TABLE 4 - uploaded by Ian Savage
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ABSTRACT This paper contains a cost-benefit analysis of two federal programs,to improve truck safety. One program involves visits by federal inspectors to the operating bases of firms to investigate safety management practices. A rating system is used to determine whether further visits are necessary, and whether enforcement and educational action...
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The distribution of firm size in the trucking industry is highly skewed, with a few firms accounting for a disproportionate share of transport. The distribution is also highly disperse so that firms have no characteristic size. This paper demonstrates that the distribution of firms sizes can be well-approximated by the Zipf distribution. Such a dis...
The distribution of firm size in the trucking industry is highly skewed, with a few firms accounting for a disproportionate share of transport. The distribution is also highly disperse so that firms have no characteristic size. This paper demonstrates that the distribution of firms sizes can be well approximated by the Zipf distribution. Such a dis...
Citations
... Academics have performed motor carrier safety research on myriad topics, to include driver characteristics (i.e., age, career stage ;Campbell 1991;McElroy et al. 1993), drivers' safety attitudes and behaviors (Lueck and Murray 2011;Swartz and Douglas 2009), carrier safety management (Morrow and Crum 2004), safety climate (Huang et al. 2013;Zohar et al. 2014), safety technology adoption (Cantor et al. 2006(Cantor et al. , 2009, and the linkages between regulations (and enforcement) and carrier/driver compliance and safety performance (Chen 2008;Corsi and Fanara 1988;Corsi et al. 2012;Lantz and Loftus 2005;Moses and Savage 1992, 1997Saltzman and Belzer 2002). However, problems with safety compliance will likely continue to exist in the trucking industry (Beilock 1995), and little research has assessed the underlying ethical and decision-making mechanisms that guide truck drivers to operate safely. ...
Accidents involving large trucks result in significant economic and social costs. As technological solutions have improved, behavioral factors contributing to accidents have risen in importance. The purpose of this research is to investigate how norms, consequences, and personal attitudes influence safety-related ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. The Hunt-Vitell theory of ethical decision-making is adapted to test how these factors influence truck drivers' decisions containing ethical content. Professional truck drivers evaluated decisions presented in two scenarios that included the situation, the decision, and the results. The research found that drivers rely heavily on evaluations of safety norms (and not reward/punishment outcomes) when forming ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. Further, drivers' attitudes toward compliance and the effectiveness of safety regulations also influenced decision-making to an extent. Overall, evidence of a refutation of the assumption that a tradeoff exists between operational productivity and safety was discovered. Drivers in this study intended to behave in a certain manner irrespective of time or money pressures. The perceived ethical component of the decision outweighed regulatory and economic consequences under a range of parameters.
... The existing motor-carrier safety literature has explored myriad topics and various factors that infl uence safety, including drivers' personal characteristics, organizational culture/climate, external factors, and the regulatory environment. Academics have commendably performed motor-carrier safety research on numerous related topics, including driver characteristics (i.e., age, career stage [Campbell 1991 ;), driver attitudes and driver safety behaviors (Kim and Yamashita 2007 ;Lueck and Murray 2011 ), carrier safety management (Mejza et al. 2003 ;Mejza and Corsi 1999 ;Morrow and Crum 2004 ), safety climate (Huang et al. 2013 ;Zohar et al. 2014 ), safety technology adoption (Cantor, Corsi, and Grimm 2006 ;, and the linkages between regulations (and enforcement) and carrier/ driver compliance and safety performance (Chen 2008 ;Corsi and Fanara 1988 ;Corsi et al. 2014 ;Lantz and Loftus 2005 ;Moses and Savage 1992 ;1994 ;1997 ;Saltzman and Belzer 2002 ). Until fairly recently, rarely did motor-carrier safety studies use theory as a conceptual foundation (Douglas and Swartz forthcoming; see Swartz and Douglas 2009 ;and Zohar et al. 2014 for exceptions), and even more seldom did they bridge current practice to theory (see Cantor and Terle 2010 for an exception). ...
... The existing motor-carrier safety literature has explored myriad topics and various factors that infl uence safety, including drivers' personal characteristics, organizational culture/climate, external factors, and the regulatory environment. Academics have commendably performed motor-carrier safety research on numerous related topics, including driver characteristics (i.e., age, career stage [Campbell 1991 ;), driver attitudes and driver safety behaviors (Kim and Yamashita 2007 ;Lueck and Murray 2011 ), carrier safety management (Mejza et al. 2003 ;Mejza and Corsi 1999 ;Morrow and Crum 2004 ), safety climate (Huang et al. 2013 ;Zohar et al. 2014 ), safety technology adoption (Cantor, Corsi, and Grimm 2006 ;, and the linkages between regulations (and enforcement) and carrier/ driver compliance and safety performance (Chen 2008 ;Corsi and Fanara 1988 ;Corsi et al. 2014 ;Lantz and Loftus 2005 ;Moses and Savage 1992 ;1994 ;1997 ;Saltzman and Belzer 2002 ). Until fairly recently, rarely did motor-carrier safety studies use theory as a conceptual foundation (Douglas and Swartz forthcoming; see Swartz and Douglas 2009 ;and Zohar et al. 2014 for exceptions), and even more seldom did they bridge current practice to theory (see Cantor and Terle 2010 for an exception). ...
Driver safety is consistently a top concern of motor carrier industry leaders at all levels. Efforts to improve safety performance span a variety of domains, and one key element of the safety problem is the behavior of the commercial motor vehicle operator - the driver of the “big rigs” we share the highways with on a daily basis. The purpose of this paper is to tell the story of an ongoing research program designed to understand safe/unsafe driving in the unique occupational context of the North American commercial motor vehicle driver (i.e., truck driver). As part of a broad, multi-year effort, the investigators immersed themselves in that culture at several motor carriers and were granted unique access to their employees. By allowing the employees (safety professionals and drivers alike) to inform the research direction, overlaid with extant psychosocial behavioral models post hoc, a promising stream of research was developed that led to a more integrated and comprehensive theoretical framework. The framework informs the development of interventions in hiring and training designed to improve driver safety. Recommendations for how this approach can be applied to other domains are provided.
... The study used mostly 'hard' accident costs (e.g., medical costs, lost productive capacity, administrative costs, property damage costs, loss of welfare) and focused solely on the local accident implications; the side effects of professional, social and organisational effects were not included. Under the same concept, Moses and Savage (1997) presented a cost-benefit analysis of the USA motor carrier safety programs, which showed that: ...
... The cost effectiveness of safety (benefits/costs) seems rather impossible to be objectively and realistically assessed as attempted by Gitelman et al. (2008), Moses and Savage (1997), and Marlow et al. (2004). More specifically: ...
Various tools for safety performance measurement have been introduced in order to fulfil the need for safety monitoring in organisations, which is tightly related to their overall performance and achievement of their business goals. Such tools include accident rates, benchmarking, safety culture and climate assessments, cost-effectiveness studies, etc. The current work reviews the most representative methods for safety performance evaluation that have been suggested and applied by a variety of organisations, safety authorities and agencies. This paper discusses several viewpoints of the applicability, feasibility and appropriateness of such tools, based on the viewpoints of managers and safety experts involved in a relevant research that was conducted in a large aviation organisation. The extensive literature cited, the discussion topics, along with the conclusions and recommendations derived, might be considered by any organisation that seeks a realistic safety performance assessment and establishment of effective measurement tools.
... Previous studies have proposed methods to measure the crash reduction impact of FMCSA programs, in particular, the roadside inspection program. A seminal research effort by Moses and Savage ( 1997 ) calculated the benefi ts associated with several major FMCSA safety monitoring programs. For the purposes of this study, we focus on Moses and Savage's approach to calculating the benefi ts associated with the roadside inspection program. ...
... When these factors are considered, the authors note: "Over 1.1 million interstate trucks a year are subjected to 30-minute inspections, and 310,000 are delayed for up to three hours while problems are corrected. Here the benefi ts exceed the costs by 26 percent under the most favorable assumptions regarding the number of accidents avoided, and the costs may exceed the benefi ts for more mid-range assumptions" (Moses and Savage 1997 ). ...
... Each of these violations contains a certain crash risk element, for instance, if the drivers continued on their trips without correcting the underlying causes of the violations, there would be an increased possibility/likelihood of a crash resulting. Thus, the intervention and detection of violations during roadside inspections reduces the likelihood of future crashes (Moses and Savage 1997 ). ...
The sustainability of China's future container port development has become a critical issue, due to the sector's dependence on international trade and the excessive inter-port competition which exists both within China itself and with the ports of neighbouring countries. This paper investigates the potential for utilising domestic feeder shipping services 2 as a new source of sustainable growth for China's container port development. The Gini coefficient is utilised as an indicator for assessing the evolution of throughput over time for the 12 major container ports involved in feeder shipping operations in China. By applying decomposition analysis to a time series of throughput data, the key contributions of feeder shipping services to port development are identified. In addition, structural and spatial concentration effects on corresponding market segment components are computed. Finally, research findings provide evidence that there are potential opportunities for container ports to benefit from burgeoning feeder services carrying domestic trade and engaging in coastal transhipment activities. 2 Domestic feeder shipping services within this paper refer to coastal and river container shipping services which carry both international and domestic trade cargo.
... Previous studies have proposed methods to measure the crash reduction impact of FMCSA programs, in particular, the roadside inspection program. A seminal research effort by Moses and Savage ( 1997 ) calculated the benefi ts associated with several major FMCSA safety monitoring programs. For the purposes of this study, we focus on Moses and Savage's approach to calculating the benefi ts associated with the roadside inspection program. ...
... When these factors are considered, the authors note: "Over 1.1 million interstate trucks a year are subjected to 30-minute inspections, and 310,000 are delayed for up to three hours while problems are corrected. Here the benefi ts exceed the costs by 26 percent under the most favorable assumptions regarding the number of accidents avoided, and the costs may exceed the benefi ts for more mid-range assumptions" (Moses and Savage 1997 ). ...
... Each of these violations contains a certain crash risk element, for instance, if the drivers continued on their trips without correcting the underlying causes of the violations, there would be an increased possibility/likelihood of a crash resulting. Thus, the intervention and detection of violations during roadside inspections reduces the likelihood of future crashes (Moses and Savage 1997 ). ...
The future development of China’s container ports has become a critical issue, due to the sector’s dependence on international trade and the excessive interport competition that exists both within China itself and with the ports of neighboring countries. This article investigates the potential for utilizing domestic feeder shipping services (i.e., coastal and river container shipping services that carry both international and domestic cargoes) as a new source of future long-term growth in China’s container port sector. The Gini coefficient is utilized as an indicator for assessing the evolution of throughput over time for the 12 major container ports involved in feeder shipping operations in China. By applying decomposition analysis to a time series of throughput data, the key contributions of feeder shipping services to port development are identified. In addition, structural and spatial concentration effects on corresponding market segment components are computed. Finally, research findings provide evidence that there are potential opportunities for container ports to benefit from burgeoning feeder services carrying domestic trade and engaging in coastal transshipment activities.
... Few studies have examined how inspectorates address specific industries like semi-conductors, construction and road transport (Moses and Savage, 1997;Auld et al., 2001;Kinoulty and Williams, 2006;Liao and Perng, 2008); smaller enterprises (Bull et al., 2002); or specific hazards such as ergonomic/musculoskeletal disorders and hazardous materials (Kemmlert, 1996;McDiarmid et al., 1996;Pettersson-Stromback et al., 2006). The latter studies -typically based on a small data-set -describe a particular initiative or assess enforcement in relation to a specific program. ...
Legislation giving prominence to psychosocial risk factors at work has changed the role of government occupational health and safety (OHS) inspectors in many countries. Yet little is known about how inspectorates have responded to these changes. Between 2003 and 2007 an Australian study was undertaken on OHS standards, entailing detailed documentary analysis, interviews with 36 inspectorate managers and 89 inspectors, and observations made when researchers accompanied inspectors on 120 typical workplace visits. Our study found that general duty provisions in OHS legislation clearly incorporated psychosocial hazards and inspectorates had introduced guidance material, pursued campaigns and increased interventions in this area. However, the regulatory framework remained narrow (focused on bullying/ harassment, occupational violence and work stress) and workplace visits revealed psychosocial hazards as a marginal area of inspectorate activity. These findings were reinforced in interviews. While aware of psychosocial hazards inspectors often saw the issue as problematic due to limited training, resourcing constraints, deficiencies in regulation and fears of victimisation amongst workers. In order to address these problems a number of changes are required that recognize the distinctiveness of psychosocial hazards including their 'invisibility'. Notable here are revisions to regulation (both general duty provisions and specific codes), the development of comprehensive guidance and assessment tools to be used by inspectors, greater use of procedural enforcement, and enhanced inspectorate resourcing and training. There is also a need to recognize complex inter-linkages between psychosocial hazards and the industrial relations context. Yes Yes
... What has been lacking is a structural framework within which to interpret the safety choices by shippers and trucking firms, and the mechanisms by which safety regulations might affect safety performance, the prices charged by trucking firms and quantities shipped. Papers that have addressed this issue, such as Moses and Savage (1997), have used simplistic assumptions that were not framed in a structural context. ...
This paper models public policies to improve safety within a structural model of the truckload trucking industry. The policies are designed to ameliorate the market failures associated with the myopic ignoring of crash costs by some trucking firms, and institutional constraints that prevent full internalization of the costs of crashes. The paper compares two alternative public policies: (1) levying post-crash fines and making shippers bear secondary liability for damages incurred in crashes, and (2) imposition of a minimum safety standard, in conjunction with a requirement to hold insurance, and assessing penalties for non-compliance with the standard.
... Examples include age and career stage (Campbell, 1991;McElroy et al., 1993), drivers' safety attitudes and intentions (Swartz and Douglas, 2009), and carrier safety management practices (Morrow and Crum, 2004). Researchers have also unveiled some of the linkages between regulations (and enforcement) and carrier/driver compliance and safety performance (Chen, 2008;Corsi and Fanara, 1988;Lantz and Loftus, 2005;Moses and Savage, 1992, 1994, 1997Saltzman and Belzer, 2002). ...
... Perceived reasonableness of the regulations Regulations must be efficacious whereby individuals are able to comply with regulations and maintain some amount of efficiency in their operations. For example, some researchers have been critical of the roadside inspection program, citing its main weakness as the delays the inspections impose on motor carriers and the subsequent reduction in trucking efficiency (Moses and Savage, 1997). Delays could contribute to drivers' non-compliance with HOS regulations. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to develop a measurement scale to assess over‐the‐road commercial motor vehicle operators' attitudes toward safety regulations.
Design/methodology/approach
A literature review of the current USA motor carrier safety literature and general safety literature is conducted to determine the existence of a construct and measurement scale suitable for assessing truck drivers' attitudes toward regulations. As no existing construct is found, a new construct needs to be developed. A rigorous construct development process is conducted to establish the content domain, reliability, and validity of a new construct to measure truck drivers' regulatory attitudes.
Findings
The results of this paper shows a reliable and valid construct to measure truck drivers' perceptions of the general attitude, effectiveness, and enforcement of safety regulations.
Research limitations/implications
This effort is the initial construct development process and use of the construct in theory testing studies is necessary.
Practical implications
The regulatory attitude construct is developed in support of a larger investigation into the behavioral aspects of truck driver safety. The broader study seeks to inform theory and practice as to how the trucking industry's regulatory environment influences truck drivers' safety‐related decisions and behaviors. By identifying the impact of the regulatory environment, safety program managers should be able to direct their educational and training efforts to influence factors that will result in better decisions and safer driving behaviors.
Originality/value
This construct development process marks the first attempt to comprehensively measure truck drivers' attitudes toward safety regulations.
... Finally safety related studies included comparisons of safety performance by commodity (Horrace and Keane 2004), assessing the cost benefit of safety programs (Moses and Savage 1997) and assessing the potential for improved safety processes (Mejza and Corsi 1999). ...
The motor carrier industry represents an important linkage in a variety of industry supply chains and accounts for a substantial level of total logistics cost. This article combines a review of motor carrier research over the past 10 years (1996-2006), with input from executives representing common and specialty carrier services, to identify key areas of interest to guide future motor carrier research.
... According toMoses and Savage (1997), "unsafe" carriers were 31.6 percent more likely to have crashes ...
... The baseline condition was the existing means of identifying violators at ports of entry and roadside inspections without benefit of the automated CVISN system. Baseline safety benefits were based on performance measures from an Office of Motor Carriers (OMC) study [Sienicki 1998] and a cost-benefit analysis by Moses and Savage [Moses and Savage 1997]. ...
The Arizona Department of Transportation's Motor Vehicle Enforcement Services (MVES) conducts interstate commercial vehicle operations and enforcement activities at fixed ports of entry (POEs) along Arizona's interstate and international borders. These POE facilities play an important role in commercial vehicle safety and revenue collection by screening commercial vehicle traffic for compliance with state and federal regulations. POEs provide needed services but lack a clear means of evaluating services relative to the efficiency and effectiveness of enforcement activities. This inability makes it difficult to communicate POEs achievements and identify potential improvements in service quality. Measuring efficiency and effectiveness can help to direct resources for performing MVES functions. To ensure that public funds invested in the Arizona POE program provide a return to taxpayers in the form of increased safety and reduced damage to highways, several measures of performance at MVES commercial ports ar...
