Figure 1 - uploaded by Bimal Bahadur Kunwar
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Rauvolfia serpentina is a cosmopolitan in tropical habitats with more concentration in the
tropics of Africa, Asia and America. Higher diversity has been recorded from the Indian
Sub-continent region, especially around the gangetic plain areas. In Nepal, its distribution
stretches from East to West up to an altitude of 900 m asl. Genetic resources...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... species is distributed throughout the tropical and sub-tropical parts of Nepal. The present study has added several additional localities of Rauvolfia serpentina in Nepal particularly around WTLC of Nepal (Figure 1), however a higher density has been found in western Terai region of Nepal (Figure 2). Field visits revealed that the density and status of the species was seen dense in two sites i.e. ...
Citations
... The species is listed as threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The fact that roots of R. serpentina are employed as medicinal materials adds to its rarity by making ordinary propagation difficult and restricting its range [6]. ...
Rauvolfia serpentina is widely recognized for its use as a raw material in hypertension and antihypertensive medications, including reserpine. Since this plant is used directly from the natural world, cultivation activities are necessary. Seeds for cultivation must be consistent, high-quality, and free of pests and diseases. Thus, a suitable propagation technique is required. In vitro propagation is one method that can produce homogeneous plants with a relatively high rate of multiplication. Cytokinin-family regulatory molecules are crucial for in vitro proliferation techniques. The aim of this research was to determine the optimal type and concentration of cytokinin for the in vitro induction of R. serpentina shoots. This study employed a completely randomized factorial design. The first factor was the type of cytokinin (Benzylaminopurine (BA), Zeatin, Kinetin, and 2iP), and the second factor was the cytokinin concentration (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg/l). Each treatment was replicated 10 times. The results showed that the best cytokinin for R. serpentina shoot induction in vitro was BA at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l. This treatment produced a greater number of shoots and leaves, taller shoots compared to other treatments, and resulted in more well-developed plant visualization.
... The Indian Subcontinent region has shown greater diversity, particularly around the Gangetic plains. In Nepal, its distribution stretches from east to west up to an altitude of 900 m asl (Kunwar, 2019). R. serpentina is primarily found in Nepal's Terai region, where it has been reported up to elevations of 1300-1400 m (Dey and De, 2011). ...
... According to the predicted final map of the suitable habitat for R. serpentina (Fig. 2), most of the districts are in the Terai region of Nepal. According to Kunwar (2019), R. serpentina is found at altitudes below 900 m (MSL). MaXent is very robust, requiring presence only, and has an easy-to-use interface, allowing to maintain higher accuracy predictions under various constraints (Dunk et al., 2019;Kaky et al., 2020). ...
... The Indian Subcontinent region has shown greater diversity, particularly around the Gangetic plains. In Nepal, its distribution stretches from east to west up to an altitude of 900 m asl (Kunwar, 2019). R. serpentina is primarily found in Nepal's Terai region, where it has been reported up to elevations of 1300-1400 m (Dey and De, 2011). ...
... According to the predicted final map of the suitable habitat for R. serpentina (Fig. 2), most of the districts are in the Terai region of Nepal. According to Kunwar (2019), R. serpentina is found at altitudes below 900 m (MSL). MaXent is very robust, requiring presence only, and has an easy-to-use interface, allowing to maintain higher accuracy predictions under various constraints (Dunk et al., 2019;Kaky et al., 2020). ...
The main aim of the study was to predict the potential distribution, trade, and conservation of Rauvolfia serpentina in Nepal. We used 117 well-dispersed species occurrence points to run the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model with bioclimatic, topographic, vegetation-related, and anthropogenic variables. Twenty-four percent of Nepal's total land area is a potential habitat for R. serpentina. The potential area of R. serpentina in the protected area is 5,230.92 km 2 (15%). The accuracy of the model was excellent with an average Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) of 0.92±0.004 with an average True Skill Statistics (TSS) of 0.62±0.03. Nepal's Siwalik region is the best suitable habitat, followed by Terai and Middle Mountain. It is slightly suited in the High Mountains, and it is completely unsuitable in the Himalayas. The increasing price of R. serpentina was a good indication for commercial cultivation (average annual increment of price = 0.39%). Based on the scores obtained, the more suitable area (core Terai) showed the highest threat. The trade of R. serpentina is very minimal in Nepal due to government restrictions and international laws (IUCN and CITES). Cultivation practices are the major key activities that lead to protecting this species in the natural environment.
... The IUCN Red List categories are intended to be easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of regional to global extinction and to provide an explicit and objective framework for the classification of species according to their extinction risk (Express News service, 2019). Export of products manufactured from this species without processing has been entirely banned by the Nepal Forest Act 1993 with respect to climate and altitude from field surveys, visit to herbarium centre, which were subjected to DIVA GIS in order to plot a predictive map of the plant habitat, it represented that western Terai region was found to the safest zone for this species (Kunwar, 2019). Currently, products of R. serpentina manufactured from roots are adulterated with wild plants since suppliers from wild sources are limited; hence due to an increase in rate of exploitation, it has hindered in continuation of constant and steady supply. ...
... Out of the 154 CITES-listed plant species of Nepal (Joshi et al. 2017), four species (Dalbergia latifolia, Dalbergia sissoo, Euphorbia royleana and Rauvolfia serpentina) which are listed in Appendix-II of CITES were found in the study area. These species are facing higher risk of extinction due to overharvesting throughout the world (Dwianto et al. 2019;Kunwar 2019;Abdullah and Rafay 2021). Hence, to protect their illegal trade and save them from extinction, these species are listed under CITES-II. ...
Plants are a component of biodiversity and support life system on earth. Exploration of plant species is important to acquire knowledge on plant biodiversity and their distribution. This study documents floral species in the Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Campus, Nepal. The Campus is one of the academic institutions for producing forestry graduates. The plant species were listed from 2020 to the first half of the year 2021
by walking along the accessible routes inside the Campus. A total of 331 species of plants from 276 genera and 99 families were recorded. Fabaceae family represented the maximum number of plant species (n=26) followed by Asteraceae (n=25) and Poaceae (n=21). 43% of the total species recorded were herbs. 31% of the total species were trees.
16 species were invasive alien plant species (IAPS) and four species are listed under Appendix-II of CITES.
... Euphorbia royleana and Rauvolfia serpentina)which are listed in Appendix-II of CITES were found in the study area. These species are facing higher risk of extinction due to overharvesting throughout the world(Dwianto et al. 2019;Kunwar 2019; Abdullah and Rafay 2021). Hence, to protect their illegal trade and save them from extinction, these species are listed under CITES-II. ...
This paper explores the status of Invasive Alien Plant Species in an
urban forest of Hetauda, Nepal. The study is based on a quadrate survey
(130 quadrants) within the transect line at an interval of 30 m within
different six habitat types. This study identified a total of 22 invasive alien
plant species representing 20 genera and 12 families out of recorded
26 species representing 24 genera and 15 families in the country. This
study identified four species namely Chromolaena odorata, Eichhornia
crassipes, Lantana camara and Mikania micrantha in the study area
that were listed as the world’s 100 worst invasive species. The invasion
was found to be negatively correlated with canopy cover. The higher
the canopy cover; the lower the abundance of invasive alien species.
Regarding the habitat type, settlement area had the highest number of
invasive species followed by forest and roadside. Mikania micrantha,
Lantana camara, Ageratum houstonianum and Chromolaena odorata
were mostly abundant in forest whereas Eichhornia crassipes was highly
abundant in wetlands. Mikania micrantha was mostly abundant in
settlement area and Senna tora was confined to open land. The relative
abundance of Ageratum conyzoides, Senna occidentalis, Ageratum
adenophora, Leersia hexandra, Mimosa pudica, Bidens pilosa, Oxalis
latifolia, Ipomoea carnea, Amaranthus spinosus, Argemone mexicana,
Esosphaerum suaveolens were lower
... Rauvolfia from east to west at an altitude of 100-900 m(Hara and Williams 1979;GoN 2007;Kunwar 2019). Rauvolfia serpentina has so far been reported from 17 districts of Nepal (Banke, Bardia, Chitwan, Dhading, Gorkha, Ilam, Jajarkot, Kavre, Makwanpur, Morang, Myagdi, Nawalparasi, Pyuthan, Sindhuli, Sunsari, Tanahun, Taplejung)(ESON 2009;Bhattarai 2013). ...
Rauvolfia serpentina(L.) Benth. ex Kurz:Ophioxylon album Gaertn.; Ophioxylon obversum Miq.; Ophioxylon salutiferum Salisb.; Ophioxylon serpentinum L.; Ophioxylon trifoliatum Gaertn.; Rauvolfia obversa (Miq.) Baill.; Rauvolfia trifoliata (Gaertn.) Baill. Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill
... Rauvolfia from east to west at an altitude of 100-900 m(Hara and Williams 1979;GoN 2007;Kunwar 2019). Rauvolfia serpentina has so far been reported from 17 districts of Nepal (Banke, Bardia, Chitwan, Dhading, Gorkha, Ilam, Jajarkot, Kavre, Makwanpur, Morang, Myagdi, Nawalparasi, Pyuthan, Sindhuli, Sunsari, Tanahun, Taplejung)(ESON 2009;Bhattarai 2013). ...
... CITES telah menyatakan bahwa R. serpentina termasuk dalam Appendix II yang berarti tumbuhan tersebut tidak terancam punah namun bila terus diperdagangkan tanpa kontrol akan mengalami kepunahan (CITES, 2019). Sementara itu menurut IUCN tumbuhan ini telah masuk ke dalam status terancam punah (Kunwar, 2019). Menurut Sulandjari (2008) pule pandak dinyatakan mulai berkurang karena pengambilannya secara langsung dari habitat tanpa memperhatikan daya regenerasinya. ...
Pule pandak is a rare medicinal plant with low regeneration since it only depend on natural propagation. This plant is difficult to be propagated while the demand of its material for herbal and pharmaceutical industries increased by time. The aim of this research was to find the best method of pulepandak callus induction. This research used pulepandak leaves as explant and Nitsch as base media. The experiment conducted by using combination of Kinetin and NAA as growth hormones. The hormones concentration as follows: Kinetin 1 mg/l, 2 mg/l, Kinetin 3 mg/l and NAA concentration were 0 mg/ml (control) and 1 mg/l. The results showed that the treatment of growth regulators combination of Kinetin 2 mg/l + NAA 0 mg/l, Kinetin 2 mg/l + NAA 1 mg/l, Kinetin 3 mg/l + NAA 0 mg/l and Kinetin 3 mg/l + NAA 1 mg/l were able to induce callus on R. serpentine explant while treatment of kinetin 3 mg/l and NAA 1 mg/l induced callus and roots.. ABSTRAK Pule pandak merupakan salah satu tanaman obat langka yang regenerasinya lambat karena hanya mengandalkan perbanyakan secara alami. Tumbuhan ini sulit dibudidayakan sementara kebutuhan sebagai bahan baku dalam industri herbal dan farmasi semakin meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perlakuan terbaik untuk pembentukan kalus pulepandak. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan daun pulepandak sebagai eksplan dengan media dasar Nitsch dengan pemberian zat pengatur tumbuh kinetin dengan konsentrasi 1, 2 dan 3 mg/l serta NAA konsentrasi 0 mg/l dan 1 mg/l. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan zat pengatur tumbuh kombinasi kinetin 2 mg/l dan 3 mg/l serta NAA 1 mg/l dan NAA 0 mg/l mampu menginduksi kalus pada eksplan R. serpentina, sementara kombinasi kinetin 3 mg/l dan NAA 1 mg/l mampu menginduksi pertumbuhan kalus dan akar.
The majority of conventional medications and food supplements are created following the processing of medicinal plants. As majority of the medicinal plants are collected from the forests, the rise in the demand for herbal goods is placing significant strain on the forests while encouraging unsustainable wild harvesting of therapeutic plants. The current study's objective is to gain insight into current debates on the value chain of medicinal or therapeutic plants, role of various Indian acts, i.e., Forest Act, Forests Right Act, export, and other variables affecting the sustainable supply of herbs. A targeted literature search on online databases, scientific studies, and authentic texts was performed to understand the value chain, consumption, export, Indian laws, endangered species, and capacity building institutions, limitations, and future of medicinal plants. The World Flora Online database was used to verify the scientific names of the plants. Value chains for medicinal plants are wide and complex. There is need to weaken the role of middlemen and giving forest gatherers and farmers more negotiating leverage especially through artificial intelligence. The Ministry of AYUSH and National Medicinal Plants Board both play significant roles in India's medicinal plant sector. The different acts and rules pertaining to medicinal plants conservation, usage, transit, and trade should work in harmony and there is need for exclusive medicinal plants policy across India. Maintaining a balance between the protection of medical plant species and a sustainable supply of herbs to support the sector based on medicinal plants while empowering forest gatherers is urgently needed.
