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Drilling fluid represents the most important fluid that must fulfill numerous important assignments during drilling operations. Many commercially available additives for water-based drilling fluid fall into the category of non-degradable and environmentally hazardous materials. Significant development in this area can be made by using biodegradable...
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... most of the research relates to the possibility of using waste materials as additives to adjust the rheological and filtration properties. Table 2 shows eco-friendly water-based drilling fluid additives used thus far in tests, with their indicated influence on rheological parameters (plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP)), gel strength, API filtration, and drilling fluid cake thickness. ...Context 2
... order to obtain a more pronounced effect of each additive on the properties of the drilling fluid, most of the tests are performed using a basic drilling fluid that contains only bentonite in addition to water. The waste materials are added in different concentrations (from 0.285% up to 16%), but in most cases small concentrations are added up to 4% by volume of water, as shown in Table 2. Energies 2022Energies , 15, 2591 Al- conducted laboratory testing with mandarin peel which was added to base drilling fluid that contained 600 mL water, 0.6 g NaOH, and 36 g of bentonite. ...Similar publications
Designing an effective drilling mud is a critical aspect of the drilling process. A well-designed drilling mud should not only provide efficient mud hydraulics but also fulfill three important functions: enhancing mud rheology, inhibiting hydrate formation in deepwater drilling, and suppressing shale swelling when drilling through shale formations....
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... The pH of the solution was maintained at 10-11 by adding caustic soda (NaOH). A decrease in water loss was achieved by treating the solution with the FHLC reagent (Medved et al. 2022). Unstable rocks in the sediments of the red-coloured stratum in the interval 2000-2600 m were Anu. ...
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the inhibited Neftyanaya Emulsiya Hlorno-Kalievogo Termostabilizirovannogo - inhibited drilling solution - (NEHKT) drilling solution when drilling unstable rocks in red-colour sediments in a certain range of occurrence at a particular well. The study includes preparation of the solution, laboratory tests to determine the optimal components and their proportions, and conducting controlled experiments during which the solution was used in practice. During these tests, the inhibited NEHKT drilling fluid was used in real drilling conditions to evaluate its effectiveness. Conducting controlled experiments allowed evaluating of its ability to prevent complications during the drilling process and the success of the descent and cementing of the production column. The effectiveness of the inhibited NEHKT drilling solution was confirmed under conditions of drilling unstable rocks in red-coloured sediments in the range of 2000-2600 m at well No. 810 of the Nebitdag area. Drilling was also successfully conducted without complications when using the solution, which confirms its ability to ensure the stability of the drilling process and prevent possible problems associated with unstable rocks. The ability of the inhibited NEHKT solution to maintain its structural and mechanical properties in conditions of high mineralisation, penetrate the interplane space of clays, preventing their hydration and swelling, and bind all the water in the solution into persistent hydrates, which contributes to the stability and safety of the drilling process, is identified. Thus, the results of this study indicate the prospects and effectiveness of the inhibited NEHKT drilling solution in the context of ensuring a safe and stable drilling process for unstable rocks in red-coloured sediments.
... Combination Purpose [26] Sugar cane ash (300 microns) 0.1, 0.4, and 0.5 wt% of sugar cane ash was mixed with WBDF Control Fluid Lost [20] Grass (300 µm, 90 µm and 35 µm particle sizes) 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 g of grass with different particle sizes added to WBDF Control Fluid Lost and water control agent [27] 21 types of food and green waste Between 0 to 10 ppb concentrations of different green and food waste materials added to the WBDF Control Fluid Lost [28] Eggshell waste 15 g added to the total WBDF mud Control Fluid Lost [7] Grass powder (GP) 1% and 2% GP added to the WBDF Control Fluid Lost [29] Black sunflower seeds' shell powder 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 wt% added to WBDF Fluid Lost Control [30] Wheat Husk Powder (WHP) Concentrations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt% WHP were added to the WBDF Control Fluid Lost [31] Waste banana peels Various percentages were added to the WBDF Control Fluid Lost [15] Wild Jujube Pit Powder (WJPP) 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5 wt% WJPP were added to WBDF Control Fluid Lost [18] Cassava starch 0 to 10 g was added to the WBDF Control Fluid Lost [9] Waste Mandarin Peel concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2wt% Shale swelling inhibitor [16] Wheat nano-biopolymers 2 wt% concentrations added to WBDF Fluid loss control ...
Drilling fluids are vital in oil and gas well operations, ensuring borehole stability , cutting removal, and pressure control. However, fluid loss into formations during drilling can compromise formation integrity, alter permeability, and risk groundwater contamination. Water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs) are favored for their environmental and cost-effective benefits but often require additives to address filtration and rheological limitations. This study explored the feasibility of using vegetable waste, including pumpkin peel (PP), courgette peel (CP), and butternut squash peel (BSP) in fine (75 µm) and very fine (10 µm) particle sizes as biodegradable WBDF additives. Waste vegetable peels were processed using ball milling and characterized via FTIR, TGA, and EDX. WBDFs, prepared per API SPEC 13A with 3 wt% of added additives, were tested for rheological and filtration properties. Results highlighted that very fine pumpkin peel powder (PP_10) was the most effective additive, reducing fluid loss and filter cake thickness by 43.5% and 50%, respectively. PP_10 WBDF maintained mud density, achieved a pH of 10.52 (preventing corrosion), and enhanced rheological properties, including a 50% rise in plastic viscosity and a 44.2% increase in gel strength. These findings demonstrate the remarkable potential of biodegradable vegetable peels as sustainable WBDF additives.
... Recent research has focused on replacing traditional additives with less toxic alternatives, reducing environmental impacts from aquifer contamination and improper waste disposal during drilling operations (Al-Hameedi et al., 2019;Ikram et al., 2021;Medved et al., 2022;Murtaza et al., 2022). In this context, nanoparticles have gained attention due to their high efficiency, enabling the substitution of conventional additives with minimal quantities while maintaining or even improving functional performance (A. ...
Objective: This study aims to contextualize the advancements in the application of nanoparticles, microemulsions, and nanoemulsions in drilling fluids, highlighting their contributions to the efficiency and sustainability of operations in the oil industry. Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in principles of nanotechnology and fluid dynamics, analyzing the role of drilling fluids in aspects such as wellbore instability, rheological properties, filtration, and physicochemical characteristics. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted, encompassing scientific articles, conference papers, technical books, and patents. The research included both foundational and recent studies to identify trends and advancements in drilling fluid formulations. Results and Discussion: Drilling fluid formulations have evolved to address challenges such as diverse well geometries, extreme temperature and pressure gradients, and environmental regulations. The incorporation of nanoparticles into drilling fluids has demonstrated benefits such as reduced circulation losses and increased resistance to high pressures and temperatures. Nanoemulsions and microemulsions have shown reduced environmental impact compared to oil-based fluids, along with improved filtration properties, rheology, and thermal resistance compared to water-based fluids. Research Implications: The findings underscore the importance of nanoparticles and nanoemulsion and microemulsion systems for enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of drilling fluids, meeting the demand for environmentally responsible solutions. Originality/Value: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of advancements in drilling fluid formulations, emphasizing the sustainable potential of nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and microemulsions, and reinforcing their relevance to the future of the oil industry.
... Five mud samples were prepared by measuring 350 ml of water and labelling them as CF (Control Fluid), A, B, C, and D. To each sample, 22.5 g of bentonite clay was added, followed by specific concentrations of Dry Mango Leaves Powder (DMLP) ranging from 0.5% by weight of water (%w/w) to 2%w/w except for the CF ( Table 1) [20,21]. The samples were mixed with a mud mixer and aged at room temperature for 16 hours under static conditions for the drilling mud to develop its rheological and filtration characteristics fully. ...
The drilling process relies on drilling fluids to create a safe, usable and cost-effective wellbore. Many additives used to maintain drilling fluid properties are non-biodegradable and pose environmental and human health risks. This concern has increased interest in exploring eco-friendly materials as additives in water-based mud. This study investigated the impact of Dry Mango Leaves Powder (DMLP), obtained from the Kent Mango Tree, as an additive in water-based mud. DMLP was prepared by crushing and sieving it to a 75-micron size. Five drilling fluid samples were created: four with different DMLP concentrations (1.75 g to 7.0 g) and one control without DMLP. The samples were aged for 16 hours at room temperature before assessing the mud weight, pH, and filtration characteristics at room temperature and rheological properties at 77 °F (25 °C), 120 °F (48.8 °C) and 150 °F (65.5 °C). The properties were determined by following the standards of the American Petroleum Institute. The results demonstrated that DMLP effectively reduced alkalinity by 25.2% at a concentration of 7.0g. Rheological values and plastic viscosity decreased with increasing DMLP concentration at 77 °F, 120 °F and 150 °F, though there were no significant changes in the yield point. The addition of DMLP improved gel strengths with the difference in the final and initial gel strength staying below lb/100ft² at all concentrations and temperatures, except for a concentration of 1.75 g at 77 °F. The addition of 7.0 g of DMLP reduced the fluid loss by 22.4%. Although DMLP showed potential in improving gel strength and fluid loss, its effectiveness as a weighting agent remains limited. This study demonstrates the potential of DMLP as an eco-friendly additive to enhance certain properties of water-based mud, making it a promising alternative for sustainable drilling operations.
... For the past few years, researchers around the world have investigated the application of natural materials in water-based drilling fluids and obtained significant achievements [7,8]. Al-Hameedi et al. [9] researched banana peel powder (BPP), which was added in various amounts of water-based drilling fluids. ...
At present, animal bone glue has been widely used in industry, but there are no relevant research reports on its application in the petroleum industry. In this paper, the rheological properties, inhibition, filtration, and temperature resistance performance of modified bone glue (Mbg) were evaluated in water-based drilling fluids, and the results showed that Mbg can significantly affect the performance of water-based muds with minimal dosage, and temperature resistance of Mbg could reach up to 130 °C. The inhibition mechanism of Mbg in drilling fluids was investigated by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results revealed that when 2% Mbg was added, a three-dimensional network structure was formed in an aqueous solution, which reduced the water content from 4.83% to 4.23%. FT-IR analysis showed that Mbg strongly adsorbed onto clay through hydrogen bonding, which reduced the clay particles in based muds from 1.251 µm to 0.789 µm and effectively controlled the filtration loss of the drilling fluids.
... With increasingly stringent environmental regulations, the usage of conventional lubricants such as asphalt lubricants, diesel-based lubricants, and mineral oil-based lubricants has been declining year by year, highlighting the growing importance of environmentally friendly lubricants. Therefore, the enhancement of environmentally friendly drilling fluid lubricants has become a trend in the field [5][6][7]. R Ikram et al. [8] explored the potential applications of diverse bio-wastes as additives for WD. Additionally, thorough rheological evaluations and filtration tests were performed on these water-based drilling fluids to assess the influence of the waste additives on the drilling fluids' efficiency. ...
With the gradual improvement and implementation of unconventional wells drilling and environmental regulations, there is an urgent need for high-performance and more environmentally friendly lubricants for water-based drilling fluids (WD). Developing green oilfield chemicals from natural products is a shortcut. In this work, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench/okra has been studied as the lubricant in WD. The green drilling fluid lubricant developed demonstrates excellent lubrication performance, as well as good filtration loss reduction and inhibition of bentonite hydration expansion. The results show that with the addition of 2.5% okra slurry to water-based drilling fluid, the coefficient of friction decreased by 51.68%, the apparent viscosity (AV) increased by 51.32%, the plastic viscosity (PV) increased by 42.99%, and the fluid loss decreased by 39.88%. Moreover, through TGA, SEM, FT-IR, particle distribution tests, and contact angle tests, the lubrication mechanism of okra slurry was discussed. Finally, the economic feasibility of using okra as an environmentally friendly lubricant for drilling fluids was analyzed. This work combines agricultural products with industrial production, which not only solves industrial problems but also enhances the added value of agricultural products, providing a reference for the coordinated development of industry and agriculture.
... Properties such as compression force, compression, viscosity, FL, and lubrication have been evaluated for the first time with this new additive [34]. Other wastederived and natural additives such as basil powder [13,35], mandarin peel [36], rice bark [37], black seeds [38], Prosopis farcta and pomegranate peel [39], chia powder [40], psyllium bark [41], and wheat bark [42] have been successfully used as excellent lost circulation agents in the WBDF. The chemical process of using wheat powder as a biodegradable additive in drilling fluids is shown in Fig. 1. ...
It is not a secret that the drilling process is crucial to ensure that the drilling liquid has the proper filtration properties to minimize damage to the formation. Over the years, eco-friendly and cost-effective additives have been added to drilling fluids to ensure that they have the desired rheological properties and comply with the required standards of the American Petroleum Institute (API). Rambutan waste, one of Malaysia’s most produced fruit wastes, was regarded for the first time as a filtering additive in water-based drilling fluids (WBDF). Rambutan peel contains cellulose fibers that act as rheology modifiers. Rambutan fiber increases the pressure on the crack of the plug and reduces the loss of liquids. Low, medium, and high concentrations of rambutan waste (0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 g) were used to prepare samples of mud to compare the rheological and filtration properties to those of water-based mud. In addition, rambutan waste biopowder has been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The results showed that by increasing the concentration of rambutan waste samples, the properties such as plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), and gel strength (GS) are gradually increased. Furthermore, rambutan additives significantly improved the filtering performance by reducing the loss of filters (FL) and the thickness of mud cakes (MCT). It was observed that 0.01 g of raw rambutan peel reduced FL from 9 to 4 ml compared to 9 ml of base liquid. In addition, the lowest concentration of rambutan additive produced the thinnest mud cake of 1.09 mm compared to 2.82 mm of base liquid, respectively. On the basis of promising results, low amounts of bio-waste are recommended as green additives to improve the rheological and filtration characteristics of drilling fluids.
Graphical abstract
... Drilling fluid is a blend comprising a base fluid as the continuous phase and different kinds of additives. The plethora of additives in the mud is crucial for maintaining wellbore stability [4], controlling hydrostatic pressure [5], and removing drill cuttings from the downhole [6]. Drilling fluids are classified as water-based, oil-based, and synthetic-based. ...
... The pH result obtained from the drilling mud samples with BMSP and HBSP showed a minimal increase in pH value with an increase in the additive content, as presented in Fig. 9. Drilling fluid performs optimally in the pH range of 9.5-12.5 for water-based mud [6]. It was noted from the result in Fig. 9 that the pH of HBSP and BMSP-based mud increased proportionally with the additive content, suggesting that these additives contain more carbonate and bicarbonate compounds or strong base elements that enable the additives to exhibit good alkaline properties in the fluid. ...
The use of agro-based additives in drilling mud to reduce fluid loss and improve the rheological properties of mud has gained enormous attention owing to its biodegradability and low cost. This study evaluates the effects of shell powders of hamburger bean and bush mango as eco-friendly and cheap filtration control additives in water-based mud. Samples were formulated with different concentrations (5 g, 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g) of the shell powders to determine their effects on the filtration and rheological properties of the mud. From the results, both hamburger beans and bush mango shell powders improved the rheological properties of the fluid. Meanwhile, only 15 and 20 g of Bush mango shell powders reduce fluid loss by 10.5 and 13.2%, respectively. Similarly, the addition of 5 g, 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g of hamburger bean shell powders reduced fluid loss by 1.4, 8.82, 14.71, and 20.6%, respectively. Both Bush Mango and Hamburger Beans shell powders based mud produced cake thickness between 1.2 and 1.8 mm. The research demonstrates that Hamburger Beans shell powders provides a progressive decrease in filtration rate as the content increases, and it stand as a cheap and eco-friendly alternative additive for the enhancement of rheological and filtration properties in water-based drilling fluids.
... Drilling fluids are classified into four major categories (Xie et al. 2018;Jiang et al. 2022;Karakosta et al. 2021;Zhao et al. 2022;Medved et al. 2022;Lalji et al. 2022b): ...
The revolutionized field of nanotechnology emerged in the oil and gas sector to enhance drilling fluid performance. This technology increases the success rate of drilling operations in different environments. However, their performance in presence of various salts has not been entirely discovered up till now. In this research, three different salt mud systems that include KCl, NaCl and MgCl2 were prepared and coated with silica iron oxide nanoparticles. The rheological and filtration characteristics of all the samples with the joint interaction of salt and nanoparticles were analyzed. Additionally, the stability of the mud samples after the interaction between the two entities was investigated using a visualization tool. This unique application will be useful in observing the changes in the mud system during nonproductive time events (NPT). The result of the study reveals that all the fluids in the presence of these entities showed shear thinning behavior with flow index . Reduction in shear stresses in the salt systems was observed mainly because of the neutralization of the negative charges associated with the base mud system. However, this behavior was weaker in monovalent cations as compared with divalent. KCL/(Si/Fe3O4) demonstrates the most stable mud system when investigated through intensity profile plots. Minimum segregation and maximum dispersion were the key parameters that demonstrated its stability. Moreover, all three cations in the presence of Si/Fe3O4 nanoparticles reduce the filtrate loss volume and provide a thin and smooth mud cake. The Si/Fe3O4 because of its spherical bead shape plugs the pore spacing of the filter paper while blocking of microsize spacing was done with the help of cations.
... Their research revealed reduced alkalinity and filtration, along with modified plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength. Similarly, Medved et al. [3] conducted a study by reducing the particle size of mandarin peel powder to 0.1 mm and within the range of 0.1 mm to 0.16 mm. Their results showed a decrease in API filtration and Permeability Plugging Tester (PPT) filtration while the rheological properties of the fluid improved. ...
In the evolving landscape of petroleum drilling, the quest for eco-friendly alternatives to traditional mud additives is paramount. This study explored the performance of Dry Bamboo Leaves Powder (DBLP) from Bambusa heterostachya as an additive in water-based mud. Dry Bamboo Leaves were obtained, crushed, and then sieved to 106-micron size. Mud properties, including mud weight, plastic viscosity, yield point, gel strength, mud cake thickness and filtrate volume were examined under fresh conditions by integrating different concentrations of DBLP (3.5 g, 7.0 g, 10.5 g, and 14 g). The laboratory experiments adhered to the standards set by the American Petroleum Institute (API). The introduction of DBLP concentrations resulted in a reduction in the alkalinity and mud weight of the drilling mud. Additionally, the drilling mud's yield point and plastic viscosity were altered at different DBLP concentrations. The inclusion of DBLP enhanced the gel strength and decreased filtrate volume while maintaining the same mud cake thickness.
