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E levels for (a) Wednesday, (b) Thursday, (c) Friday, (d) Saturday, (e) Sunday, (f) Monday, (g) Tuesday.
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As a result of the dense deployment of wireless devices and base stations, measuring and evaluating the electromagnetic (EM) exposure levels they emit have become important to human health especially if they exceed the limits defined in the standards. Base stations, Wi-Fi equipment and other electronic devices are used heavily, especially in densel...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... order to determine the E levels in the shopping mall, continuous E measurements were conducted 24 h a day for 7 days. The results are given in Figure 2 for each day. Figure 2a shows Figure 2, it can be concluded that the number of active connections to base sta- tions and/or Wi-Fi causes a significant increase in E levels measured. ...
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... results are given in Figure 2 for each day. Figure 2a shows Figure 2, it can be concluded that the number of active connections to base sta- tions and/or Wi-Fi causes a significant increase in E levels measured. Thus, the number of active users may simply be the main factor contributing to higher E levels. ...
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... results are given in Figure 2 for each day. Figure 2a shows Figure 2, it can be concluded that the number of active connections to base sta- tions and/or Wi-Fi causes a significant increase in E levels measured. Thus, the number of active users may simply be the main factor contributing to higher E levels. ...
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... can be also concluded from Figure 2 that mean E levels are significantly higher around the mall's opening hours (10:00-22:00) than around its closing hours (22:00-10:00). The percentage increases of E for each day during hours of operation are tabulated in Table 2. ...
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... Lilliefors test (27,28) was applied to data (given in Figure 2) in order to determine if measurements departure from normality and the results are given in Table 6. It can be concluded from the table that the measurement data does not follow normal distri- bution, as the test statistic is greater than the critical value and the p-value is 0.000 for each day at a 5% significance level. ...
Citations
... Since these systems are widely used in homes, offices, shopping malls, airports, cafes, and public transportation systems, people's exposure to the electromagnetic field is increasing. And, since we will not stop using these devices in our daily lives, it is very important to accurately measure and evaluate the electromagnetic field levels in the environment (Engiz and Kurnaz 2017). ...
It is important to periodically measure, analyze, and map electromagnetic radiation levels due to potential risks. This study aims to draw attention to new electromagnetic pollution caused by radio frequencies and extremely low frequencies. For this reason, electric field and magnetic field measurements were carried out in the 1-Hz–400-kHz frequency band in a shopping mall, where electronic devices cause low-frequency electromagnetic radiation intensively. The measurements were performed with the EHP-50F device for 24 h a day for a week. The measurements were made at 10 points in the shopping mall, and the measurement results were evaluated over five different sectors: electronics, clothing and accessories (male–female), personal care and cosmetics, supermarket, and the playland for children. Magnetic maps of each sector were produced. In addition, the specific absorption rates (SAR) of male and female customers in these workplaces were determined. This is the first study carried out to find SAR caused by low-frequency radiation. Although the safe limit value of SAR for the whole body is 0.08 W/kg, the SAR values calculated in the playland and electronics sectors were obtained to be 0.763 and 0.39 W/kg, respectively. Results clearly demonstrate how especially small children are exposed to danger in the long term.
... Samsun'da bulunan bir alışveriş merkezinde bir hafta boyunca RF-EMA ölçümleri alınarak, değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Değerlendirmelerde uzun süreli RF-EMA verisinin normal dağılımlı olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır [9]. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Kurupelit kampüsünde iki yıl süresince kısa ve uzun süreli RF-EMA ölçümleri yapılarak RF-EMA'nın zamansal değişimi incelenmiştir [10]. ...
Highlights: Graphical/Tabular Abstract Determination of the radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure in the home environment. Examination of statistical changes of long-term RF-EMF values. Proposal of a mathematical expression to determine the change of RF-EMF during a day The increase in the demand of the cellular system users for their services requiring high data rates, and the fact that each base station can serve a limited geographical region causes the number of base stations to increase. Each base station is an EMF source and the increase in base stations also increases the levels of exposed EMF. Measuring EMF levels from base stations and checking their compliance with limit values are of great importance for human health. Therefore, in this study, RF-EMF levels exposed for 24 hours were recorded in 40 different home environments that are in line of sight with the base stations and detailed analyses were performed. Figure A. Actual and estimated data intervals of one day RF-EMF's Purpose: To investigate of the change of RF-EMF exposed in the home environment during a day and which method can be best expressed the distribution of RF-EMF. Unlike the studies in the literature, to propose a new mathematical model which gives the change of RF-EMF during a day. Theory and Methods: In this study, 24-hour RF-EMF measurements were carried out in a total of 40 different locations in Ordu city center between 2017 and 2018 in the frequency range of 100 kHz to 3GHz in order to analyse and define a model the change of RF-EMA value in the home environment. Long-term RF-EMF measurements were conducted with PMM-8053 EMF meter, while band selective RF-EMF measurements were conducted with SRM-3006 EMF meter to determine the main sources of RF-EMF in the environment. Results: The highest RF-EMF value was recorded as 17.31 V/m and the average of 24-hour RF-EMF measurements was 14.16 V/m. The analysis results show that the measured RF-EMF values were below the limit values set by ICNIRP and BTK. It seen from the results that the RF-EMF level varies according to the measurement time, and the RF-EMF value measured at noon hours is approximately 32% higher than night hours. Additionally, long-term RF-EMF data measured in home environment can be best expressed by Burr distribution. Conclusion: A novel mathematical model is proposed which gives the change of RF-EMF during a day. With the proposed model, the change of RF-EMF over 24 hours can be estimated with accuracy of up to 95% using the 6-hour average and standard deviation values of RF-EMF during a day.
... RF-EMF exposure levels from wireless technologies were assessed at 311 locations, 68 indoor and 243 outdoor, spread over 35 areas in three European countries (Joseph et al. 2012). Long-term RF-EMF measurements were performed at a shopping mall in Turkey for 24 h a day and for the duration of 1 week (Engiz and Kurnaz 2017). RF-EMF exposure levels were measured in dense urban, urban, and suburban areas each day for 7 consecutive days in Diyarbakır, Turkey (Cansız et al. 2018). ...
In this study, radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) measurements were carried out between 2016 and 2018 in one the largest provinces of Turkey; measurement results are compared with the limit values determined by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and Turkey’s Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA). In the first stage of a three-phase evaluation, short-term RF-EMF measurements were conducted in 500 locations over a 2-year period. In the second stage, short-term RF-EMF measurement results were analyzed to determine selected locations for long-term RF-EMF measurements to be carried out, including variation of RF-EMF during the day. In the last stage, band selective measurements were taken and the main sources of RF-EMF in the environment were determined. Overall, RF-EMF values do not exceed the limits determined by ICNIRP and ICTA, and they are below levels that threaten public health. In the short-term RF-EMF measurements, RF-EMF levels doubled after fourth generation (4G) systems were introduced. In the long-term RF-EMF measurements, RF-EMF values in the day are 35.4% more than at night. The total measured RF-EMF within the city center is 99.3% base station sourced. Among the six main RF-EMF sources, the devices operating in UMTS2100 band have the most contribution to total RF-EMF of medium with 31.2%. Additionally, we found short-term average electric field strength data are best described by the “exponential distribution,” while long-term RF-EMF measurement data is best described by the “Burr distribution.”
... As a consequence of the intensive deployment of wireless devices and base stations, the measurement and assessment of exposure to the electromagnetic radiation they emit have become important in terms of human health, especially when it exceeds the limits specified in the standards. Base stations, Wi-Fi equipment and other electronic devices are intensively used in crowded places such as shopping malls in particular [16]. Based on the literature about stress in general, researchers have conducted studies designed to reveal the relationships between the work environment and health outcomes [17]. ...
... and in terms of psychological complaints (p=.0122>.050). [5,16,18] have concluded at the end of their studies, in which they measured the electric field strength levels at various shopping malls in Turkey, the measured E levels are below ICNRP and ICTA limits. In this study, 79.3% of those working at shopping malls stated that electromagnetic radiation does not impact their work performance, 72.4% stated that they do not have any health concerns due to electromagnetic radiation, and 64.4% stated that they did not have any chronic disorder after they started to work at the shopping mall, and the findings obtained supported the conclusions of other studies. ...
In the period referred to as the digital era, technological products dominate almost all facets of human life. While technology facilitates human life on one hand, it threatens health with electromagnetic radiation on the other. This study investigate the effects of electromagnetic radiation on health complaints and psychological anxiety and, accordingly, shopping malls were selected as areas of application because the electromagnetic radiation is high at such venues. In this study, the health and psychological complaints of employees working at shopping malls where the electromagnetic radiation is considered to be relatively high and of employees working in similar sectors outside of shopping malls were measured and comparatively analysed. The study sample is composed of 347 employees in total, 174 of whom are employed at shopping malls in Adana province, and 173 employed in stores located outside of shopping malls. It is seen that there is no statistically significant difference between the employees working inside and outside of the shopping malls in terms of health complaints (= .945 > .050) and psychological complaints (= .122 > .050). But the scale points related to the health complaints of those working at shopping malls is slightly higher. The models set up in relation to the effect of the number of years worked by employees working at shopping malls on "psychological complaints" and "health complaints" were found statistically significant (= 8.234; = 4.174; < .05). It is important to make measurements in shopping malls and to increase the practices to prevent personnel from having health and psychological problems.
... In addition to this intense pace of work to maintain competitive advantage, it is possible to list the base stations, Wi-Fi connections and electromagnetic radiation emitted by technological devices as negative effects experienced by the employees of shopping centers. Engiz and Kurnaz (2016), in their study which was conducted at one of the greatest shopping malls of Turkey, observed that each month one million people visit the mall and especially on weekends the number of visitors may reach 100,000 due to the events on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. They observed that there are numerous cell towers on the roof of and around the shopping mall and many Wi-Fi access points were set within the mall. ...
... Many studies have been done on measuring electric field intensity bearing in mind the hardware that causes electromagnetic field such as cell towers in various environments, Wi-Fi connection points and smart technology applications, some of them are conducted by Engiz and Kurnaz (2016), Gürğan and Seyfi (2018), Engiz (2018), Moreira, Infante and Gilart (2018), Tang, Chao et al. (2019). In these studies, they measured electromagnetic field intensity at shopping malls and other living areas. ...
This paper aims to determine the levels of work-related stress and job satisfaction of shopping mall employees, bearing in mind the perception that shopping malls have busy work schedule and high electromagnetic pollution. 174 staff members employed at shopping malls in Turkey's Adana city were selected using convenience sampling method and included in the sample of the study. A survey including demographic questions along with the Organizational Stress Questionnaire-D (VOS-D) was conducted with these participants. Whether the sub-dimensions directed at determining the work-related stress and job satisfaction levels of the employees are statistically related to the socio-demographic qualities such as gender, age, education level, income level are analyzed using statistical tests. When the correlations between the sub-dimensions of the scale were examined, it was seen that there was a positive correlation between the overload dimension and task conflict and future uncertainty. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation between a lack of belief in the necessity of the work and a lack of job satisfaction. This paper helps to raise awareness of individuals on electromagnetic radiation in their environment in the shopping malls, where the work schedule is considered to be busy and the electromagnetic pollution is high. ÖZ: Bu çalışmada iş yoğunluğu ve elektromanyetik kirliliğin fazla olduğu algısı olan alışveriş merkezlerinde çalışanların iş stresi ve iş doyumu düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda Adana ilinde bulunan alışveriş merkezleri içerisinde çalışan 174 personel kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilerek çalışmanın örneklemine dâhil edilmiştir. Çalışmaya katılan bu kişilere Organizational Stress Questionnaire-D (VOS-D) ile birlikte demografik soruların da yer aldığı bir anket formu uygulanmıştır. Çalışanların iş stresi ve iş doyumu düzeylerinin belirlenmesine yönelik alt boyutların cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim düzeyi, gelir seviyesi vb. sosyo-demografik özelliklere göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık teşkil edip etmediği uygun istatistiksel testlerle analiz edilmiştir. Ölçeğin alt boyutları arasındaki korelasyonlara bakıldığında, aşırı iş yükü boyutu ile görev çatışması ve gelecek belirsizliği arasında pozitif yönde bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca işin gerekliliğine inanma eksikliği ile iş doyum eksikliği arasında da pozitif yönde bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Bu makale, çalışma şartlarının yoğun olduğu ve elektromanyetik kirliliğin yüksek olduğu alışveriş merkezlerinde çalışan bireylerin çevrelerindeki elektromanyetik radyasyon konusunda farkındalıklarının artmasına yardımcı olmaktadır.
... Exposure of electromagnetic measurement in the GSM band studies is performed in regions where the population density is excessive. The mapping in the measured region is carried out and the results are compared with the international standards, determinations to determine the regions which have a negative effect on human health [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. ...
... In addition, there are many studies about Wi-Fi EMF measurements (25)(26)(27)(28) . Additionally, there have also been other studies on long-term EMF measurements and evaluations (29)(30)(31) . ...
In this study, in order to evaluate the exposed radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) levels, and to control their compliance with the limits determined by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), extensive short-term/band-selective and long-term RF-EMF measurements were conducted at 92 primary and secondary schools in the Ilkadım district of Samsun/Turkey. The measurements were performed once each in May, June, October and December in 2016, using the PMM-8053 EMF meter. It was seen from the measurement results that the maximum average electric field strength (Eavg) was recorded, 2.34 V/m, in October, when students were at school. It was concluded from the measurement results that the measured Eavg levels recorded at 92 schools were below the limits determined by ICNIRP. According to the band-selective measurement results performed using a Narda SRM-3006 EMF meter, the five main electric field strength (E) sources that had the most contribution in total E were LTE800, GSM900, GSM1800, UMTS2100 and WLAN services. With the use of these main E sources, an empirical model was then proposed that helps to determine the total E with 99.6% accuracy. It was also concluded from the long-term broadband measurement result that the number of active users affected the total E in the medium directly, and that the measured E levels were significantly higher in daytime than those of recorded in night-time. In the final stage of the study, all measurement results were transferred on scaled color maps. The use of these maps helped to determine and maintain control on the levels of RF-EMF exposure at schools using, or intending to install, such systems, and also to take measures for future precautions.
... In case of 1 S / m conductivity for 900 MHz, SAR value was found to fall below 1.08W / kg to 0.2W / kg [9]. The cellular phone service providers in Turkey, which are Turkcell and Vodafone operating at 900 MHz and Turk Telekom operating at 1800 MHz, have two different frequencies [10][11][12][13][14][15]. These frequency of electromagnetic wave affects human body varies according to frequency; cellular phones used at 900 MHz have more effect on body than at 1800 MHz. ...
Cellular phones are playing an important role in technological devices in today's world. People start to use cellular phones at early ages. Even kids have their own cellular phones as a precaution for their security. However, researches evaluating long term use of cellular phones on safety of humans in respect of radiation emitted from cellular phones have not completed yet. Until these researches are concluded, users of cellular phones should be prudent not to be much exposed to its radiation. In this context, there are some advices from experts to minimize radiation exposure level of cellular phone such as using headset while speaking, sending SMS instead of speaking if it is possible, and turning it off while sleeping at night. In this study, it is aimed to show the effect of staying cellular phone in standby mode on radiation exposure level sleeping in bedroom at night. For this purpose, some measurements were carried out with Narda EMR-300 radiation meter which has a capability of measuring total electromagnetic radiation level from 100 kHz to 3 GHz frequency. Recorded values are compared with national and international limit values determined by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).
... Many electrical devices, which make life easier and are used for our daily needs, increase the electromagnetic field radiation where we are in [2]. Thus, many researches focused on measurements of the electromagnetic radiation levels [3][4][5][6][7][8]. ...
Along with development of electronics and software technology, amount of electromagnetic (EM) radiation, which expose to people, has significantly risen. For people who uses or do not use technology, it is of great importance that they should have enough information about EM radiation exposing them. So, not only EM radiation is described, but also effects of EM radiation sources are researched in this study. EM radiation is mainly divided into two parts as ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Technologies which we mostly use in daily life and whose radiation we are exposed to are chiefly telecommunication systems. EM radiation emitted by these systems is non-ionizing type due to their low energy levels. However, exposure of ionizing EM radiation is almost not present and its exposure is personally arisen at only special situations. As examples for this type of EM radiation, medical radiography and security screening systems using x-ray may be said. In this context, each person needs to be informed about these topics and cautious for human health. In respect of health of next generation, definition, types and sources of EM radiation have great importance to be learnt.
... Sagar have conducted radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) measurements by walking through 51 different outdoor microenvironments from 20 different municipalities in Switzerland (Sagar et al., 2016). Long-term electromagnetic field measurement and assessment for a shopping mall were studied by Engiz (Engiz and Kurnaz, 2017). Long term variations measurement of electromagnetic field exposures in Alcalá de Henares (Spain) were studied by Sánchez-Montero (Sánchez-Montero et al., 2017). ...
... Long term variations measurement of electromagnetic field exposures in Alcalá de Henares (Spain) were studied by Sánchez-Montero (Sánchez-Montero et al., 2017). Result showed that the main contribution to the environmental exposure is from mobile terminal use (37.5%) (Bolte and Eikelboom, 2012), the highest mean exposure depends on the activities taking place in high human density areas (Bolte and Eikelboom, 2012;Engiz and Kurnaz, 2017); electromagnetic environmental surveys using a portable device yields highly repeatable measurements (Urbinello et al., 2014;Sagar et al., 2016); in the city areas where the population density has remained unaltered, lower exposure levels have been measured, conversely, new urban and industrial developments have demanded new resources, which have possibly contributed to the observed increase in the measured electric field levels within these areas (Sánchez-Montero et al., 2017). ...
The electromagnetic environment (EME) in cities is becoming increasingly complex, and the resulting potential health hazards have attracted widespread attention. Large-scale field observations and monitoring of electromagnetic fields were performed in Xiamen Island over the past six years. The results show that the integrated electric field intensity in Xiamen Island ranged from 0.32 V/m to 1.70 V/m, while the integrated magnetic flux density ranged from 0.11 μT to 0.50 μT; where more electric power facilities and electronic equipment are present in the island, the electric and magnetic field strengths are higher; the radiation power of 2nd Generation mobile communication (2G) is higher than that of 3rd Generation mobile communication (3G) and 4th Generation mobile communication (4G), the coverage of the 3G signal was more uniform than the others and the 4G communication signal's coverage is still developing. The relationship between the EME characteristics and urban functions has been analyzed in this study. Results showed that electric field intensity had no correlation with urban functional areas, magnetic flux density had a positive correlation with residential area (q = 0.29); 2G and 4G radiation power are positively related to the educational (Edu) function area (960 MHz q = 0.22, 1.8 GHz q = 0.47, 2.61 GHz q = 0.28); there was a positive relationship between 2G (1.8 GHz) radiation power and residential area (q = 0.2). We concluded that there is a strong link between the Xiamen Island's EME and the distribution of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) sources, the denser and wider distributed EMR sources lead to a more complicated urban EME.
