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Ehretia cymosa Thon. (Family Boraginaceae) is a shrub used by inhabitants of several communities in Ghana to treat diabetes mellitus and treatment of diarrhoea in indigenous poultry species including Guinea fowls (Numida meleagris). In this study, the antihyperglycaemic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Ehretia cymosa was investigated. A...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... whole plant material of E. cymosa (Fig 1) was collected in August, 2014 from Tsawula in the Volta region of Ghana. Mr. E. A. Blagoghi, a botanist at Centre for Plant Medicine Research (CPMR) assisted in the identification of the plant. ...
Context 2
... properties of antihyperglycaemic agents are desirable since it will prevent the occurrence of infections or treat opportunistic infections that may occur as a result of hyperglycaemia in humans. A dose dependent DPPH radical scavenging effect was observed with increasing drug concentration (Fig 1). The IC50 value of the extract in the DPPH assay, showed the similar antioxidant ability of the test extract to that of BHT but 15 times less than Ascorbic Acid (Fig 1). ...
Context 3
... dose dependent DPPH radical scavenging effect was observed with increasing drug concentration (Fig 1). The IC50 value of the extract in the DPPH assay, showed the similar antioxidant ability of the test extract to that of BHT but 15 times less than Ascorbic Acid (Fig 1). Polyphenols such as flavonoids are recognized for their antioxidant properties by scavenging for superoxide radicals [25] . ...
Citations
... Irrespective of the dosage, the extract substantially decreased the fasting blood glucose level and equally reduced the amount of glucose absorbed by the rat intestinal sacs. The findings validate the conventional application of E. cymosa extract as a pharmaceutical treatment for diabetes in susceptible mice (Sarkodie et al., 2015). Phenolic compounds from E. macrophylla fruit exhibited effective hypoglycemic activity by inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase, increasing glucose consumption and glycogen accumulation, and reducing G6Pase and PEPCK activity. ...
... The ethanol extract of E. acuminata leaves exhibited the most extensive ZOI (12-18 mm) against various food poisoning bacteria (Shukla et al., 2021). The agar diffusion assay revealed that the 70% ethanolic fraction of the entire plant of E. cymosa inhibited P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. aureus (Sarkodie et al., 2015). The extract exhibited inhibitory effect against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. aureus (Sarkodie et al., 2015). ...
... The agar diffusion assay revealed that the 70% ethanolic fraction of the entire plant of E. cymosa inhibited P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. aureus (Sarkodie et al., 2015). The extract exhibited inhibitory effect against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. aureus (Sarkodie et al., 2015). The methanolic extract of E. serrata leaves exhibited a substantial antibacterial zone (7 mm) at a dosage level of 1,000 μg/mL, in contrast to the reference drug's (31.5 mm). ...
Background
The Ehretia genus, comprising 66 species in the Boraginaceae family, has a history of ethnomedicinal use for various ailments. This review focuses on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, clinical studies, cultivation, and commercial potential of the Ehretia genus, with the goal of enhancing current research and applications.
Methods
Literatures related to Ehretia species were compiled using keywords such as “Ehretia,” “traditional use,” “chemical constituents,” and “bioactivity” from scientific databases, including “China Knowledge Resource Integrated Databases (CNKI),” “Flora of China,” “Google Scholar,” “Hunan Library,” “Plants of the World Online,” and “Web of Science” and so on.
Results
From 1980 to August 2024, only 101 compounds have been identified within this genus, primarily consisting of flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics, benzoquinones, triterpenoids, and fatty acids, with phenylpropanoids being the main components. Extracts and compounds from Ehretia species exhibited various bioactivities, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer effects, etc.
Conclusion
Research on the Ehretia genus is limited, with many species remaining underexamined in terms of phytochemistry and pharmacology. Few active compounds have been isolated and assessed for biological activities, and there is a lack of investigation into their mechanisms of action. Despite its documented uses, Ehretia species remains less explored scientifically than other Boraginaceae genera, presenting significant research opportunities. Further comprehensive studies are necessary to deepen our understanding of this diverse genus and validate its therapeutic potential.
... The presence of phytosterols, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenes in the leaf extract may be the reason for the antioxidant activity that has been noted. [37,38]. ...
The utilization of medicinal plants has played a crucial role in the development of effective therapeutic medicines. P. daemia, a plant species rich in diverse phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and terpenoids, has garnered significant attention in the field of natural medicine. These secondary metabolites have demonstrated potential in the treatment of various chronic disorders, including cancer, arthritis, and diabetes. Moreover, they exhibit noteworthy pharmacological actions such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial effects. Several studies have highlighted the anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory effects of alcoholic extracts of P. daemia, while methanolic and aqueous extracts have shown promising results in reducing paw edema and inflammation in animal models. Notably, the ethyl acetate extract has exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats. Furthermore, the ethanol extract and its steroidal fraction have demonstrated excellent anti-ulcer properties in a dose-dependent manner. These findings underscore the potential therapeutic applications of P. daemia in managing various health conditions. Overall, this review consolidates the existing knowledge on the pharmacological and phytochemical properties of P. daemia, highlighting its potential as a source of natural medicinal products. The comprehensive understanding of the bioactive compounds present in P. daemia opens avenues for further research and exploration in drug development and treatment strategies for chronic disorders.
... Recent reports have revealed that the bacterial resistance against the antibiotics has become a serious health issue, posing a global risk [58]. Te lack of development of new drugs for the bacteria-caused diseases, features of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and misusing antibiotics enable the bacteria to be resistant to the drug [59][60][61]. It is estimated that by 2050, antibiotic resistance will have caused approximately 300 million deaths, with an economic loss of $100 trillion, and according to the World Health Organization (WHO) report, antibiotic resistance is one of the major health problems of the century. ...
... In normal cellular respiration under both physiological and pathological conditions, mitochondria produce ROS such as superoxide (O •− 2 ), singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Natural antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) found in the human body are known to scavenge ROS molecules to prevent the adverse efects on health [61,66,67]. However, the overproduction of ROS molecules induces oxidative stress. ...
Investigating and synthesizing potent antibacterial NPs using biological methods is highly preferred, and it involves nontoxic, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly chemicals and methods. Antibiotic drug resistance and oxidative stress have become a serious public health issue worldwide. Hence, the key objective of this study was to biologically synthesize and characterize the potent antibacterial Co3O4@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles for the antibacterial application. The radical scavenging ability of green synthesized Co3O4@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles was also determined. In this study, Co3O4@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles (CZCS NPs) have been synthesized using three different core to shell materials ratios of Co3O4 to ZnO (0.5 : 0.25 CZCS (1), 0.5 : 0.5 CZCS (2), and 0.5 : 0.75 M CZCS (3)) by employing Datura stramonium leaf extract. The polycrystalline nature of Co3O4@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles was investigated using the XRD and SAED characterization techniques. The investigated nanostructure of Co3O4@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles appeared with Co3O4 as the core and ZnO as an outer shell. Additionally, a variety of physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were determined using various characterization techniques. The average crystallite sizes of CZCS (1), CZCS (2), and CZCS (3) were found to be 24 ± 1.4 , 22 ± 1.5 , and 25 ± 1.5 nm, respectively. The band gap energy values for CZCS (1), CZCS (2), and CZCS (3) determined from the UV-DRS data were found to be 2.75, 2.76, and 2.73 eV, respectively. The high inhibition activities against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa bacterial strains were obtained for the small size CZCS (2) nanoparticles at the concentration of 100 mg/mL with 22 ± 0.34, 19 ± 0 . 32 , 18 ± 0.45 , and 17 ± 0 .32 mm values, respectively. The high inhibition performance of CZCS (2) nanoparticles against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria which is even above the control drug ampicillin is because of its small size and synergistic effect. The percentage scavenging activity of Co3O4@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles was also studied and CZCS (2) nanoparticles showed a good scavenging capacity (86.87%) at 500 μg/mL with IC50 of 209.26 μg/mL.
... Te leaves and other parts of the plant have been reported to be used traditionally for the treatment of measles, diarrhea, epilepsy, convulsions, spasm, venereal diseases, dry cough, respiratory infections, asthma, malaria, tonsils, mental problems, typhoid, wounds, and aphrodisiac [19][20][21][22][23]. Pharmacological studies of the crude extracts or individual compounds from E. cymosa confrmed antioxidant, antiinfammatory, antiallergic, antibacterial, and antitubercular activities, as well as antisnake venom property [24]. Te antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of the plant on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was reported by Sarkodie et al. [25]. ...
... Te hypothesis that guides the study is how to explore natural products in developing an efcient and efective antibacterial drug delivery product that will prevent the development of antibacterial drug resistance. [25] was adapted. Tree diferent concentrations of sterile solutions of the plant extract were prepared (10, 15 and 20 mg/mL) using water and methanol, respectively. ...
... Te test samples, namely, ACO1, ACO2, and ACO3 represented 1%, 1.5%, and 2% aqueous crude extract ointment, respectively; MCO1, MCO2, and MCO3 represented 1%, 1.5%, and 2% methanol crude extract ointment, respectively; ASO1, ASO2, and ASO3 represented 1%, 1.5%, and 2% aqueous SNPs ointment, respectively, and MSO1, MSO2, and MSO3 represented 1%, 1.5%, and 2% methanol SNP ointment, respectively; Cipro represented 1% ciprofoxacin (positive control) tested against E. coli and S. aureus typed/clinical samples. Microorganism culture was prepared as stated in Section 2.5, and the antibacterial activity of the formulations was determined using the method described by Sarkodie et al. [25]. ...
Objectives. The use of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of infections has been on for several decades but not without some challenges such as resistance. Research on natural products is on-going to mitigate this challenge. The aim of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (SNPs) with aqueous and methanol extract of Ehretia cymosa leaf and to explore its antibacterial potentials in semisolid dosage delivery system as topical antibacterial cream and ointment. Methods. E. cymosa leaf was extracted by macerating in distilled water and methanol. The extracts were used to synthesize SNPs. SNPs were characterized and confirmed by visual observation, UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, atomic absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. SNPs were used to formulate cream and ointment, and the antibacterial activity of the formulations was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Results. Absorption band was observed at 450 nm for aqueous extract SNPs and 420 nm for methanol extract SNPs due to surface plasmon resonance. SNPs were agglomerated with the irregular size of 55 nm and 90 nm. The formulations had acceptable physicochemical properties with good drug-excipient compatibility. The antibacterial activity of cream formulations had a significantly ( p < 0.0001 ) higher antibacterial activity compared to ointment formulations. Both formulations with SNPs had higher antibacterial activity than ciprofloxacin. Conclusion. Cream and ointment formulations loaded with green synthesized E. cymosa leaf extract SNPs present a potential for a more efficient and effective antibacterial drug delivery to ameliorate the impact of antibacterial drug resistance.
... Mekanisme kerja ini hampir sama dengan obat anti diabetes metformin. Senyawa ini juga memiliki kemampuan ameliorasi luka pada pancreas yang disebabkan hiperglikemia, dengan mencegah terjadinya ROS (Sarkodie, et al., 2015;Adjei, et al., 2022). Penelitian menggunakan ekstrak Moringa oleifera yang mengandung flavonoid telah terbukti mampu menurunkan kadar glukosa darah sebesar 53.19%. ...
... Alkaloid dalam sistem pencernaan akan mengurangi jumlah glukosa yang diabsorbsi oleh intestinal. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan reduksi dalam gula darah puasa (Sarkodie, et al., 2015). Beberapa jenis alkaloid pada tanaman obat memiliki beberapa aktivitas terkaid antidiabetes seperti menghambat enzim digestif, menghambat aldosa reduktase dan protein tirosin fosfatase serta meningkatkan sekresi insulin (Behl, et al., 2022). ...
Hyperglycemia is a marker of diabetes mellitus which is generally caused by damaged pancreatic ? cells which interferes with insulin secretion, causing the amount of blood glucose in the body to be uncontrolled. Marsilea crenata is known to contain several phytochemical compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids and steroids which have a positive effect on treating metabolic disorders. This study aims to determine the effect of Marsilea crenata cooking water on blood glucose levels in Mus musculus. The method used to check blood glucose levels is the POCT method. The results obtained in this study indicate that there is a difference in the average blood glucose examination in the treatment group and the control group. The average blood glucose before treatment was found to be 186.1 mg/dl, while measurements at the 4th and 7th hours after therapy with Marsilea crenata boiled water showed results of 166 mg/dl and 155.2 mg/dl. Statistical tests indicated that there was a significant difference or the effect of giving Marsilea crenata boiled water on decreasing blood glucose levels. Keywords : Marsilea crenata, Mus musculus, Blood glucose level, Hyperglycemia
... The leaves are oval shaped, while the fruits are black, ovoid to globose drupe of 2-6 mm long. 21 It is an indigenous plant widely distributed in various parts of Ethiopia where it is locally called "Game" in Amharic and "Hulaga, Ulaga, Garmi" in Afan Oromo. Experimental studies revealed that different extracts and solvent fractions of E. cymosa have a number of activities, including antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antidiarrhea, for skin wounds, for paralysis, antiepileptic and antimicrobial. ...
... Experimental studies revealed that different extracts and solvent fractions of E. cymosa have a number of activities, including antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antidiarrhea, for skin wounds, for paralysis, antiepileptic and antimicrobial. 21,22 Ethnobotanical survey in different parts of Ethiopia indicated that E. cymosa is used in rheumatism, 23 headache, 24 and febrile illness (mich). 25 Even though the leaves of E. cymosa were claimed for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities by traditional practitioners, as far as our knowledge no research has been done on the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant. ...
Background
Ethnobotanical studies in various districts of Ethiopia reported that Ehretia cymosa (E. cymosa) is used for the management of headache, abdominal pain, arthritis and rheumatism. However, there is no scientific investigation done so far to confirm these traditional claims. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the 80% methanol extract and fractions of E. cymosa leaves.
Methods
The dried and pulverized leaves of E. cymosa were soaked with 80% methanol to obtain a crude extract. Fractionation was done using chloroform, ethyl acetate and water by a soxhlet apparatus. The analgesic effects of the crude extract and solvent fractions were assessed using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests whereas anti-inflammatory activities were investigated using carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton-pellet-induced granuloma models.
Results
In all the tested doses, the 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions revealed substantial (p < 0.001) analgesic activities in acetic acid induced writhing test. In the hot plate method, all the tested doses of E. cymosa crude extract and the solvent fractions produced significant analgesic activities (p < 0.05). In the carrageenan-induced acute inflammation model, all tested doses of the crude extract and solvent fractions resulted in a significant decline in paw edema. The 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of E. cymosa at all the tested doses significantly reduced inflammatory exudates and granuloma mass formations (p < 0.001).
Conclusion
From the results of this investigation, it can be stated that 80% methanol extract, aqueous, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions of E. cymosa exhibited considerable analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting the plant’s traditional use as a remedy for a variety of painful and inflammatory conditions.
... Similarly, the IC 50 values of P. daemia stem extract was 10.19 and 26.99 μg/ml for ethyl acetate stem extract, followed by 58.20 μg/ml for n-hexane extract. Phytochemicals such as phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, phytosterols, saponins, tannins and triterpenes found in the leaf extract might be responsible for the observed antioxidant activities [17,50,51]. ...
Background
Medicinal plants play a significant role in the progress of persuasive therapeutic agents. Earlier to the innovation of synthetic drugs, human beings completely relied on the plants for the treatment of various ailments. Natural product extracts, particularly those derived from different plant species, provided the main source of Siddha, Ayurveda and Folk medicines. P. daemia is a perennial climber, traditionally reported for the treatment in a variety of diseases. In present review, we focused on the present status of phytochemical and pharmacological activities P. daemia .
Methodology
With the support of electronic databases such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, Mendeley, Scirus and PubMed central. Traditional knowledge information collected by Indian taxonomical books, survey from local rural and tribal peoples. Pharmacological data’s obtained from scientific journals published from 2000 to 2020.
Results
P. daemia extract, contains several phytochemicals, especially rich in flavonoids. These secondary metabolites synthesized from P. daemia have been reported for the treatment of various chronic diseases. In recent years, P. daemia phytoconstituents set as a key role in natural drug development as it harbours many in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fertility, anti-arthritic and antimicrobial etc.,
Conclusion
P. daemia was the less studied plant compared to other medicinal plants. In this context more emphasis has to be laid on studies that discuss on the secondary metabolite activities and molecular mechanisms that work against various chronic diseases.
... The authors also indicated that the species possess one or more of compounds among alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, polyphenols, tannins, unsaturated sterol, saponins, and glycosides. The phytochemistry of medicinal plants such as Acmella caulirhiza [114], Allium sativum [115], Capparis tomentosa [116], Azadirachta indica [117], Datura stramonium [34,118,119], Ehretia cymosa [120], Euclea racemosa Year of publication Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine [121], Olea europaea [122,123], Premna schimperi [124], and Solanum incanum [125] has also been reported. For instance, the major phytochemicals isolated from D. ...
This paper presents a review of relevant medicinal plants used for toothache treatment in Ethiopia. This finding is based on a review of the literature published in scientific journals. A total of 130 medicinal plants, distributed in 117 genera and 62 families, are reported in the reviewed literature. Of the 130 species of medicinal plants reported in the literature, ninety-two (70.7%) were obtained from the wild whereas twelve (9.2%) were from home gardens. Shrubs (34.6%) were the primary source of medicinal plants, followed by herbs (30%). The Asteraceae came out as a leading family with 12 medicinal species while the Fabaceae followed with nine. Some findings include the predominance of root material used (31%), followed by leaves (29%). This study demonstrates the importance of traditional medicines in the treatment of toothache in Ethiopia. It is essential for the health of users to phytochemically demonstrate the effects of medicinal plants for their possible therapeutic applications. Hence, future phytochemical and pharmaceutical studies should give due consideration on frequently reported medicinal plants in order to produce natural drugs that could be effective in toothache treatment and without side effects.
... Streptozotocin induced hypoglycemic effects [24] Glyphaea brevis Leaves Oral starch tolerance -amylase inhibitory properties coupled to control of body weight [77] Gongronema latifolium Leaves Alloxan induce pancreatic cell regeneration [78] Gongronema latifolium Leaves Alloxan ameliorate oxidative stress associated with diabetes mellitus [79] Guiera senegalensis Leaves Glucose induced stimulate insulin production and glucose utilization [80] Hoslundia opposita Leaves Alloxan ameliorative effect on Type 2 diabetic patients and associated complication [81] Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit Leaves Streptozotocin induced exerts additive hypoglycemic effect with antioxidant [82] Indigofera arrecta Leaves Streptozotocin induced insulinotropic effect [83] Ipomoea sepiaria Roxb. ...
Background:
Available data indicate that diabetes mellitus leads to elevated cost of healthcare. This imposes a huge economic burden on households, societies, and nations. As a result many Ghanaians, especially rural folks, resort to the use of phytomedicine, which is relatively less expensive. This paper aims at obtaining information on plants used in Ghana to treat diabetes mellitus, gather and present evidence-based data available to support their uses and their mechanisms of action, and identify areas for future research.
Method:
A catalogue of published textbooks, monographs, theses, and peer-reviewed articles of plants used in Ghanaian traditional medicine between 1987 and July 2018 for managing diabetes mellitus was obtained and used.
Results:
The review identified 76 plant species belonging to 45 families that are used to manage diabetes mellitus. Leaves were the part of the plants frequently used for most preparation (63.8%) and were mostly used as decoctions. Majority of the plants belonged to the Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Apocynaceae families. Pharmacological data were available on 23 species that have undergone in vitro studies. Forty species have been studied using in vivo animal models. Only twelve plants and their bioactive compounds were found with data on both preclinical and clinical studies. The records further indicate that medicinal plants showing antidiabetic effects did so via biochemical mechanisms such as restitution of pancreatic β-cell function, improvement in insulin sensitivity by receptors, stimulating rate of insulin secretion, inhibition of liver gluconeogenesis, enhanced glucose absorption, and inhibition of G-6-Pase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase activities.
Conclusion:
This review contains information on medicinal plants used to manage diabetes mellitus, including their pharmacological properties and mechanisms of action as well as models used to investigate them. It also provides gaps that can form the basis for further investigations and development into useful medications for effective treatment of diabetes mellitus.
... It possesses opious terminal panicles of white flowers. [17,18] The plant is locally called "Jaoke" among the Yoruba ethnic group of the Southwest Nigeria, it is known as "Lauso" among Akye tribe of Ivory Coast, and the plant is also referred to as "Okosua" by the Akan-Twi tribe from Ghana. [19] The leaves of the plant are being used among the people of Southwestern Nigeria for the treatment of measles. ...
... [21] The use of the plant for the control of venereal diseases, [22] epilepsy, dry cough, malaria, tonsils, mental problems, asthma, typhoid, wounds, and aphrodisiac has also been reported. [23,24] Sarkodie et al. [17] reported the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract from E. cymosa plant on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, there is anecdotal report on the usage of the plant in the management of diabetes among the Akans and Ewe ethnics group in Ghana. ...
... Furthermore, there is anecdotal report on the usage of the plant in the management of diabetes among the Akans and Ewe ethnics group in Ghana. [17] Sarkodie et al. [17] also reported the antioxidant activities and in vivo assessment of Antihyperglycemic effect of E. cymosa on Sprague-Dawley male rats. The report of previous phytochemical screening of E. cymosa revealed the presence alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, anthraquinones, phenolics, and flavonoids. ...
Background
Ehretia cymosa Thonn. is a popular medicinal plant used in different parts of West Africa for the treatment of various ailments including diabetes mellitus.
Objective
The current study investigates bioactive constituents and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of fractions from extract of E. cymosa.
Materials and Methods
Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant assays were carried out using standard procedures. Antidiabetic potential was assessed by evaluating the inhibitory effects of the fractions on the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, while bioactive constituent's identification was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis.
Results
The phytochemistry tests of the fractions revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, terpene, alkaloid, and cardiac glycosides. Methanol fraction shows higher phenolic (27.44 mg gallic acid/g) and flavonoid (235.31 mg quercetin/g) contents, while ethyl acetate fraction revealed higher proanthocyanidins (28.31 mg catechin/g). Methanol fraction displayed higher (P < 0.05) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (0.47 mg/mL), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (0.49 mg/mL), and hydroxyl radical (0.55 mg/mL) scavenging activities, while ethyl acetate exhibited strong metal chelating (0.61 mg/mL) and superoxide anion (1.68 mg/mL) scavenging activity. Methanol and ethyl acetate fractions displayed higher inhibition (P < 0.05) against α-glucosidase (0.60 mg/mL) and α-amylase (2.11 mg/mL), respectively. Methanol fraction also inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase in competitive and noncompetitive modes, respectively. The GC-MS chromatogram of the methanol fraction revealed 24 compounds, which include phytol (1.78%), stearic acid (1.02%), and 2-hexadecyloxirane (34.18%), which are known antidiabetic and antioxidant agents.
Conclusion
The results indicate E. cymosa leaves as source of active phytochemicals with therapeutic potentials in the management of diabetes.
SUMMARY
E. cymosa fractions possess antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Hence, it is a source of active phytochemicals with therapeutic potentials in the management of diabetes
The high flavonoid, phenolic, and proanthocyanidin contents of fractions from E. cymosa also contribute to its antioxidant and antidiabetic properties
Methanol fraction of E. cymosa displayed better antidiabetic activities compared to acarbose as revealed by their half maximal inhibitory concentration values
Methanol fraction of E. cymosa extract contains phytol, hexadecyl oxirane, and stearic acid, which are reported to possess antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials.
Abbreviations used: ABTS: 2,2- Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid, DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, PMS: Phenazine methosulfate, NBT: Nitroblue tetrazolium, NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, TCA: Trichloroacetic acid, TBA: Thiobarbituric acid, DNS: Dinitrosalicylic acid.
