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Distribution of time in the EU by employment status, males and females aged 20-74 (Source: HETUS) 

Distribution of time in the EU by employment status, males and females aged 20-74 (Source: HETUS) 

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Citations

... This places Italy 69th in the world equality ranking and a long way off not only the Nordic European countries scoring more than 0.8 but also from most other Western and European countries (World Economic Forum, 2014). Although, on average, men's housework has gone up over time, it has done so only slightly, and women continue to perform the lion's share at home (Anxo et al., 2007;Francavilla et al., 2010). The country still has one of the lowest levels of marriage dissolution in Europe, but during the 1990s, and especially since 2000, a series of changes have occurred. ...
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A new strand of studies has called into question standard microeconomic predictions of a positive association between women’s economic independence and marital union dissolution. We investigate whether and how the gender division of labor channels the impact of women’s employment on marital union disruption, utilizing data on heterosexual couples from the 2003 and 2007 waves of the Italian nationally representative “Family and Social Subject” survey (N = 2,871) and applying techniques of mediation analysis. We suggest that women’s employment does not have a negative effect per se on union stability, and that women’s paid work becomes detrimental to the stability of the union only if the men’s contribution to unpaid work is limited.
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Unpaid family care work encompasses care and assistance provided by members of a household to other members. It is not considered to be a productive activity, and its exclusion from national account statistics contributes to keeping it invisible. We compare Italy and Poland, two countries that have taken different paths towards economic development, but share cultural features that influence unpaid family care work. We estimate the value of unpaid family care work with the opportunity cost and the market replacement cost methods, drawing data from the Polish and the Italian time use surveys and the IT-SILC. Our results show that unpaid family care work represents a substantial proportion of national production in both countries, ranging from 3.7 to 5% of GDP, depending on the method of estimation. The results likewise show that the size, gender distribution and value relative to GDP of unpaid family care work are remarkably similar, suggesting that, in spite of the different history of economic development in the two countries, cultural factors play a key role in determining family decisions that affect unpaid family care work.