Table 3 - uploaded by Constantin Ogloblin
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Earnings Equation Estimates by Gender. a
Source publication
The gender earnings differential in Russia 2000-02 is examined using a nationally representative household survey. Adjusted for hours worked, women's monthly earnings are 62% of men's, and women's long-run effective wage is 69% of men's. While women's higher human capital endowments reduce the gender earnings differential, job segregation by gender...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... earnings equation estimates are reported in Table 3, and the gender wage differential is decomposed in Table 4. 14 The gender differential in time-detrended earnings is 0.454 log points for the earnings received last month and 0.418 log points for the 12-month average monthly wages, which corresponds to the female/male earnings ratios of 63.5% and 65.9% respectively 15 The maximum likelihood estimation of Equation 2 has revealed significant negative selection of both women and men into the no-arrear sector (ρ is negative at the 0.01 level), i.e. workers with lower contractual wages are more likely to receive their wages in full than those with higher contractual wages. This suggests that wage non- payments compress earnings actually received by workers and, since men are more highly paid, mitigate the gender differential measured by the wages received compared to that in contractual wages. ...
Context 2
... the offsetting effect of human capital endowments, occupational, industrial, and firm-type segregation by gender accounts for 76.3% of the gross differential in monthly earnings and 73.0% of the gross differential in the effective long-run wages. As the estimates in Table 3 show, the most highly paid industries are extractive industries, construction, and transportation, which are heavily dominated by men. And the lowest paid industries, such as education and health care, are by large "female" industries. ...
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Citations
... Gender inequality in Russia's labor market was another major area of study during the first decade of Russia's post-Soviet transition (e.g. Gerber & Mayorova, 2006;Newell & Reilly, 2001;Ogloblin, 1999;Semykina & Linz, 2007). In Russia, as in most developed countries, women have exceeded men in average educational attainment for decades, yet men have consistently earned more than women. ...
The collapse of the USSR in late 1991 inspired social science research on levels, patterns, and trends in inequality within Russia, due to theoretical interest in how market transition affects social stratification. The start of the Putin regime in 2000 marked a new era in Russia's post‐Soviet political economic trajectory: in contrast to the 1990s, the economy first took off, then stagnated, while the state rolled back institutions of democracy and civic freedoms. In short, Russia became a consolidated market economy under authoritarian rule. In this context research has continued to produce insights into social stratification. The labor market featured high levels of employment but with downward wage flexibility, modest decreases in earnings inequality, and persistent returns to education, gender wage gaps, and locality‐based differences. Waves of labor migration to Russia, resurgent traditional gender norms, shrinking population, housing inequality, health disparities, and a small contingent of ultra‐rich represent additional noteworthy developments. Although market transition is no longer an intriguing theoretical lens through which to view social stratification in Russia, the topic nonetheless holds broader theoretical interest because inequality became closely intertwined with Russia's political economy, social policies, and geopolitical actions, including those that culminated in Putin's decision to invade Ukraine.
... Restricting women's rights and freedoms has significant economic and social consequences ( Duflo, 2005 ;Sinha et al., 2007 ). For example, limitations on women's labor rights, including gendered employment laws, decreases female labor force participation and entrepreneurship, and increases the gender wage gap ( Htun et al., 2019 ;Islam et al., 2019 ;Malta et al., 2019 ;Amin and Islam, 2015 ;Gonzales et al., 2015 ;Zveglich and Rodgers, 2003 ;Ogloblin, 1999Ogloblin, , 2005. Similarly, increasing women's property rights increases female labor supply ( Hallward-Driemeier and Gajigo, 2015 ;Heath and Tan, 2019 ), raises innovation rates ( Kahn, 1996 ), and alters investment risk preferences ( Koudijs and Salisbury, 2020 ;Koudijs et al., 2021 ). ...
Individualism is associated with an emphasis on personal liberty and self-determination, values that reduce support for patriarchal norms and increase gender equality. Here, we investigate whether individualism affects women's economics rights, a key institutional determinant of the economic opportunities available to women. We provide evidence of an economically and statistically significant association between individualism and the de facto level of women's economic rights. This result is robust to a variety of controls, including per capita income, women's educational attainment, oil production, historical determinants of patriarchal culture, and the quality of legal and political institutions. In addition, we present evidence that this association is causal, drawing on instruments motivated by roles of climate and disease in cultural evolution. Finally, we show that individualism's influence on women's economic rights is magnified in democratic and common law countries, suggesting that democracies and common law systems channel cultural preferences into legal outcomes.
... Restricting women's rights and freedoms has significant economic and social consequences (Duflo 2005;Sinha et al. 2007). For example, limitations on women's labor rights, including gendered employment laws, decreases female labor force participation and entrepreneurship and increases the gender wage gap (Htun et al. 2019;Islam et al. 2019;Malta et al. 2019;Amin and Islam 2015;Gonzales et al. 2015;Zveglich and Rodgers 2003;Ogloblin 1999Ogloblin , 2005. Similarly, increasing women's property rights increases female labor supply (Hallward-Driemeier and Gajigo 2015; Heath and Tan 2019). ...
Individualism is associated with an emphasis on personal liberty and self-determination, values that reduce support for patriarchal values and increase gender equality. Here, we investigate whether individualism affects women's economics rights, a key institutional determinant of the economic opportunities available to women. We provide evidence of an economically and statistically significant association between individualism and the de facto level of women's economic rights. This result is robust to controls for a variety of measures, including per capita income, women's educational attainment, oil production, historical determinants of patriarchal culture, and the quality of legal and political institutions. In addition, we present evidence that this association is causal, drawing on instruments motivated by roles of climate and disease in cultural evolution. Finally, we show that individualism's influence on women's economic rights is magnified in democratic and common law countries, suggesting that democracies and common law systems channel cultural preferences into legal outcomes. JEL Codes: D1, J16, J2, O5, Z1
... Restricting women's rights and freedoms has significant economic and social consequences (Duflo 2005;Sinha et al. 2007). For example, limitations on women's labor rights, including gendered employment laws, decreases female labor force participation and entrepreneurship and increases the gender wage gap (Htun et al. 2019;Islam et al. 2019;Malta et al. 2019;Amin and Islam 2015;Gonzales et al. 2015;Zveglich and Rodgers 2003;Ogloblin 1999Ogloblin , 2005. Similarly, increasing women's property rights increases female labor supply (Hallward-Driemeier and Gajigo 2015; Heath and Tan 2019). ...
... Passed by parliament in 1975, the act mandated equal pay for equal work, which is a lower bar than that established by the ILO. In terms of the issues covered under this particular indicator, the literature has shown that night-work and job restrictions are negatively associated with female employment (see Zveglich and Rodgers 2003, Ogloblin 1999, and Ogloblin 2005. ...
This paper offers for the first time a global picture of gender discrimination by the law as it affects women's economic opportunity and charts the evolution of legal inequalities over five decades. Using the World Bank's newly constructed Women, Business and the Law database, we document large and persistent gender inequalities, especially with regard to pay and treatment of parenthood. We find positive correlations between more equal laws pertaining to women in the workforce and more equal labor market outcomes, such as higher female labor force participation and a smaller wage gap between men and women. (JEL D63, J16, J31, J71, J78, K31, K38)
... Russian family policies, inherited from the communist past, extend maternity, parental leave coverage, and affordable childcare to families with children. Women continue to actively participate in labor force in modern Russia, despite the collapse of communist planned economy, that encouraged female labor participation by sharing childcare responsibilities (Pascall and Manning, 2000;Ogloblin, 2005;Razzu, 2016). Post-communist labor market experiences brought former non-market economies on par with the such socio-economic consequences as the gender wage gap (Waldfogel, 1997;Budig and England, 2001;Correll et al., 2007;Miller, 2011;England et al., 2016). ...
... Newell and Reilly (1996) report that in 1990-1995 the gender wage gap in Russia was about 30%, attributing the gap to gender differences. Ogloblin (2005) calculates that a long-run gender wage gap in Russia is close to 31%. Atencio and Posadas (2015) report that the adjusted gap in hourly wages has fluctuated around 28% since 1994. ...
This study identifies policy shortcomings in the structure of Russian family policies and old-age pension calculations and shows how gaps in coverage contribute to the motherhood penalty in Russia. I first show that shortages in access to affordable childcare contribute to mothers’ involuntary labor market inactivity leading to loss in earnings. I then discuss how childcare breaks are treated in terms of pensionable experience and present simulation of pension outcomes to show the negative impact of long childcare breaks on mothers’ pensions.
... If hours of work are not controlled for, the use of monthly pay measures may result in a higher estimated gap than the use of hourly pay measures because women tend to work fewer hours than men in paid employment (Brainerd, 1998). As many as 13 observations are reported in terms of contractual rather than actual wages, which can introduce bias if wage arrears are present (Gerry et al., 2004;Ogloblin, 2005). ...
... In the context of the FSU countries, the literature has also evaluated the selection bias that stems from ignoring the presence of wage arrears. Gerry et al. (2004) and Ogloblin (2005) account for it in the context of the Russian Federation. They find that ignoring wage arrears resulted in the overestimation of the unexplained portion of the gap by about 9 percentage points. ...
... This was the case because men were more affected by wage arrears in terms of both their incidence and magnitude due to the types of jobs in which they were employed. However, as wage arrears became less common between the mid-1990s and early 2000s, the degree of overestimation decreased and, as a result, arguably so did the unexplained portion of the gap attributed to it in the analysis (Ogloblin, 2005). ...
The goal of this paper is to examine the patterns and movements of the gender pay gaps in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and to place them in the context of advanced economies. We survey over 30 publications and conduct a meta‐analysis of this literature. Gender pay gaps in the region are considerable and above the levels observed in advanced economies. Similar to advanced economies, industrial and occupational segregation widen the gaps in the FSU countries, whereas gender differences in educational attainment tend to shrink them. However, a much higher proportion of the gaps remains unexplained, pointing toward the role of unobserved gender differences related to actual and perceived productivity. Over the last 25 years, the gaps contracted in most FSU countries, primarily due to the reduction in the unexplained portion. Behind the contraction at the mean are different movements in the gap across the pay distribution. Although the glass‐ceiling effect has diminished in some FSU countries, it has persisted in others. We investigate the reasons underlying these findings and argue that the developments in the FSU region shed new light on our understanding of the gender pay gaps.
... On the other hand, tax credits on childcare have been shown to significantly increase maternal labor supply (Averett et al. 1997) as well as spending on children's goods (Fisher 2016). 3 Job restrictions, including inaccessibility to certain jobs (Ogloblin 1999;Ogloblin 2005, for the Russian Federation) and night hour restrictions (Zveglich and Rodgers 2003, for Taiwan), have also been found to be negatively correlated with female employment. The latter are consistent with cross-country evidence provided by Islam et al. (2018), who find that allowing women to work during night hours is positively correlated with the likelihood of women being top managers. ...
... qualification characteristics of a work-force. Tendencies of involvement of women in a labor market differ in different economic systems that defined high employment of women in Russia as a result of existence of centrally operated economy(Ogloblin, C., 2005). It is confirmed by the analysis of concentration of women in the economy branches, presented in tab. 4. ...
To questions of a gender inequality, professional segregation in Russia, unlike world practice, for many years it wasn't paid sufficient attention that caused interest of authors to this problem. As object of research in article the human capital of the territory which analysis is submitted at the state and regional level, a subject – gender aspect as one factors of the human capital development acts. In article on the basis of methods of generalization, comparison, the statistical analysis, an assessment of dynamics ranks, the analysis of the human capital reproduction processes in Russia and the Southern federal district is carried out; the analysis of the human capital development in the Southern Federal District taking into account gender features; assessment of the directions of achievement of gender equality and its influence on social and economic development. By results of the carried-out analysis conclusions were drawn on a remaining gender gap in life expectancy, an education level, the income; about asymmetry on the labor market, being shown in a rupture of an education level of women, their level of economic activity and returns from investments and the reached level of the human capital; about remaining unequal access to economic resources and lack of the adequate gender policy meeting standards of international law, to Conventions of the UNO and other international organizations. It allowed to formulate the directions of an institutionalizing of gender equality as component, a condition and a resource of development of economy.
DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s4p237
... Using data from Rounds 9 through 11 of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, Ogloblin and Brock (2005) found a wage reduction of 19.6 log percentage points for men who were single (p. 334), whereas Ogloblin (2005) found a wage premium of 13.3 log percentage points for married men in one model, and 14.5 log percentage points in another (p. 17). ...
Studies across diverse national contexts reliably show that married men earn more than unmarried men, but the mechanisms responsible for this are still disputed. This article explores the male marriage wage premium from a new perspective, using longitudinal qualitative data from Russia (N = 94). Qualitative research is particularly suited to identifying underlying processes and, by analyzing men's accounts of the influence of their marital trajectories on their work, the authors were able to reexamine existing hypotheses and develop new ones. They propose 4 mechanisms that they hypothesize can influence men's work motivation and performance: premarital planning, 2 distinct “breadwinner” effects using expectancy and self determination theory, and monitoring by wives. They integrate these mechanisms within gender theory, arguing that the treatment aspect of the male marriage wage premium is an outcome of the “coproduction” of masculinity within marriage. Their recontextualization of existing theory also enables them to reveal weaknesses in the specialization hypothesis.
