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Distribution of the sample of dogs according to the frequency, percentage and means of weight and intercanine distances in the maxilla and mandible. Dogs Means
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One common parameter considered helpful to identify the origin of bite wounds has been the distance between the canine teeth marks left on the victim. The reliability of this parameter to differentiate the origin of the marks (human or animal) was evaluated using a sample of: a) domestic dogs (n=50) weighting between 4.9 kg and 46 kg of undefined b...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... dog sample with the lowest weight (4.9 kg) had an intercanine distance of 30.0 mm in the maxilla and 25.4 mm in the mandible. When we consider the stratification of the sample per weight, the means that were found for the intercanine distance in the maxilla and mandible, respectively, were 29.0 mm and 25.6 mm for small dogs, 34.9 mm and 30.7 mm for medium dogs, 47.2 mm and 39.7 mm for large dogs, and 65.3 mm and 45.1 mm for giant dogs (Table 1). A correlation (Pearson) was found between the animal's weight and the intercanine distance (ID) for both the maxilla (r = 0.93) and the mandible (r = 0.83). ...
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Background. A bite mark left on different materials and surfaces such as food, chewing gum or the skin of dead or
living persons and found at a crime scene can provide the crucial evidence required to secure a conviction in cases
where neither fingerprints nor DNA are found. The most challenging factor in bite mark analysis is the interpretation
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Citations
... Furthermore, the study highlighted that the degree of distortion varied in bitemarks, affecting arch size and shape [11]. It is important to note that inter-canine distance has been used in forensic analysis to differentiate the origin of marks (human or animal), distinguish between human adult bites (deciduous teeth of adults, small adults, or children), and even estimate specific race and sex groupings due to its relevance [45,46]. ...
Bitemark analysis involves the examination of both patterned injuries and contextual circumstances, combining morphological and positional data. Considering the uniqueness of human dentition, bitemarks caused by teeth on skin or impressions on flexible surfaces could assist in human identification. Aims: to investigate the available literature systematically and evaluate the scientific evidence published over the past decade concerning the potential application of bitemark analysis in forensic identification. Methods: Two researchers meticulously searched electronic databases from January 2012 to December 2023, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Adhering to the PRISMA statement guidelines, this review employed appropriate medical subject headings (MeSHs) and free-text synonyms. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied during article retrieval. Results: The findings yielded controversial outcomes. Approximately two-thirds of the articles concluded that bitemark analysis is useful in forensic identification, while the remaining articles did not report statistically significant outcomes and cautioned against relying solely on bitemark analysis for identification. Conclusions: The authors assert that bitemark analysis can be a reliable and complementary method for forensic identification, contingent upon the establishment and adoption of a universally accepted global protocol for data collection, processing, and interpretation. Undoubtedly, recent years have witnessed a notable increase in research focused on bitemark identification, driven by the goal of achieving quantitative, objective, reproducible, and accurate results.
... One crucial parameter in these investigations is the inter-canine distance. As the impressions of anterior teeth are typically the most clear and measurable, their examination can provide key insights (Tedeschi-Oliveira et al., 2011). A bite mark with an inter-canine distance less than 2.5 cm suggests it belongs to a child. ...
... Measurements were taken with a caliper, noting the distances in mm between the tips of the right and left canine (as measured in a straight line) imprinted in the wax plate in the maxilla and mandible separately, and the values were recorded on separate sheets. (8,9) ...
... In our study, the intercanine distance as measured in a bitemark impression for maxillary teeth of females was lower than that of males whereas for mandibular teeth it ranges between 25-30 mm in both males & females. The values of our sample had a statistically significant p value for both jaws but the maxillary intercanine distance values had a more significant p value of 0.017 as compared to that of mandibular teeth which was 0.001 (9) The soft tissues of oral cavity may help for personal identification. Among the soft tissues, lip prints can be recorded and used as evidence in personal identification and criminal investigation. ...
Determination of the basic demographic data of the human subject analyzed is often done with the
aid of lip prints, finger prints, bite marks and rugae patterns which serve as important &
individualistic tools for human identification owing to the uniqueness of these features in presence
or absence of teeth. They are individually being used for crime detection and thereby as evidence
and as legal documentation in court cases also to solve the cases and to identify the criminals.(1)
The dental surgeon is not limited to serve in examination, investigation, diagnosis, and treatment of
oral and oro-facial lesions of local origin, but can also serve in other community services and legal
matters. (2)The dental identification represents the most useful scientific methods in mass disasters,
success rate being 75%. The theory of uniqueness is a strong point used in the analysis of
fingerprints and bite marks to convince the court of law.(3)
The study was done on 100 adults of chhattisgarh divided in two age groups of18 to 36 years; 37to 54 years .Analysis was based on the following classifications.
• Lipprint analysis classification - SUZUKI AND TSUCHIHASHI CLASSIFICATION 1970
• Fingerprint analysis classification- HENRY’S CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 1899
• Intercanine distance –Maxillary anteriors & Mandibular anteriors
• Palatal Rugae- THOMAS AND KOTZE CLASSIFICATION 1983
Type-I Lipprints & Type –II thumbprints were very common in females whereas, posterior inclined
Primary rugae were the common rugae in females irrespective of age & horizontal primary rugae
were more prevalent in males. Intercanine distance was more variable in maxilla and more
consistent in mandible. It was usually 25 -30 mm in mandible of both sexes. For maxilla it had a
broader range from 31-40 mm due to possible variations in both sexes. Thus a combination of
various parameters is more likely to give a clue of gender in forensic investigation. Age of an adult
individual did not have a significant influence on type of studied parameters.
... The disciplines of archaeology, anthropology, pathology, taphonomy, zoology, and forensic science routinely use the phrases 'bite mark' (including 'bite-mark' and 'bitemark') 'scratch mark' (including 'scratch-mark' and 'scratchmark'), gnaw mark, tooth mark and puncture mark. (e.g., Andrés et al., 2012;Arriaza et al., 2017;Bunn, 1981;Cruz-Uribe & Klein, 1994;Fernandez Jalvo & Andrews, 2016;Gebo & Simons, 1984;Gifford-Gonzalez, 1989;González et al., 2021;Noe-Nygaard, 1989;Pretty & Sweet, 2001;Tedeschi-Oliveira et al., 2011). Indeed, it is safe to say that only in ichnology is this an issue: in every other scientific discipline that analyzes these features they are referred to solely as varieties of 'marks' . ...
Phrases incorporating the modifier ‘mark’ (e.g., bite mark, tooth mark, gnaw mark, etc.) have recently come under attack. These phrases are wide-spread in their usage, and are, in fact, appropriate to the original definition of the word mark. Phrases such as bite mark and tooth mark are de rigueur as interpretive terms in the larger scientific community and in the archaeological, anthropological, pathological forensic and biological literature and are consistent with the original definition of the word mark. Longstanding convention in the ichnological literature as well as these diverse other disciplines underscores that usage of the word ‘mark’ as a modifier in ichnological analyses is both appropriate and useful for inter-disciplinary communication. Neither the words ‘mark’ nor ‘trace’ are clear terms on their own and become well-defined only when a modifying term is associated (e.g., bite mark or bite trace; trace fossil; ripple mark, fault trace, trace element, gnaw mark, etc.).
... Howeverthe authors felt more research needs to be done in this subject area. 15 In our study, intercanine distance has proved to be insignificant as a reliable tool for positive identification due to its high false positive cases and very low true positive cases. ...
... cm, respectively. The wound diameter, distance, and bilateral distribution were consistent with bite marks from the canine teeth of a medium-to large-sized dog (Tedeschi-Oliveira et al. 2011). The subjacent soft tissue and muscle revealed grey to yellow discoloration with hemorrhage ( Fig. 1D). ...
Eurasian otters Lutra lutra are listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List and are imperiled by habitat loss, water pollution, and poaching. Harassment and attacks by stray animals are also recognized threats to the health of wild Eurasian otters. Pulmonary hair embolism is a possible complication in animals with deep traumatic injury, but to date no cases have been reported in wildlife. A free-ranging, adult male Eurasian otter was rescued due to severe emaciation and multiple bite wounds. The otter died 3 d after rescue and was necropsied. Grossly, a 1.5 × 1.5 × 1.5 cm firm nodule was observed in the left cranial lung lobe. Histologically, a fragment of hair shaft surrounded by multinucleated foreign body giant cells was observed in a medium-sized vein, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration was noted in the adjacent vascular wall and lung parenchyma. Based on the gross and histological findings, the pulmonary lesion was consistent with eosinophilic pneumonia and vasculitis induced by hair embolism. The presence of well-formed multinucleated foreign body giant cells and eosinophils may imply a late stage of foreign body reaction, and thus the presumptive source of hair embolism is an animal bite. This is the first report of pulmonary hair embolism associated with animal bite in a rescued free-ranging Eurasian otter.
... Flujograma de la revisión de literatura y criterios para selección y exclusión de artículos la distancia intercanina, la cual se considera específica para diferentes especies (Rubini et al., 2018). Para los cánidos (Canis lupus familiaris), la variabilidad intra especie es mucho mayor, debido a la gran cantidad de tamaños y razas diferentes (Tedeschi Oliveira et al., 2011), por tanto, es importante contar con esta información. Por otro lado, se ha descrito la similitud de la marca de mordedura animal y humana, y cómo podrían ser mal interpretadas, encubriendo a veces hasta casos de abuso o maltrato infantil (Heit, 2017); ya han sido estudiados los parámetros de diferencias entre una y otra, existiendo similitudes en la distancia inter canina de un humano adulto y un perro (Kayshap et al., 2015), por tanto, no serían concluyentes por sí solas al momento de realizar un informe (Tedeschi Oliveira et al.). ...
Taphonomy, a concept recognized in paleontology and anthropology, allows the estimation of time and circumstances of death by studying post-mortem conditions and factors related to the survival of bone remains. Among the different taphonomic variables, Binford (1981) proposed a categorization of bite marks, now recognized as standard for these studies. However, its original design in English could lead to misinterpretations or erroneous reports for not having a validated translation. A scoping review was conducted for articles in Spanish, without a time limit, that cited Binford (“Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths”) in Google Scholar. Those who mentioned this methodology to categorize bite marks as taphonomic agent were included. Theses, books, posters and conference proceedings were excluded. We identified 349 documents, and 83 were selected according to criteria. 65.12 % referred only to animal bite marks without specifying categories; 26.51 % showed free translations or partial categorizations, and 8.43 % made categorizations without translation. The largest number of citations were made by authors from Argentina and Spain (54.22 % and 24.10 % respectively, as the only affiliation). The categories with the most free translations were “pitting” and “puncture” (11 and 8 different terms respectively). While Binford's categorization is widely cited in Spanish-speaking countries to define animal bite marks in bone, the absence of transculturation implies a lack of consensus for the scientific community. Beyond a literal translation, the adaptation and standardization of these terms is necessary to validate this methodology.
... These results were consistent with previous studies of bite marks in human skin and how the biomechanical properties of the skin and the posture of the body further add to the distortion seen in the bite mark [13,16,17]. It is important to note that inter-canine distance has been used to differentiate the origin of the marks (human or animal) [18], to distinguish human adult bites (adult human; or small adult; child's deciduous teeth) [19], and to estimate specific race and sex groupings by its relevance. It is important to note that warping, shrinkage, and distortion of the skin would make exact measurement of the inter-canine distance in a bite mark difficult [20]. ...
The properties of the skin and the posture of the body during photographic recording are factors that cause distortion in the bite mark injury. This study aimed to explore the degree of distortion between a ‘touch mark’ (method 1) and a ‘bite mark’ (method 2) on the left upper arm at three different positions (arm relaxed; arm flexed in two different positions). A pair of dental casts with biting edges coated in ink was used to create a mark in 30 subjects (6 ♂, 24 ♀) aged 20-50 years old. Photographs were taken using a Nikon DX digital camera (D5000). The mesiodistal widths and angle of rotations of both upper right central incisor and lower right central incisor and the inter-canine distances were analysed and compared with the true measurements using Adobe Photoshop CC 2017. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS Statistics 22 applying a 2 (mark type) x 3 (position) repeated measures ANOVA. For all measures studied there was a statistically significant difference between mark types and positions. In the case of bite marks, a great degree of distortion was detected, and this increased further when changing the position of the arm. The findings demonstrated that skin properties and posture influence distortion. This could lead to inaccurate measurements and misleading pattern interpretation of bite mark injuries.
... The shape of the dental arch, intercanine distance, bucco-lingual version and mesial or distal drifting of teeth, spacing between teeth, rotation of teeth, curves of biting edges, missing teeth, developmental defects, restorations and wear patterns also serve as various predisposing factors. These characteristics contributes to the uniqueness of each tooth making it different from the other [15,16]. All these factors such as malalignment, developmental defects and restored teeth were considered in the exclusion criteria in the present study. ...
... This led to the conclusion that such plaster casts could be used to compare the suspect dog dentition with the injuries recovered in the attack scene, and to identify the aggressor animal (Toledo et al.). Nonetheless, these morphometric studies need to be supplemented by morphological studies (Tedeschi-Oliveira et al., 2011). Both morphological and morphometric methods are useful complementary tools to identify a potentially aggressive dog (Toledo et al.). ...
Dog bites are a known public health problem involving physical, mental and emotional traumas. From a forensic point of view, it has been stated that their morphological characters, and the intercanine and interincisive measurements, could allow a taxonomic and specific identification of the implicated animal. The aim of this study was to differentiate and identify the biological profile of a potential aggressor dog by analysing eight morphometric bite patterns belonging to three different dog breeds. The data obtained were analyzed following three categories: a) breeds; b) sexes among breeds; and c) sex within breed. Significant differences were detected among the variables (p≤ 0.05), but only the maximum maxillary intercanines width (MaxCW) allowed a breed differentiation. The other variables allowed a differentiation between two breeds or one breed over the others. The principal components analysis (PCA) allowed visualizing the degree of dispersion and relationship among the scores. It showed three well-defined and separated breed groups, and different degrees of dispersion within and among breeds. The most important variable for such a differentiation was MaxCW. When considering sex among breeds for males, it showed a statistically significant difference, but only the diastema located between the third left mandibular, incisive and the left mandibular canine (C-I-ManL) allowed breed differentiation. For females, only MaxCW allowed a differentiation among breeds. The multivariate analysis permitted with a 95 % confidence interval, a breed and sex differentiation. Besides, the PCA models allowed classifying, identifying, separating and graphically showing the relationship among the variables. This made it possible to differentiate between breeds and sexes. Due to the large range of dog breeds around the world, this multivariate analysis could also help determining the dog’s weight and size, narrowing down towards an approximate number of offending dogs, focussing on a certain kind of dog breed, and pinpointing any suspect dog.
