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-ED consumption levels

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Technical Report
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At the end of 2011, a study was commissioned by EFSA to the Consortium Nomisma-Areté, with the objective of gathering consumption data for “energy” drinks (ED) in specific consumer groups (adults, adolescents and children) in EU). The study also aims at estimating, for the different consumer groups, the exposure to specific active ingredients (caff...

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Context 1
... the pre-survey consultation, the rationale and the purpose of the study was introduced by e-mail sent to 41 subjects, as identified in the list of relevant stakeholders agreed with EFSA. Following this preliminary contacts, and according to the stakeholders' availability to cooperate, a total number of 17 interviews (13 phone interviews and 4 based on written contributes) were made between February and May 2012 (table 11). ...
Context 2
... for the post-survey consultation, a selection of the stakeholders already interviewed during the first round of consultations were contacted by email. Written comments were collected by 9 experts on November 2012 (table 11). The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). ...
Context 3
... survey activities were started in February and closed in November 2012. Table 12 below provides the total number of respondents by target group and by MS at the date when the survey was officially closed (12 th November 2012). Additional elaborations by gender (for all the target groups) and by age (only for adults) were made with the aim of investigating potential differences. ...
Context 4
... European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. Tables 14 and 15 provide absolute values of chronic exposure 45 to caffeine for total respondents, ED consumers and high chronic consumers, calculated on the basis of the methodology ( § 2.3.4.1). For adults, chronic exposure to caffeine from ED varied from around 7 mg/day for total respondents to around 48 mg/day for high chronic consumers. ...
Context 5
... the average values in the 16 MS for adult ED consumers, the highest level of chronic exposure to caffeine from ED was around 32 mg/day for Romanian consumers (against a total daily exposure to caffeine of 277 mg) (table 18). Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA (a) Including ED ...
Context 6
... to caffeine from ED ranged from 0,20 mg/kg bw/day for Swedish ED consumers to 0,44 mg/kg bw/day for Romania (table 19). 6,9% ...
Context 7
... the contribution of ED to chronic exposure to taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone, differences between total respondents, ED consumers and high chronic consumers showed to be much higher than those observed for caffeine. Tables 20 and 21 show that average taurine exposure in high chronic consumers resulted to be nearly twice the average value for all consumers, and seven times higher than the average value for total respondents. The relative contribution from ED to the total exposure to taurine resulted to be 82% in ED consumers, picking up to 91% in high chronic consumers. ...
Context 8
... European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. Tables 30 and 31 provide the daily exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED (in mg/day and in mg/kg bw/day) for ED consumers, comparing the 16 MS covered by the survey. ...
Context 9
... regards to ED consumers, acute exposure to caffeine from ED ranged from around 88 mg/single session in Cyprus to around 180 mg/single session for Austrian consumers. At the same time, acute exposure per body weight in a single session ranged from 1,27 mg /kg bw/single session in Cyprus to 2,42 mg/kg bw/single session in Germany (tables 36 and 37). Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for ...

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Citations

... Energy Drinks (EDs) has become one of the most popular beverages worldwide. They are defined as any type of non-alcoholic beverages that contains caffeine as a main ingredient, taurine, vitamins, and other ingredients combination (such as guarana and ginseng, etc.) (Metrology, 2015;Zucconi, 2013). They are marketed as to relieve fatigue and improve mental alertness, in contrast with sports or isotonic drinks which are intended to help athletes rehydrate after exercise (Campbell et al., 2013;Schneider & Benjamin, 2011). ...
... Data from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) showed that the consumption of EDs was 68% among adolescents, 30% among adults and 18% among children (<10 years old) (Zucconi, 2013). O'Brien et al. found that 34% of EDs consumers were aged between 18 to 24 years in the USA (O'Brien, McCoy, Rhodes, Wagoner, & Wolfson, 2008). ...
... A structured and validated questionnaire of 37 questions was created based on a previously validated questionnaire used for gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of EDs by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (Zucconi, 2013). The questionnaire was modified and adapted to our culture and objectives and was administered in both English and Arabic. ...
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... Energy drinks are a relatively new product category on the food market. The first energy drink was launched in Japan in 1960 followed by the appearance of Red Bull on the European market in 1987 ( Zucconi et al., 2013). A unanimous definition is still missing. ...
... Such drink category includes beverages that contain various ingredients, including: caffeine, herbal extracts, B vitamins, amino acids (taurine), amino acid derivatives (carnitine), sugar derivatives (glucuronolactone), and sugars or sweeteners ( Malinauskas et al., 2007;Zuc- coni et al., 2013). Energy drinks may contain from 70 mg to 400 mg/L caffeine ( Zucconi et al., 2013). Energy drinks are most frequently used as energizers, stimulants, and performance enhancers. ...
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... In Spain with a prevalence of 62%, 43% claimed to consume them mixed with alcohol. 7 Health experts express that EDs could mean a potential danger to the health of minors, since they produce cardiovascular and cognitive disorders 3,8 associated with caffeine abuse. The EFSA estimated that the safety limit on caffeine intake in adolescents could be around 3 mg / kg/day. ...
... According to self-report surveys, 30% to 50% of adolescents and young adults consume EDs [1]. In a European study, the biggest ED consumers were young people between 10 and 18 years old (68%), followed by adults over 18 years (30%) and children under 10 years (18%) [2]. ...
... The proportion of adolescents consuming ED (42%) is very close to that found by other researchers in the Pacific [9,20]. Higher values (48-82%) were found in a large survey in Europe [2,21] and lower values in other countries [22][23][24], but comparisons should be made cautiously because of the methodological differences between the studies. In this study, boys were more likely to consume EDs than girls. ...
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Objective Energy drinks are very popular among teenagers but may cause health problems. Energy drink consumption is partly associated with energy drink perception, but little is known about this in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify the relationships between energy drink consumption, energy drink perception, weight status and sociodemographic characteristics in a school-going sample of Pacific adolescents. Design A cross-sectional study carried out in the schools during school hours between July 2015 and April 2016. Setting Sociodemographic characteristics, weight status, energy drink perception, and quantity of energy drinks consumed were obtained. Chi-square tests of independence, independent t tests, multivariate logistic regressions and multiple linear regressions were used. Subjects A representative sample of 678 New Caledonian adolescents (11–16 years). Results We found that one third of New Caledonian adolescents consume energy drinks. Boys are more likely to drink them than girls and Polynesians drink significantly more than European and Melanesian adolescents. Higher energy drink consumption in the New Caledonian adolescents is associated with good or neutral perceptions of the energy drink impact on health. Moreover, sex (being male) significantly influences the total energy drink consumption per week. Energy drink consumers have a tendency toward better perceptions of energy drinks than non-consumers. Conclusions Nutritional education targeting energy drink consumers should take these results into account by providing (community-based) educational programs, especially for adolescents from low socioeconomic backgrounds, boys, or those living in rural areas.