Figure 1 - uploaded by Adem Öcal
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Turkey is located in one of the most significant active seismic regions in the world. The country also is subject to many other natural disasters, that's why, natural disasters have been seen in Turkey forever. These events have caused physical destruction to the death of more than 100.000 people and to the wounding of a lot, and shacked the countr...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... is located on most important fault zones in the world. It is possible to collect these fault lines in three main regions: North Anatolia Fault Zone (NAFZ), South East Anatolia Fault Zone (SEAFZ), and West Anatolia Fault Region (Fig- ure 1). These fault generations produce severe and deadly earthquakes. ...
Citations
... Despite this, many efforts are in vain considering that the population's awareness of various aspects of disaster management remains at a very low level (Cvetković, Adem, & Ivanov, 2019;Cvetković & Dragićevic, 2014;Cvetković et al., 2019b;Cvetković & Stanišić, 2015;Ocal et al., 2020). The implications of neglecting to find innovations in the field of education and training of the population leave behind tragic and very expensive consequences (Carla, 2019;Goyal, 2019;Kumiko & Shaw, 2019;Mano & Rapaport, 2019;Öcal, 2019). In one of the studies, several types of deficiencies were identified that currently hinder the promotion of a culture of preparedness in the face of a particular disaster. ...
The territory of the Republic of Serbia is exposed to various natural and technical-technological hazards that increasingly endanger people and their material goods. An integrated disaster risk management system (preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery) has not yet taken root in Serbia to a sufficient extent, although there are certain institutional and legal prerequisites for its smooth functioning. Abandoning the reactive way of preparing for disasters and increasingly implementing proactive measures, societies are desperately trying to improve their resilience in resource-scarce situations and mitigate future consequences of disasters. In Serbia, there is insufficient resistance to disasters, reflected in the insufficiently improved ability of Serbian society exposed to dangers to respond to them and recover from the consequences of disasters promptly and efficiently. Despite this, many efforts are in vain considering that the population's awareness of various aspects of disaster management remains very low. The aim of this chapter refers to the comprehensive analysis and description of capacity building in Serbia for Disaster and Climate Risk Education. The undoubted importance of education in the field of disasters, which is increasingly receiving priority positions on various agendas around the world, emphasizes the necessity of continuous research on the perspectives of formal and informal education on disasters. One of the most effective tools used in all areas of integrated disaster risk management is education. Admittedly, it should be borne in mind that education is a complex and interactive psychological process in which the transfer of knowledge from different fields is carried out in a planned and clearly grounded manner in the form of a kind of transfer.
... Geographical factors of vulnerability are primarily related to the inadequate use and neglect of rural areas (Paul, 2013). Disaster risk reduction emphasizes the importance of a gender approach, which indicates that both sexes are part of the same society (Xuesong & Kapucu, 2019;Aleksandrina et al., 2019;Öcal, 2019;Kumiko & Shaw, 2019). However, it is important to understand that gender is a social, cultural and personal construct, not a biological category based on male/ female sex. ...
The subject of the research is an examination of the way in which the disease COVID-19 affects the gender aspects of the vulnerability of citizens, with special reference to their physical, socioeconomic and psychological vulnerability. For the purposes of this research, the perception of risk and the preparedness of men and women for the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic was examined. The results of this research were obtained by applying a quantitative survey of the citizens of the Republic of Serbia about their experiences and attitudes regarding their vulnerability due to the COVID-19 pandemic, where special attention is paid to the gender dimension. A survey of 273 adult citizens was conducted and the results showed that there is no significant connection between the gender category and the physical vulnerability of people caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The obtained data indicate that approximately the same percentage of women and men had severe symptoms of the disease. Nevertheless, the results showed that there is a partial connection between the gender category and socioeconomic vulnerability, as well as a clear connection between the gender category and the psychological vulnerability of people caused by the pandemic. In both cases, the results indicate that women are more vulnerable socioeconomically and psychologically than men. As this topic is not sufficiently represented in foreign, and especially not in domestic literature, the results of this research can serve as guidelines for future investigations of the gender dimension of people in the conditions of disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
... Landslides are a natural phenomenon that occur daily and seem to be increasing in number across the globe. The landslide phenomenon as a moving mass of rock, debris, Land 2022, 11, 833 3 of 21 resulting in severe loss of life, loss of homes, and property damage [54][55][56][57][58]. Thereby, the process of returning the area back to normal takes a considerable amount of time. ...
The landslide was recognized as the most common geologic hazard around the world. The assessment of the relationship landslide conditioning factors is a critical step in managing landslide hazards and risks. Several models have been made to develop the landslide model in recent years. The Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) model was used in this study to develop a landslide model and to identify the most important landslide conditioning factors. Eight conditioning factors, including elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, lithology, soil series, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), and rainfall, were selected and analyzed using the Geographical Information System (GIS) approach. The multilayer perceptron module and one hidden layer method extracted weighted conditioning factors. The landslide model was validated using the area under the curve (AUC) method. This model validation showed a success rate for training and testing is 0.876, respectively. This study found curvature is the most crucial factor affecting landslide occurrence in the Langat Basin with a 0.213 weight index, followed by rainfall (0.143) and elevation (0.141). Finally, the landslide model can be used as an indicator to identify the most important landslide conditioning factors and assess the relationship between these factors and landslide occurrences.
... Landslides are a natural phenomenon that occur daily and seem to be increasing in number across the globe. The landslide phenomenon as a moving mass of rock, debris, Land 2022, 11, 833 3 of 21 resulting in severe loss of life, loss of homes, and property damage [54][55][56][57][58]. Thereby, the process of returning the area back to normal takes a considerable amount of time. ...
Landslides are a natural hazard that can endanger human life and cause severe environmental damage. A landslide susceptibility map is essential for planning, managing, and preventing landslides occurrences to minimize losses. A variety of techniques are employed to map landslide susceptibility; however, their capability differs depending on the studies. The aim of the research is to produce a landslide susceptibility map for the Langat River Basin in Selangor, Malaysia, using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). A landslide inventory map contained a total of 140 landslide locations which were randomly separated into training and testing with ratio 70:30. Nine landslide conditioning factors were selected as model input, including: elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), distance to road, distance to river, lithology, and rainfall. The area under the curve (AUC) and several statistical measures of analyses (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value) were used to validate the landslide predictive model. The ANN predictive model was considered and achieved very good results on validation assessment, with an AUC value of 0.940 for both training and testing datasets. This study found rainfall to be the most crucial factor affecting landslide occurrence in the Langat River Basin, with a 0.248 weight index, followed by distance to road (0.200) and elevation (0.136). The results showed that the most susceptible area is located in the north-east of the Langat River Basin. This map might be useful for development planning and management to prevent landslide occurrences in Langat River Basin.
... Физичка угроженост се дефинише као степен губитка датог елемента или скупа елемената унутар подручја погођеног опасношћу (Papathoma-Köhle, Gems, Sturm, & Fuchs 2017), односно као ниво оштећења значајних људских и материјалних вредност. Процена физичке угрожености укључује идентификацију главних покретача штете и процену могуће штете на изложеним зградама (Ocal 2019). Социјална димензија угрожености односи се на угроженост људи и показатељи социјалне угрожености се обично односе на социјалне корене угрожености, који обухвату способност сналажења, приступ ресурсима, етничку припадност, уређење домаћинства и изграђено окружење (Chakraborty, Rus, Henstra, Thistlethwaite, & Scott 2020). ...
Полазећи од све учесталијих природних и антропогених ванредних ситуација на подручју Србије, циљ научног истраживања представља научна дескрипција и експликација утицаја демографских, социо-економских и психолошких фактора на перцепцију грађана о нивоу угрожавања безбедности локалних заједница у ванредним ситуацијама изазваним поплавама. Методом случајног узорковања, по принципу снежне грудве, анкетирано је 248 пунолетних грађана на подручју града Београда. Резултати истраживања показују да не постоји статистички значајна повезаност између пола, нивоа образовања испитаника и перцепције о различитим димензијама угрожавања безбедности. Насупрот томе, утврђено је постојање статистички значајне повезаности перцепције угрожавања безбедности локалних заједница са старошћу испитаника. Спроведено истраживање доприноси унапређењу теоријског и емпиријског фонда научног сазнања у области управљања у ванредним ситуацијама. Импликације истраживања су вишеструке и оне омогућавају доносиоцима одлука да осмисле, развију и имплементирају стратегије и кампање усмерене на унапређење безбедности локалних заједница од последица природних ванредних ситуација. Starting from the increasingly frequent natural and anthropogenic emergencies in Serbia, the goal of scientific research is scientific description and explication of the impact of demographic, socio-economic and psychological factors on citizens' perception of the level of endangering the safety of local communities in flood emergencies. About 248 adult citizens in the area of the city of Belgrade were surveyed by the method of random sampling, according to the snowball principle. The results of the research show that there is no statistically significant correlation between gender, the level of education of the respondents and the perception of different dimensions of security threats. In contrast, the existence of a statistically significant correlation between the perception of endangering the safety of local communities and the age of the respondents was established. The conducted research contributes to the improvement of the theoretical and empirical fund of scientific knowledge in the field of emergency management. The implications of the research are multiple and they enable decision-makers to design, develop and implement strategies and campaigns aimed at improving the safety of local communities from the consequences of natural emergencies.
... According to a database of the TABB (Turkey Disaster Information Bank), 6069 flood events occurred between 1900 and 2018. As a result of these flood events, 62,400 buildings were damaged and 507 buildings were demolished (TABB, 2018;Ö cal, 2019). Not only population rapid growth, uncontrolled urbanization plans, with the high-density population but also geological, climate, topographical, geographical characteristics, etc. led to an increase in the occurrence of the disaster in Turkey in recent years (Ercüment Beyhun et al. 2005;Ö zcan 2006;Yüksek et al. 2013;Koç and Thieken 2018;Kocaman et al. 2020). ...
Flood events in the Harşit River Basin, which is located in the Eastern Black Sea Region and actively experienced one of the most flood events in Turkey, were discussed based on drainage basin morphometry using three different methods. In this study, 26 sub-basins over 10 km² are taken into account and flood dynamics of sub-basins are evaluated depending on morphometric properties. The results obtained according to the morphometric parameters are evaluated based on statistical techniques, and the flood priority is determined. A total of 20 different indices were used in this study. The obtained morphometry results were evaluated according to the probability of occurrence of floods according to three different methods including morphometric priority, flood priority according to principal component analysis method and Redvan’s priority ranking method. Each method is evaluated within itself and flood priorities of sub-basins have been determined. With respect to the 26 sub-basins of the Harşit River and according to the morphometric priority method and results obtained from this method, 8 sub-basins have low flood priority, 12 basins have medium flood priority, and 7 basins have high flood priority. By examining the results obtained from the PCA priority method, 11 sub-basins have low flood priority, 6 sub-basins have medium flood priority, while 9 basins have high flood priority. Finally, according to the Redvan’s priority method and its classification, 11 sub-basins are located in the low priority class, 6 sub-basins have medium flood priority. According to this method, the number of sub-basins with high priority is 9. Priorities obtained using three different techniques were checked for accuracy with 6 different statistical parameters based on predicted and inventory datasets. Accordingly, the accuracy value for the RPRM and PCA methods are higher than the MA method. On the other hand, the RPRM method has the highest TN value, which is equal to 7 sub-basins, which shows the correct prediction of sub-basins with the low flood risk. Based on the results, it was seen that the obtained values have a high consistency in basin morphometry. The RPRM, which is a new suggested technique in determining basin flood priority, shows that common basins give very similar results with the results obtained according to morphometry and PCA method. Sub-basins with common flood risk, due to outputs of used methods, were compared with recorded floods map of Turkey.
... Around the world, national and regional organizations are developing technical systems to detect potential natural hazards (Fujita & Shaw, 2019;Guo & Kapucu, 2019;Ocal, 2019) as timely and easily as possible, then pass on such information to citizens and enable them to protect themselves in a timely manner. Many communication tools, such as short message service (SMS), email, radio, TV, and online service, are now accessible for warning distribution (Alias et al., 2020;Aloudat & Michael, 2011;Chen, Zhu, Ni, & Su, 2020;Grasso & Singh, 2011;Mills, Chen, Lee, Sapir, 2012). ...
In different parts of the world, decision-makers and risk managers use specific and particularly complex disaster early warning and alert systems to protect people and their material goods from the harmful effects of various disasters in a timely, efficient and appropriate manner. However, concerning the level of scientific-technological and economic development of certain countries, such systems can differ in the many characteristics that make them more efficient in specific situations. Guided by this, the subject of the paper is reflected in the systematic identification, analysis, and classification of the best innovative solutions of early warning systems in regard to their usability and efficiency. To find appropriate innovative solutions, it was performed a search of different electronic databases. The findings of this review showed that there is a huge potential for innovative solutions in the field of disaster early warning and alert systems.
... Edtel [12]'in belirttiği gibi Amerika kıtasındaki Haiti ise son yirmi yılda afetlerden ötürü ölümlerin en çok yaşandığı ülkedir. 26 [14]. Afet yönetim sistemlerinin etkin kullanımı tüm doğal afetlerden kaynaklanan kayıpları en aza indirmek için oldukça önemlidir. ...
Afet sırasında ve sonrasında bir bölgedeki iletişim sistemlerinin çalışmaya devam etmesi hayati öneme sahip konulardan biridir. Afet ve diğer acil durum zamanlarında telekomünikasyon altyapısında oluşan hasarların tespiti ve tamiri oldukça büyük vakit kaybına neden olabileceği için tercih edilmemektedir. Ayrıca ortaya çıkabilecek hizmet kayıpları da afet bölgesindeki yardım ekiplerinin yaşayabileceği bir durum olmaktadır. Gerek afetlerden önce uyarı sistemlerinin tasarlanması gerekse de afet sürecinde iletişim sürekliliğinin sağlanması çok büyük öneme sahip olmaktadır. Böylece özellikle kaçınılmaz olan doğal afetlerden kaynaklanabilecek zararlar indirgenmiş olmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilen teknik ve bilimsel araştırmalar çok önemlidir. Araştırmaların kapsamında afet uyarı sistemleri, bir afetin etkilemeyeceği iletişim ağları ve alternatif haberleşme sistemleri bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, son yıllarda çeşitli araştırmacılar tarafından yapılan afet ve acil durum yönetim uygulamaları hakkında bir derleme yapılmaktadır. Teknolojik açıdan farklı sistemlerin neler olduğu ve bunların işleyişi açıklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile aynı çatı altına alınan literatür örnekleri özellikle bilgisayar mühendisliği alanındaki gelişmeleri disiplinler arası bir platforma taşımış olmaktadır.
... The negative effects of natural disasters on communities are evident, and an increase in their frequency and intensity is noticeable (Cvetković & Dragicević, 2014;Öcal, 2019;Semenza et al., 2008;Shi, Visschers, & Siegrist, 2015;Yu, Wang, Zhang, Wang, & Wei, 2013). Floods, severe storms, earthquakes, and droughts result in lower mortality rates than socio-political phenomena such as armed conflicts, but still occur more frequently and affect a higher percentage of the population (Hunter, 2005;Fujita & Shaw, 2019). ...
The aim of the research is the examination of the factors influencing the public perception of climate change and its impact on natural disasters. This paper presents the results of quantitative research regarding testing the central hypothesis where education is the predicting variable of public perception of climate change and its impact on natural disasters. A multivariate regression analysis was used, identifying the extent of the total scores of the main dependent variables (perception of vulnerability to climate change, perception of the climate change impact on natural disasters, knowledge and fear scores) were associated with five demographic and socio-economic variables: gender, age, marital status, education level, and employment status. A series of 208 face-to-face interviews were conducted during the beginning of 2020 on the central squares in the selected cities in Serbia, Belgrade (76.92%) and Sremska Mitrovica (23.08%). The results showed that education level was the most effective predictor of the mentioned research variables. Besides, employment status has been found to affect perceptions of vulnerability, while age affects the perceptions of climate change. Based on the obtained results, policies and strategies to improve people's awareness of climate change must take into account a comprehensive understanding of behavioral dispositions.
... Females mentioned more fear across all disaster types in comparison to male (Norris et al. 2002;Paradise 2005;Cvetkovi c et al. 2019). Additionally, it is possible that males are less inclined to express their fears compared to females, especially in some cultures (Baytiyeh and Naja 2015;Baytiyeh and € Ocal 2016;Ocal 2019). However, some previous studies have found that males (Abebe et al. 2010;Ramzan et al. 2015) and elderly respondents are more knowledgeable (Abebe et al. 2010). ...
A new coronavirus emerged in December 2019 and quickly spread globally, causing unprecedented social, psychological, and economic damage. This study aimed to investigate people’s emotional reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic. The dataset for this study consisted of 2,013 adults (962 males and 1,053 females) in four countries (Italy, Lebanon, Portugal, and Serbia). A snowball sampling technique that focused on recruiting the general public living in countries during the COVID-19 epidemic was utilized. An online survey was disseminated at the same time, in March–April 2020, when many countries were exposed to COVID-19. Results indicated that, with regard to gender, females had more psychological reactions to COVID-19 than did males. People who had one child were more stressed than people with no children. Extensive knowledge of COVID-19 was found to trigger more anxiety. Results showed that stress and overall emotional reactions increased with age. The findings can be used to develop psychological interventions to improve mental health and psychological resilience during the COVID-19 epidemic. Keywords: pandemic; stress; anxiety; depression; adult, COVID-19; emotion; disaster; disease.
