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Garra robertsi is described from specimens collected from the Sungai Bongan and Tempassuk rivers in Sabah, Borneo. The species is differentiated from G. borneensis, its only congener on the island of Borneo, in having five (versus four) transverse scale rows above lateral line, the first branched dorsal-fin ray extending beyond the posterior-most e...
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... Garra robertsi is distinguished from its only other Bornean congener, G. borneensis (Fig. 2), by the following characters: five (versus four) transverse scale rows above lateral line, first dorsal-fin ray extending beyond the posterior-most extent of any other part of the dorsal fin when depressed (versus not extending posteriorly beyond last ray when depressed), deeply embedded scales (versus exposed scales) on the breast, absence (versus presence) of a stark, contrasting black stripe on lower caudal-fin rays, two nearly continuous patches (versus 3 discrete patches) of tubercles on snout, absence (versus presence) of a lateral stripe, presence (versus absence) of broad suborbital bar, a thickened anteromedial fold on the lower lip, and fewer papillae extending onto the callous pad from the posterior flap of the lower lip. Description. Morphometric and meristic data are provided in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The general physical appearance and morphology of the species is presented in Figure 1. Body elongate; subcylindrical to triangular in cross-section anteriorly, becoming laterally compressed posteriorly, with the caudal peduncle width less than one half its depth. Snout sloping downward from nares to anterior-most point; small to large tubercles, depending on breeding condition and sex, on rostral and lateral lobes of snout. Shallow transverse groove present and proboscis absent; slight hump may be present immediately anterior to nares, hump becoming more prominent in larger individuals. Dorsal profile rises steadily to dorsal-fin origin; slightly convex. Dorsal profile from dorsal- fin origin to caudal base sloping downward, without curvature, to a level equal with dorsal edge of orbit. Entire ventral surface flat except for a slight convex rise at caudal ...
Citations
... The Cypriniformes comprise approximately 4,200 extant species, with over 3,000 species in Cyprinidae (Nelson et al., 2016). This group is one of the most diverse groups of rayfinned fishes, including the most abundant freshwater fishes with still hundreds of undescribed species predicted to be discovered (Thoni and Mayden, 2015;Nelson et al., 2016). ...
The Cypriniformes comprise approximately 4,200 species accounting for 25% of the diversity of all freshwater fish, which is widely distributed across the world’s continents except Antarctica, South America, and Australia. The highest species diversity is found in Southeastern Asia. Despite its remarkable species diversity and broad-scale geographic patterns of distribution, the evolutionary history of this major freshwater fish group remains largely unresolved. To gain insight of the evolutionary history of Cypriniformes, we present a phylogeny of this group using 1 mitochondrial gene and 15 nuclear genes comprising a total of 14,061 bp. Bayesian inference using all gene fragments yielded a well resolved phylogeny, which is mostly consistent with topologies obtained from Maximum Likelihood analyses. Our results further confirmed the monophyly of Cypriniformes and seven constituent subclades including Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Gyrinocheilidae, Balitoridae, Cobitidae, Nemacheilidae, and Botiidae. Bayesian divergence time analysis indicated that the origin of the Cypriniformes was about 193 Mya during the early Jurassic, coinciding with the onset of the Pangaea breakup. The basal divergence of Cypriniformes is 154 Mya during the late Jurassic. Our findings from molecular divergence and biogeographical analysis indicate the most likely initial geographical range of the ancient Cypriniformes was both East and South Asia (Southeastern area of Mesozoic Laurasia). Moreover, the burst in species diversity in Cyprinidae afforded by the nearly worldwide colonization is possibly in response to the plasticity of pharyngeal dentition. The present study demonstrates that the Cypriniformes was about 193 Mya during the early Jurassic, coinciding with the onset of the Pangaea breakup. The plasticity of pharyngeal dentition of cyprinids might contribute to the burst and radiation of this lineage. The phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses in this study help to improve our understanding of the evolutionary history of this diverse and important freshwater fish group.
... Garra rhynchota Koller, 1926 proboscis with transverse lobe Rakhine Yoma range in Myanmar Garra flavatra Kullander & Fang, 2004 a pair of rostral flaps Garra nigricollis Kullander & Fang, 2004 a pair of rostral flaps Garra propulvinus Kullander & Fang, 2004 a pair of rostral flaps Garra rakhinica Kullander & Fang, 2004 a pair of rostral flaps Borneo Garra borneensis (Vaillant, 1902) smooth snout Garra robertsi Thoni & Mayden, 2015 transverse groove ...
... G. gotyla, G. jenkinsoniana, G. kalpangii, G. kempi, G. lissorhynchus, G. quadratirostris, G. manipurensis, G. naganensis, G. prashadi, G. montisalsi, G. abhoyai, G. chakpiensis, G. compressa, G. elongata, G. litanan sis, G. nambulica, G. namyaensis, G. paralissohyn chus, G. ukhrulensis, G. cornigera and G. trilobata. Snout characters were obtained from the literature for the following 53 species of Garra (literature sources provided in parentheses after each species): G. lamta (Hamilton, 1822); G. nasuta, G. rupecula (M'Clelland, 1839); G. stenorhynchus (Jerdon, 1849); G. kangrae (Prashad, 1919); G. bi cornuta (Rao, 1920); G. fasciacauda (Fowler, 1937); G. hughi (Silas, 1955); G. borneensis, G. gracilis, G. mcclellandi, G. notata, G. rhynchota (Menon, 1964); G. menoni (Rema & Indra, 1984); G. cey lonensis, G. mullya (Talwar & Jingran, 1991); G. kalakadensis (Rema, 1992); G. theunensis (Kottelat, 1998); G. cyrano, G. bourreti (Kottelat, 2000); G. periyarensis, G. surendranathani (Gopi, 2001); G. poilanei, G. apogon (Kottelat, 2001a); G. cyclosto mata, G. cambodgiensis (Kottelat, 2001b); G. teng chongensis ; G. mirofrontis (Chu & Cui, 1987;; G. flavatra, G. nigricollis, G. poecilura, G. propulvinus, G. rakhi nica, G. spilota (Kullander & Fang, 2004); G. bispi nosa, G. fuliginosa, G. orientalis, G. qiaojiensis, G. sal weenica (Zhang, 2005b); G. rotundinasus, G. gravelyi (Zhang, 2006); G. nujiangensis (Chen et al., 2009); G. bisangularis ; G. emarginata, G. mlapparaensis (Kurup & Radhakrishnan, 2011); G. dulongensis ; G. magnidiscus (Tamang, 2013); G. dampaensis (Lalronunga et al., 2013); G. imberbis (Lothongkham et al., 2014); G. nethravathiensis (Arunachalam & Nandagopal, 2014); G. robertsi (Thoni & Mayden, 2015); G. longchuanensis (Yu et al., 2016); and G. tamangi (Gurumayum & Kosygin, 2016 Comparison data on Garra bicornuta, G. bispinosa, G. bouretti, G. cyrano, G. flavatra, G. fuliginosa, G. kan grae, G. mirofrontis, G. nasuta, G. nigricollis, G. orientalis, G. poecilura, G. propulvinus, G. rakhinica, G. rhynchota, G. rotundinasus and G. salweenica are based on Chu & Cui (1987), Hora & Mukerji (1934), M'Clelland (1839), Prashad (1919), Rao (1920), Fowler (1934, Kottelat (2000), , Kullander & Fang (2004), Nichols & Pope (1927) and Zhang (2005bZhang ( , 2006. ...
Members of the genus Garra are divided into five species groups based on snout morphology, viz., a smooti snout species group; a transverse lobe species group; a rostral flap species group; a rostral lobe species group and a proboscis species group. Two new species are described from the Koladyne River basin in Mizoram, India Garra koladynensis, a member of the proboscis species group, is distinguished by the following combination o. characters: A prominent trilobed proboscis with three large-sized bi-to hexacuspid acanthoid tubercies on anteriol marginal aspect and two medium-to large-sized bi-to pentacuspid tubercles on anteroventral marginal aspect 30-31 + 3 lateral-line scales; 81/2 branched dorsal-fin rays; 51/2 branched anal-fin rays; mental adhesive disc mediall) positioned, extending anteriorly to three-fourths of length of lower jaw; and anterior and posterior halves of thc central callous pad equally rounded. Garra matensis, a member of the rostral flap species group, is distinguishec by the following combination of characters: A small rostral flap with 4-7 small conical tubercles; dorsolateral anc ventrolateral free margins of the rostral flap equally extended; 27-28 + 3 lateral-line scales; 61/2 branched dorsal-fir rays; 41/2 branched anal-fin rays; mental adhesive disc anteriorly positioned, extending anteriorly half length o lower jaw; anterior half of central callous pad more rounded than posterior half of central callous pad; caudal fir with a distinct W-shaped black band; and dorsal fin with a distinct black submarginal band. Garra 1nanipurensi is redescribed and a note on G. rakhinica is given based on the specimens from the Koladyne River basin anc G. vittatula is regarded as a junior synonym of C. lnanipurensis.
... Measurements of Garra fluviatilis and comparative materials were taken using digital calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm. All measurements and meristics follow Kullander & Fang (2004) and Thoni & Mayden (2015). Institutional abbreviations follow Sabaj-Pérez (2014). ...
Garra fluviatilis is a new species described herein from the Kwai Noi, Mae Khlong basin, in the Thong Pha Phum District of Kanchanaburi Province in western Thailand. It is diagnosed by the following combination of morphological characters: well developed upper lip with unculiferous papillae, mottled pigmentation pattern, a pleated papilliferous fold at the junc-tion of the anterolateral lobe and anteromedial fold on the lower lip, 4-5 anal scales, relatively deep body, keeled nape, and a laterally straight anterior margin of the anteromedial fold. Based on shared apomorphic morphological characters, we hypothesize that the new species is most closely related to G. spilota in nearby Myanmar.
... The cyprinid fish genus Garra Hamilton (1822) contains about 127 species with a combined distribution extending from southern China, across Southeast Asia, India and the Middle East to northern and central Africa (Froese & Pauly, 2015;Kottelat, 2013;Thoni & Mayden, 2015). They are benthic fishes adapted to fast flowing rocky streams by the depressed shape, adhesive pads on paired fins and highly modified mouth for suction. ...
Garra mini, new species, is described from the Shuvolong, Shailopropat and Chingthong waterfalls in the Karnafuli and Sangu River drainages. The largest specimens recorded is 46.8 mm SL and specimens over 40 mm SL have reached reproductive size. Alongside G. ethelwynnae (28 mm SL) and G. poecilura (44.5 mm SL), G. mini is one of the smallest species in the genus. Garra mini is diagnosed by morphological and meristic characters in combination, particularly the numerous small predorsal scales and the presence of a contrasted dark stripe along the middle of the side, and also by the DNA barcode sequence (cytochrome oxidase subunit I, COI) with three unique substitutions.
... Measurements were taken using digital calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm. Measurements follow Kullander & Fang (2004) with additional measurements following Thoni & Mayden (2015). Comparative materials were used in all possible cases. ...
... Comparative materials were used in all possible cases. Meristic data were collected following Thoni & Mayden (2015). When referring to G. gotyla it should be noted that the authors are referring to the G. gotyla sensu Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013). ...
Abstract
Seven species of Garra are herein accounted for in Bhutan. Three new records of known species, G. arupi, G. birostris, and G. lissorhynchus, and two new species, G. bimaculacauda sp. nov. and G. parastenorhynchus sp. nov., are reported from central and southern Bhutan. Garra bimaculacauda sp. nov. is most notably different from its congeners by the presence of two dark spots on the lobes of the caudal fin, having one spot on each lobe. Meristic and morphometric differences from northeastern Indian congeners exist as well. Garra parastenorhynchus sp. nov. is differentiated from its congeners by the presence of a prominent, overhanging, club-shaped proboscis, and a suite of meristic and morphometric characters. Notes on the taxonomy are provided for some species. Notes are provided on the biology and ecology for most species, which have been inferred from field observations. Ranges are expanded for two recently described taxa from Northeast India G. arupi, and G. birostris. A key is provided to the currently known species of Garra within Bhutan.
The aim of this study was to survey the digestive contents and diet preferences of Garra rufa in upstream and downstream rivers of the Gheshlagh Reservoir in Kurdistan Province from June to September 2018. For this purpose, 79 fish from three stations were caught. The samples were recorded and analyzed in the Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, University of
Kurdistan and based on the mean of total length, standard length, total weight, intestinal
length, weight of digestive contents fish were respectively 103.36 ± 20.67 mm, 97.34 ±19.55 mm, 16.65 ± 8.36 gr, 675.78 ± 336 mm and 0.05 ± 0.1 gr. The Stomach Emptying Index (CV) was also calculated for spring 20 and summer 15 which put the fish in a relatively overeating. In addition, the relative intestinal length index (RLG) was 6.74 ± 2.73 mm, which put this fish in the herbivore fish groups. Based on the Ivlve index, the most important of fish diet composition are Nitzschia, Gomphonema, Amphora, Cocconeis, Rhabdoderm, Cymbella, respectively.
Key words: Doctor fish (Garra rufa), diet composition, Gheshlagh Reservoir of Kurdistan
The aim of this study was to survey the digestive contents and diet preferences of Garra rufa in upstream and downstream rivers of Gheshlagh reservoir in Kurdistan province from June to September 2018. For this purpose, 79 fish from three stations were caught. The samples were recorded and analyzed in the Aquatic Ecology Lab, University of Kurdistan and based on the mean of total length, standard length, total weight, intestinal length, weight of digestive contents fish were respectively 103.36 ± 20.67 mm, 97.34 ±19.55 mm, 16.65 ± 8.36 gr, 675.78 ± 336 mm and 0.05 ± 0.1 gr. Stomach Emptying Index (CV) was also calculated for spring 20 and summer 15 which put the fish in a relatively overeating. In addition, the relative intestinal length index (RLG) was 6.74 ± 2.73 mm, which put this fish in the herbivore fish groups. Based on the Ivlve index, the most important of fish diet composition are Nitzschia sp, Gomphonema sp, Diatoma sp, Cocconeis sp, Amphora sp, Cymbella sp, respectively.
Prioritization of freshwater habitat management and conservation is dependent on the availability of species baseline information at regional level. However, such information has not been updated since 2002 in Sabah. Thus the objective of this paper is to present the latest working checklist of freshwater ichthyofauna known so far in the state. A literature review of 68 studies was conducted focusing on the latest valid binomial nomenclature, locality and conservation status. A total of 166 valid species, namely 150 native species and 16 introduced species, were deduced from the literature. Native species comprised of 10 orders, 27 families and 75 genera while introduced species were from four orders, seven families and 14 genera. The review revealed 103 species (68.6% of native species) were yet to be assessed for the IUCN Red List and 11 species (7.3%) were identified as Data Deficient by IUCN. Some taxonomic discrepancies were also found and discussed. Many areas in Sabah remain poorly inventoried due to unequal sampling effort, biophysical and cultural challenges. The species list proposed herein is tentative at best and the number of species is expected to increase as more surveys are conducted in the near future.
