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Current conventional agricultural systems using intensive energy has to be re-vitalized by new integrated approaches relying on renewable energy resources, which can allow farmers to stop depending on fossil resources. The aim of the present study was to compare wheat production in dryland (low input) and irrigated (high input) systems in terms of...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... production cost and gross product values of both studied systems are shown in Table 6. The production costs per hectare in irrigated systems (572.3) were higher than dryland production system (200.8). ...
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Citations
... Energy sources in agriculture can be classified as direct and indirect sources based on the energy release pattern. In this study, the direct sources of energy such as labour, diesel, electricity, and irrigation water were included (Ghorbani et al. 2011). Similarly, the indirect sources of energy included seeds, fertilisers, herbicides, pesticides, and farm machinery (Ghorbani et al. 2011). ...
... In this study, the direct sources of energy such as labour, diesel, electricity, and irrigation water were included (Ghorbani et al. 2011). Similarly, the indirect sources of energy included seeds, fertilisers, herbicides, pesticides, and farm machinery (Ghorbani et al. 2011). Further, based on the renewability of the resources, energy can be classified into renewable energy and non-renewable energy source (Yilmaz et al. 2005;Ghorbani et al. 2011). ...
... Similarly, the indirect sources of energy included seeds, fertilisers, herbicides, pesticides, and farm machinery (Ghorbani et al. 2011). Further, based on the renewability of the resources, energy can be classified into renewable energy and non-renewable energy source (Yilmaz et al. 2005;Ghorbani et al. 2011). The energy consumption under different crop management operations was calculated considering the energy utilised in various operations starting from field preparation to harvesting and threshing. ...
Context Intercropping of cereal–legume forages with integrated nutrient management could be an effective agronomic strategy to increase forage biomass production and economic returns. However, the energy-carbon footprints of the management strategies are of utmost importance in the present era of climate-conscious agriculture. Aim To identify the best possible combinations of fodder-based cropping patterns and nutrient management with higher yield and profitability with lower energy-carbon footprints. Methods This field study was carried out with four fodder-based cropping patterns under different nutrient management options in a split-plot design. Key results The maize (Zea mays) + cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) (1:1)–oats (Avena sativa) under 75% recommended fertiliser dose with zinc, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and farmyard manure significantly increased system productivity and profitability and saved fertiliser by 25% compared to the same with 100% recommended dose only. In comparison to maize–oats, this combination showed lower energy and carbon footprints, but higher system productivity and profitability. The system yield and net returns of this combination were significantly higher than those of cowpea–oats cropping pattern, despite having a higher energy-carbon footprint. Conclusions The 1:1 cereal–legume intercropping-based cropping pattern maize + cowpea (1:1)–oats under 75% recommended dose of N, P2O5, K2O with zinc, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and FYM could be the most productive, profitable fodder-based cropping pattern with lower energy-carbon footprints in north-west India. Implications The study identified the most profitable combination of fodder-based cropping patterns and nutrient management with low energy and carbon footprints in north-west India, which could be a component of climate-smart agriculture in similar agro-climates of the globe.
... The higher reliance on external inputs, (23), it also decreases resource use efficiency, leading to potential negative environmental impacts. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce energy inputs, particularly from fertilizers and fuel, to mitigate environmental degradation (24). ...
Energy efficiency plays a pivotal role in optimizing input use and improving the sustainability of agricultural practices, especially in energy-intensive crops like cotton. Due to its high economic importance, cotton cultivation has been in the need of the hour in developing mechanized cultivation practices aimed at improving production efficiency. This study evaluated energy consumption and performed an economic analysis of mechanized versus conventional cotton production under rainfed vertisols in Tamil Nadu. Among the various inputs, fertilizer application consumed the most energy in both systems, followed by labor energy differences between the 2 methods. Mechanized cultivation drastically reduced labor energy requirements (174.2 MJ/ha) compared to manual methods (2215.6 MJ/ha), highlighting the potential for labor savings. Mechanized cultivation also showed more efficient use of non-renewable energy sources, whereas conventional methods relied more on renewable energy inputs, highlighting the trade-offs between the 2 systems. Mechanized cultivation significantly reduced production costs (Rs. 74290/ha) compared to conventional methods (Rs. 140440/ha), largely due to a 47.8 % reduction in labor costs, demonstrating its economic viability. This study suggests that improving the energy efficiency of mechanized cotton production should prioritize efficient fertilizer use and reducing diesel fuel consumption through enhanced machinery performance.
... Based on the energy equivalents of the inputs and outputs (Table 1), the energy ratio (energy use efficiency), energy productivity, specific energy, and net energy were calculated using the following equations (Ghorbani et al., 2011): Energy use efficiency = energy output (MJ ha (1) Energy productivity = wheat yield (kg ha ...
... The consequence of these alterations is the reliance of agriculture on nonrenewable energy resources. Ghorbani et al. (2011) reported that the shares of agrochemicals, diesel fuel plus machinery, irrigation water, seed, and human labor were 38.8%, 26.6%, 13.5%, 11.1% and 0.46% of the total energy inputs, respectively, which are very close to our results. Average annual yield of the modern fields was 4,936 kg ha -1 and the total energy output 119,868 MJ ha -1 . ...
... High consumption of nonrenewable energy causes a decrement in energy use efficiency, because the production of agrochemicals and machinery used are the main constituents of modern agriculture, and they require a lot of energy. Ghorbani et al. (2011) also showed that total energy input and output in dryland wheat production were 9,354 and 31,672 MJ ha -1 , respectively. In another study conducted in Kurdistan province (Salimi and Ahmadi, 2010), the rate of energy inputs in dryland production was reported for chickpea as 5,880 MJ ha -1 . ...
This study was conducted to analyze input-output energies and economic analysis of modern and traditional wheat production systems of Kurdistan province, Iran. Data were collected from 100 dryland and 100 irrigated wheat fields. The fields were selected randomly, and inquiries conducted in a face-to-face interview from May up to August next year. The results showed that total energy inputs, energy use efficiency, and specific energy were 49,956 MJ ha-1, 2.4, and 4.9 MJ kg-1 in modern irrigated wheat system, respectively, 19,064 MJ ha-1, 3.4, and 3.4 MJ kg-1 in traditional irrigated wheat system, 16,598 MJ ha-1, 1.7, and 6.7 MJ kg-1 in modern dryland wheat system, and 14,471 MJ ha-1, 1.99 and 5.75 MJ kg-1 in traditional dryland wheat system, respectively. The economic analysis revealed that the total cost of production and net return were 546.5 and 1,448.6 USD ha-1 in modern irrigated wheat, 206.4 and 844.7 USD ha-1 in traditional irrigated wheat, 230.5 and 237.6 USD ha-1 in modern dryland wheat and 185.2 and 266.1 USD ha-1 in traditional dryland wheat systems, respectively. The results of this study showed that the modern wheat production system uses more energy compared to that by the traditional wheat production system. Thus, the wheat producers are advised to adopt modern wheat production systems with some caution.
... In addition, the Goharkuh rainfall station supplied data For the information on production systems, we refer to the following sources. Wheat [35]. Barley [36]. ...
In recent times, the increasing influx of energy inputs into farming systems has led to a significant enhancement in their overall efficiency. However, this has happened at the expense of endangering the sustainability of these systems and degrading the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a methodology to evaluate the resilience of agricultural systems. This study utilised the Steinborn and Svirezhev methodology to assess five different production systems (wheat, barley, alfalfa, cotton, and Pistachio) within the Goharkuh Taftan agro-industrial complex. The approach measures the excessive production of entropy, which acts as an indicator of the system's departure from sustainability. The study focuses on four components: overproduction of entropy, limit energy load, maximum crop yield for sustainable agriculture, and deviation from sustainable agriculture. The results indicated that the production systems analysed in this study produce surplus entropy, thus rendering them in an unstable condition. Among all the products, alfalfa had the lowest entropy overproduction, while pistachio had the highest. The three agricultural commodities, namely wheat, barley, and cotton, are situated at a point equidistant from the two opposite ends. Alfalfa has shown greater energy use efficiency compared to pistachios. It surpasses the maximum crop yield for sustainable agriculture and has less deviation from sustainable agriculture than other integrated production systems. The differences in the intensity of energy flow and the structural characteristics of the integrated production systems were responsible for the variations in the values of the examined components. Nevertheless, none of these solutions are sustainable in the long term. An analysis of the energy inputs and components of the harvest index revealed the importance of implementing management techniques that decrease the intensity of energy flows into these systems and enhance the harvest index to attain a sustainable state. Integrating supplementary renewable energy sources will bolster the long-term sustainability of production systems.
... For this reason, land degradation through the emission of greenhouse gases is a significant driver of climate change (Tione et al., 2022). Therefore, the efficient use of energy in agricultural production systems, including greenhouse cultivation, as a crop production system with energy compression, is the highest priority to achieve energy use sustainability (Ghorbani et al., 2011). Accordingly, energy analysis in agriculture plays a significant role in the development of human's perspective toward agricultural ecosystems and improves the quality of decisions and planning in the management and development of the agricultural sector (Rathke and Diepenbrock, 2006). ...
... It is the level of energy used (MJ) to produce a unit of crop in term of energy (Demircan et al., 2006), i.e., this index shows how much energy has been harvested for each mega Joule of energy consumed per hectare for production purposes. The larger the ratio, the higher the energy efficiency (Singh et al., 2004;Banaeian et al., 2011;Ghorbani et al., 2011). Accordingly, the level of energy use of a greenhouse cucumber cultivation period was investigated using questionnaires prepared including information on the application value of agricultural inputs (Irrigation water, Fertilizers, Chemical pesticides, Machinery, Fuel, Manpower, Plastic, Seeds, and Electricity). ...
Introduction
Construction of agricultural greenhouses can be considered as one of the appropriate solutions to meet the growing food demands. However, high energy use in greenhouse productions on the one hand and energy limitation on the other hand are fundamental challenges facing mankind. The present study aims to measure and compare energy efficiency based on the components of energy use sustainability (Environmental Norms, Environmental Beliefs, Environmental Values, Technical Management, Technical Knowledge, Education Level, Greenhouse’s Work Experience, Cost-Effectiveness and Educational-Extension Service) among greenhouse cucumber growers.
Methods
The statistical population included cucumber production greenhouse owners in Kerman Province, Iran. Out of the total population, 356 cases were selected as a sample using two-stage cluster sampling method. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire validity was confirmed via the content validity method and its reliability was confirmed through the pilot test. The data obtained from the questionnaire was recorded, calculated, and analyzed by SPSS24, Excel2019, and Deap software.
Results and discussion
The results showed that the average energy efficiency in the studied units was 0.72 (out of 1), so that 21 and 335 greenhouses used energy efficient and inefficient, respectively. According to the components of energy use sustainability, a significant difference was observed between efficient and inefficient greenhouses, so that the energy efficient greenhouses have a high level of related components. It is suggested that the decision-makers, stakeholders, and active policy makers in the field of greenhouse crops should consider all the components of energy use sustainability, so that the developed policies and programs can cover all dimensions and take into account different aspects of energy use sustainability. As the results of this study can serve as a reference for other similar areas.
... Energy auditing can be utilized as an important tool in assessing the life cycle of agricultural products, serving as an initial step in recognizing plant production that leads to increased efficiency. Energy, being a crucial input not only in agriculture but also in various sectors, assists in enhancing productivity, increasing food security, and developing rural economies [9]. When it comes to energy system modelling, what comes to mind is implementing energy systems by modeling them in a computer environment and performing analyzes on these models. ...
Nowadays, in parallel with the rapid increase in industrialization and human population, a significant increase in all types of waste, especially domestic, industrial, and agricultural waste, can be observed. In this study, microwave drying, one of the disposal methods for agricultural waste, such as prina and hazelnut shell, was performed. To reduce the time, energy, and cost spent on drying processes, two recently prominent machine learning prediction methods (Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)) were applied. In this study, our aim is to model the disposal of waste using artificial intelligence techniques, especially considering the importance of environmental pollution in today’s context. Microwave power values of 120, 350, and 460 W were used for 100 g of hazelnut shell, and 90 W, 360 W, and 600 W were used for 7 mm thickness of prina. Both ANN and ANFIS approaches were applied to a dataset obtained from the calculation of moisture content and drying rate values. It was observed that the ANFIS and ANN models were applicable for predicting moisture levels, but not applicable for predicting drying rates. When the coefficient of determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values for moisture level are examined both for ANN and ANFIS models’ predictions, it is seen that the R2 value is between 0.981340 and 0.999999, the RMSE value is between 0.000012 and 0.015010 and the MAPE value is between 0.034268 and 23.833481.
... The obtained information is then used to improve performance by increasing yield, decreasing production costs, and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, which are accountable for an alteration in the environment. Energy use is an important necessity for the sustainability of agricultural production, as it reduces costs, restricts fossil fuels, and lowers air pollution levels (Ghorbani et al., 2011;Shaaban and Omer, 2023). When analyzing energy, the farm's inputs utilized in production and the outputs produced from it are recognized using a boundary defined for the system. ...
The utilization of agricultural machinery was fully mechanized for wheat production in Iraq. This study essentially aimed to inspect inputs – outputs energy for wheat production in Salah Al-Deen, Iraq. The data were obtained from 45 wheat farms by using face to face questionnaire method in 2022. The findings from this study were determined in five basic operations (i.e. tillage, sowing, fertilizing. spraying, and harvesting). Direct energy sources (fuel and human) accounted for about 51.39% of the total energy used in cultivation. Energy exemplified in fuel recorded the highest rate of the total expenditure of energy, with 51.09 % (6091.01MJ/ha). Farmers utilized nearly 879.11±39.77 MJ/ha of machinery energy, the highest rate of expenditure of machinery energy was in harvesting, which recorded 38.38 % (337.42 ± 23.89 MJ/ha) of the total energy of machinery used in the study. Results of analyzing the energy of fuel that farmers utilized indicated that operations of tillage were about 25.98 % (1582.29 ± 39.43 MJ/ha) of the total energy of fuel. This rate denoted the highest operation of fuel consumption. Harvesting operations followed it. These operations were implemented through the use of engines powered with diesel were about 23.43% (1427.05 ± 35.68 MJ/ha). The average energy input/output ratio was 4.40 for the wheat crop; while energy intensity was 1.79 MJ/kg for the wheat crop.
... Similarly, in a comparative study of irrigation techniques for energy flow and GHG emissions in wheat agroecosystems in arid regions of Iran, Jamali et al. (2021) demonstrated that direct and indirect energies were almost equally shared under both sprinkler and furrow irrigation methods. According to previous studies, based on farm interviews, the total energy required for wheat and rapeseed production in semi-arid areas of Iran reaches 45,000 and 42,000 MJ ha − 1 , respectively (Ghorbani et al., 2011;Sadeghi et al., 2020). This is while, the total energy consumption to produce wheat have been reported to be as 22,000 MJ ha − 1 in Turkey (Kusek et al., 2016), 22,500 MJ ha − 1 in New Zealand (Safa and Samarasinghe, 2011), and 34,000 MJ ha − 1 in Pakistan (Ilahi et al., 2019). ...
A new Water-Energy-Food-Greenhouse Gas (WEFG) nexus index was developed. • WEFG was evaluated under different irrigation and tillage methods. • Diesel and electricity had the largest share in energy consumption. • Center-pivot irrigation without tillage reduced water and diesel consumption. • Furrow irrigation and conventional tillage showed the highest CO 2 emissions. A R T I C L E I N F O Editor: Kairsty Topp Keywords: Agricultural sustainability CO 2-eq emission Rapeseed WEFG nexus index Wheat A B S T R A C T CONTEXT: Agricultural systems involve intricate interdependencies among water, energy, and food. Increasing understanding of these linkages, along with implications for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and developing new assessment approaches are critical for achieving key sustainability goals. OBJECTIVES: 1) Evaluation of the impacts of tillage, irrigation and residue management practices on water and energy consumption, and GHG emission in the cultivation of irrigated wheat and rapeseed, 2) Developing a novel Water-Energy-Food-Greenhouse gas (WEFG) nexus index to provide a holistic assessment of the linkages among water, energy, food, and GHG emissions in agriculture, and 3) Assessing the sustainability of irrigated wheat and rapeseed cultivation under different methods of tillage, irrigation and residue management applying the WEFG nexus index. METHODS: This study formulated a new WEFG nexus index applying eight indicators of water and energy consumption, CO 2-eq (CO 2 equivalent) emission, water and energy mass productivity, water, energy and CO 2-eq economic productivity to evaluate the sustainability of wheat and rapeseed cultivation under two field management practices: 1) furrow irrigation with conventional tillage (FICT), and 2) center pivot irrigation with no-tillage (CPNT), within a semi-arid region in northeastern Iran. Irrigation in both systems was done by applying a deficit irrigation approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: CPNT resulted on average in 46% and 53% energy consumption reductions from water and diesel usage, respectively, compared to FICT. The mean CO 2-eq emission under CPNT was 26% lower 2 than that recorded under FICT. Furthermore, the WEFG nexus index score for wheat and rapeseed under CPNT was 0.91 and 0.73, respectively, out of 1, compared to 0.18 and 0.12 for FICT. These scores suggest that the CPNT approach is a more appropriate strategy than FICT, as it effectively reduced water and energy consumption while aligning better with long-term environmental and economic aims. SIGNIFICANCE: The study applies more accurate GHG emission-based indicators to introduce a new WEFG nexus index, and it uses these for evaluation of different field management at the farm level to reduce the uncertainties in the large-scale studies. The proposed methodology for assessing multiple aspects of the WEFG nexus can change previous perceptions about agricultural management in other regions confronting multiple resources and environmental crises.
... Energy equivalents of inputs and output was sourced from different published work [30,31,32]. Based on the energy equivalents of inputs and output, energy use efficiency and energy productivity were calculated for conventional practice and Sustainable management program [33,34]. ...
Climate change is a reality and its impact on the tea plantations is apparent in the rise of pest intensity, higher agrochemical use, inconsistent crop yields, declining grand growth period, increased abiotic stress and various other challenges; that threaten long-term sustainability of the Indian tea sector. The urgency to adopt sustainable practices is increasing by the day but to gain time bound results a comprehensive focus encompassing soil and plant health development will be crucial. To deal with climate challenge head-on, the Indian tea industry is making changes at various levels of operations. The sustainable tea initiative at Lakhipara tea estate, was one such attempt by the Goodricke Group Limited in their Dooars tea growing region of West Bengal. The program was initiated in 2014 with an aim to reduce pesticide use, improve soil quality, and produce quality teas while sustaining crop yields, improving renewable energy use and lowering the carbon footprint. Adoption of Inhana Rational Farming (IRF) Technology and taking the essence from 'Trophobiosis Theory' of French Scientist F. Chaboussou, the program focused on management of soil and plant health. Three years evaluation of crop yields in respect of the budgeted crop, revealed on an average an excess of 78 kg/ha/year in the project area. In rest of the garden area a contrasting crop loss of 118 kg was recorded per ha during the same period. The higher crop performance positively correlated with the higher nutrient use efficiency which was 17.7 percent higher in the project area (NUENPK : 8.86) as compared to the general garden area (NUENPK : 7.53), which reflected the impact of plant health management towards enhanced nutrient uptake, assimilation and utilization. Assessment of pesticide usage, revealed up to 77% decrease in usage in the project area during 2014-16, as compared to the pre-project year. Comparison with pesticide usage of the Dooars tea growing region during this same period, indicated a 62% lower Crop Pesticide Pollution Index (CPPI) in the project area. The finding indicated a 52 to 77% reduction in the accumulated toxicity potential of the applied pesticides in the project area; thereby accrediting safer tea development under this program, when adjudged in terms of pesticide residue. Assessment of soil quality revealed an overall eight percent increment in Soil Fertility Index (FI) value, with significant improvement in soil microbial activity potential (MAP) values i.e., by almost four times. The finding pointed towards the favourable impact of soil health management primarily through Novcom composting towards enhancement of soil microbial interactions. Post three years of experimentation the overall Soil Quality Iindex (SQI) value increased by 6% in the project area. The finding corroborated a concurrent 6.72% increase in the soil organic carbon stock during the same period. Reduction in use of non-renewable inputs viz. chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the project area was indicated by approximately 40 percent enhancement in energy use efficiency and energy productivity post the assessment period. Carbon assessment in terms of kg CO2 equivalents/ kg made tea (using ACFA version 1.0) indicated approx. 65 to 70 % lower footprint in the project area, primarily due to 20 to 30 % reduction in chemical fertilizers and 60 to 70 % reduction in the use of synthetic pesticides. The results indicated that while integrated soil management is the prerequisite criteria towards rejuvenation of soil health and for restoration of the habitat for predators, it does not play a direct role in reducing the pest pressure and simultaneously the requirement of pesticides. Physiologically activated plants/ bushes on the other hand; due to their higher nutrient assimilation capacity and efficient protein synthesis are always lesser susceptible to pest attack. Hence, focus on activation of plant physiology can reduce the plant-pest interaction leading to a natural reduction in the requirement for pesticides vis-à-vis the pesticide usage.
... The agricultural sector is known as the main energy consumer through production inputs and energy producer for humans. Therefore, agriculture and energy are affected by each other (Ghorbani et al., 2011). Also, the major challenge in the agricultural sector is to supply the food needs of the increasing population of the world (Giri et al., 2023). ...
... Kakraliya et al. (2022) reported that Energy input and Energy output were acquired to be 18.5 and 176 GJ ha −1 , respectively, for a zero tillage practice in wheat farms. Research reports showed that wheat production inputs, including irrigation, fuel, fertilizer application and machinery are major energy consumers with significant impacts on energy indices and global warming potential (Asgharipour et al., 2016;Ghorbani et al., 2011;Nasseri, 2019). Recently, Ghasemi-Mobtaker et al. (2022) reported that electricity significantly affected input energy in wheat farms. ...
... Evaluation of energy indices (EI) viz., Energy input , Energy output , net energy gain (NETE), specific energy (SE), energy use efficiency (EUE f ) and productivity (Ep) are essential for an efficient, productive and sustainable agriculture. Previous findings indicated that NETE varied from 20 to 143 GJ ha −1 , SE (in MJ kg −1 ) changed from 2.1 to 15.8, EUE f was from 1.4 to 13.0; and Ep varied from 61 to 401 g MJ −1 from wheat farms (Alluvione et al., 2011;Arvidsson, 2010;Ghorbani et al., 2011;Kumar et al., 2013;Nasseri, 2019;Sahabi et al., 2016;Soltani et al., 2013;Tabatabaeefar et al., 2009). ...
Irrigated and dryland production systems have different production inputs and energy indices in the farms. The previous studies compared only some energy indices from mentioned conditions with limited or locally applicable findings. Now, meta-analysis is applied to summarize, merge and combine findings and results of independent and repeated agronomic studies. Also, a powerful technique known as principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to convert a large number of correlated indices into a smaller number called principal components. A meta-analysis based on the PCA was conducted by collecting and investigating the data published in peer-reviewed papers to classify the major indices; and to evaluate the effect of irrigated conditions in comparison with the dryland one on energy indices in wheat farms. The PCA revealed that the first two components (PC1 and PC2) described about 80% of the data-variations of energy indices for both irrigated and dryland treatments. Energy indices were divided into homogenous clusters based on the contributions to principal components. The indices of the first cluster (net energy gain and energy output) had the most considerable contribution to principal components. The meta-analysis of 628 observations on energy indices and production inputs showed that irrigation practice significantly increased grain yield by 142%, energy input by 120%, energy output by 133%, and net energy gain by 152% compared with dryland conditions. Moreover, irrigation practice with average applied water of 4134 (m³ ha⁻¹) had higher consumption energy in human labor (118%), machinery (67%), nitrogen fertilizer (85%), fuel (61%), seed (43%) and herbicides (116%) compared with dryland conditions. The regression analysis among energy indices and production inputs showed that an increase in human labor, machinery, fuel, irrigation, herbicides and wheat grain yield caused an increase in energy input, net energy and energy output from farms. Some strategies, including the appropriate application of agronomic practices, were suggested to reduce the negative impact of energy input and to improve both yield and energy indices in dryland and irrigated wheat production.
Graphical abstract
