported more nancial constrain and limited access to necessary reproductive health services among internally migrated women (13,14). That being said, the ultimate outcome of internal migration among women is more context-speci c and not alike across different settings. ...
Background
During the last decades, migratory behavior has had a key role in population growth and redistribution in Pakistan. Migration has far-reaching socioeconomic implications for individuals and society at large that could influence the health integrity of Pakistani women. This study aimed to describe the migration patterns and drivers as well as its association with adequate access to reproductive and maternal care among married Pakistani women aged 15–49.
Methods
The data from the 2017-18 Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) was used to extract the information on the explanatory (sociodemographic and migration backgrounds) and outcome variables (unmet needs for family planning, adequate antenatal care, and delivery at health facilities). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to examine the relationship between these explanatory and outcome variables before and after adjustment for sociodemographic inequalities.
Results
In unadjusted models, the odds of having adequate ANC and delivery at health facilities were approximately 2 to 4 times higher in those living (urban non-migrant), moving to (urban to urban, rural to urban), or leaving the urban areas (rural to urban) as compared to rural non-migrants; likewise, the odds of the unmet needs for family planning was about 20–50% lower in the same migration streams compared to rural non-migrant. However, after adjustment for sociodemographic inequalities, most of these associations attenuated and only the association of urban to urban migration with unmet needs for family planning and the association of urban non-migrant with delivery at health facilities remained significant.
Conclusion
Although the findings suggest that Internal migration flows, particularly those to urban areas (urban to urban and rural to urban), could be associated with better access to reproductive and maternity care among married Pakistani women aged 15–49 years; adjustment for sociodemographic inequalities, particularly education and wealth, nullified this association to a great extent. This has important implications for current policies and interventions in Pakistan and calls for policy reform and women’s rights advocacy to enhance the literacy level of young Pakistani girls through well-tailored interventions, maintaining them at school.
Migration is broadly interpreted to mean the movement of people for accessing better life prospects. However, when we deconstruct this phenomenon of ‘movement of people’ to the ‘movement of single women’ this brings forth intricacies of gender equations which further problematises migration outcomes, when women struggle to navigate their space and negotiate with the gendered challenges of a new city. Nevertheless, it is this nature of migration which can be explored to evaluate the empowerment of women. In this context, the article argues that when women choose to migrate as independent individuals for accessing education and employment, they experience empowerment which is manifested in their exercise of choice, autonomy and freedom in a new city.
This article addresses overnight guest hosting, which is a widespread solidarity practice among rural-to-urban migrants in Turkey. The fieldwork, based on in-depth interviews with 28 first-generation migrant women, reveals that it was mostly the young migrant women who shouldered hosting tasks as gendered unpaid work, which deepen their time poverty and reinforce their dependence on family. The analysis highlights the links between intersectional disadvantages of young migrant women and poverty, the failure of the welfare state to provide social assistance for migrants, and the familialist character of social policy during the peak years of migration.
