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Distribution of morphogenetic traits amongst the population under study.
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The ABO and Rh blood groups are among the most important blood group systems inherited variably amongst populations with different genotypes (AA, AS and SS). On the other hand, those who cannot roll their tongue or have a free hanging ear lobe are said to be recessive and dominant for the traits, respectively. Indeed, there are growing concerns in...
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... distribution of morphogenetic traits amongst the study population showed that a higher percentage of the population (123; 63.73%) were in the class of individuals with blood group O, while those with blood group A, B and AB numbered 34 (17.62%), 32 (16.58%) and 4 (2.07%), respectively (Table 1). Deductively therefore, those with blood group AB were the least while those with blood group A and B numerically followed those of blood group O in that order, respectively. ...
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... therefore, those with blood group AB were the least while those with blood group A and B numerically followed those of blood group O in that order, respectively. On the other hand, it was observed that a higher percentage of the population (188; 97.41%) were rhesus positive while a lower percentage of the population (5; 2.59%) were rhesus negative (Table 1). Also, a higher percentage of the population (145; 75.13%) were in the class of individuals with genotype AA while the rest of the population (48; 24.87%) were in the class of individuals with genotype AS. ...
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... a higher percentage of the population (145; 75.13%) were in the class of individuals with genotype AA while the rest of the population (48; 24.87%) were in the class of individuals with genotype AS. None in the population under study were in the class of individuals with genotype SS (Table 1). ...
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... the distribution of the population with the ability or inability to roll the tongue and the presence or absence of an attached ear lobe, it was observed that a higher percentage of the population (100; 51.81%) could roll their tongue while a lower percentage of the population (93; 48.19%) could not (Table 1). Similarly, a higher percentage of the population (132; 63.39%) did not present an attached earlobe while a lower percentage of the population (61; 31.61%) had attached ear lobes (Table 1). ...
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... the distribution of the population with the ability or inability to roll the tongue and the presence or absence of an attached ear lobe, it was observed that a higher percentage of the population (100; 51.81%) could roll their tongue while a lower percentage of the population (93; 48.19%) could not (Table 1). Similarly, a higher percentage of the population (132; 63.39%) did not present an attached earlobe while a lower percentage of the population (61; 31.61%) had attached ear lobes (Table 1). ...
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Citations
... Chi square analysis revealed no association (p>0.05) at 0.05 significance level between gender and blood group in this study. This result contrasts with that of Nwaopara et al., (2008) who reported a higher prevalence (63.73%) of blood group O among residents of Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. It also corroborates that of Kooffreh et al., (2015) who reported a slightly higher prevalence (55.2%) of blood group O among residents of Calabar, Cross River State Nigeria. ...
... Chi square analysis revealed no association (p>0.05) between gender and ability to roll tongue in this study. This result agrees with that of Nwaopara et al., (2008) who reported a higher incidence (51.81%) of tongue rollers among residents of Ekpoma, Edo State. Nwosu et al., (2022) who reported a lower prevalence (46.96%) of tongue rollers among staff and scholars of Gregory University Uturu, Abia State Nigeria. ...
Background: Human beings, like all living organisms, are characterized by the presence of genetically inherited physical and/or physiological characters which made them to be genetically distinct from each other. These traits, known as morphogenetic traits, are transmitted in autosomal dominant or recessive fashion. This study strives to determine the distribution, association and inheritance pattern of morphogenetic characters among students of Federal Polytechnic Ile-Oluji, Ondo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A random sample of four hundred (male 219 and female 181) students were evaluated for two serological (blood group and rhesus factor) and ten morphogenetic traits including, earlobe attachment, bent little finger, widow’s peak, hitchhiker’s thumb, tongue rolling, tongue flipping, cleft chin, mid-phalangeal hair, eye colour and polydactyly. The data obtained were expressed in simple percentages. Chi- square analysis was used to test for statistically significant associations between observed allelic and genotypic frequency at 5% level of significance. Results and Discussions: The study revealed Blood group O as the most prevalent (47%) followed by A (22.75%), B (18.5%) while the least was AB (11.75%). Over 91% of these population were Rh (D) positive while over 8% were Rh (D) negative. The other genetic traits were observed in frequencies; attached earlobe (57.25%), bent little finger (27.5%), widow’s peak (34.25%), hitchhiker’s thumb (65.75%), tongue rolling (54.25%), tongue flipping (23%), cleft chin (24%), mid-digital hair (42%), dark eye colour (31%) and polydactyly (26.75%). Association analysis showed the presence of association between gender and all the traits excepting widow’s peak (χ2 = 19.7, p = 0.000), cleft chin (χ2 = 11.5, p = 0.000) and polydactyl (χ2 = 12.2, p = 0.000). Conclusion: Recessive traits were much more prevalent in the sampled population. The results obtained established baseline data for this population, and it can be used for medically, legally and also for anthropological studies.
... This finding suggests that tongue rolling can be linked to the proneness of individuals to diabetes mellitus; thus, tongue rollers may be more prone to diabetes than non-tongue rollers, while other morphogenetic traits measured in this study could not be linked to the proneness of an individual to diabetes mellitus. Although, several studies have been performed on association between tongue rolling and various anatomical/physiological variations [7,20,21]; this study was the first to demonstrate the association between tongue rolling and incidence of diabetes mellitus. ...
The vulnerability to develop certain pathophysiological conditions may be linked to the morphogenetic traits of individuals. Hence, this study ascertained the relationship between some morphogenetic traits and physiological coefficients related to incidence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Morphogenetic traits (height, weight, ABO blood group, Hitchhiker thumb, tongue rolling, and hand clasping) and physiological coefficients; body mass index, blood pressure (BP), random blood sugar (RBS), and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were measured during a free medical outreach in an institution in Eastern Nigeria. Seventy individuals participated; age (15–35 years), females: 36 (51.4%), males: 34 (48.6%), pre-obese (28.6%), obese 1 and 2 (2.9%, 2.9%), and BP (52.9% normal and 34.3% hypotensive). Twenty-five (35.7%) assayed FBS showed 1.4% diabetes, 17.1% pre-diabetes, and 17.1% normal, while 45 (64.3%) assayed RBS showed 57.1% normal and 7.2% pre-diabetes. There was significantly increased incidence of pre-diabetes and diabetes among tongue rollers when compared to non-tongue rollers (p<0.05). Incidence of obesity and hypertension was not significantly associated with tongue rolling. There was significant association between weight and incidence of obesity (p<0.05); no significant association with weight and incidence of hypertension and diabetes. There was also no association between height, ABO blood group, Hitchhiker thumb, hand clasping and incidence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes (p<0.05). Conclusively, morphogenetic traits such as tongue rolling and body weight were associated with physiological coefficients related to incidence of diabetes and obesity, respectively, supporting the hypothesis that certain morphogenetic traits can be linked to the proneness of individuals to obesity and diabetes.
... The ABO blood groups of individuals vary within and among different populations; blood transfusion and banking began after the description of the different ABO groups in 1900 [7]. Studies have associated the ABO blood groups with prevalence of some diseases like malaria and cancer [8−10], personality [11], sport endurance performance [12], susceptibility to Covid-19 [13,14] and so on. ...
... On analysis of the blood groups of the participants in (Table 2), the frequency of the O group was the highest (57.39 %) while AB group recorded the least frequen-cy (6.96 %) in a O>A>B>AB pattern. This is in accordance with the results gotten from Nigerian population [3,7,15] and other populations [16,17]. On the other hand, some studies recorded O>B>A>AB prevalence pattern in Nigeria [18,19] and other population [5,20]. ...
Morphogenetic traits are physical observable traits that can be inherited either in a single gene or multifactorial pattern. ABO blood group is a codominant inherited trait that has been associated with different anatomical and physiological variations. However, there are limited studies that have linked ABO blood groups with some morphogenetic traits.
This study was conducted to ascertain the distribution of morphogenetic traits like hand clasping and tongue rolling among ABO blood groups in a University community in Eastern Nigeria.
A total of 115 volunteers participated in the study. The blood groups of the participants were determined and the expression of the morphogenetic traits was gotten by physical observation. Greater proportion of the participants were males (55.65 %), students (61.74 %) and within ages 15−25 (58.26 %). There was a higher prevalence of blood group O (57.39 %), tongue non-rollers (53.04 %) and right hand clasping (74.78 %) among the participants. The participants with blood groups A and O recorded a higher distribution of tongue non-rollers while those with blood groups B and AB recorded an equal number of both tongue roller and non-rollers. The participants with blood groups A, B and O recorded a higher distribution of right hand clasping while those with blood group AB recorded a significant higher distribution of left hand clasping (P
... There are previous studies on earlobe attachment in diverse regions of the world [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. ...
... However, this current study collaborates the report of Dutta et al., [6]. However, the study collaborates the reports of previous authors [8,9]. ...
Background: In documenting anthropological characteristics of a population, the earlobe attachment is one of the anthropological parameters that is considered. Indigenous populations in Nigeria have had some of their anthropological features documented. Hence, this study was aimed at determining the distribution of earlobe attachment among the Kalabari people of Southern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study was descriptive and cross-sectional which involved a total of 1342 subjects which comprised 671 males and 671 females who were sampled conveniently. The participants were all from Kalabari ethnic group in Rivers State (south-south) Nigeria. All subjects included in the study were indigenes of the Kalabari extraction, participants who had distortions or any form of structural anomaly of the external ear were excluded. Results and Discussions: The distribution of earlobe attachment based on gender and total population showed thus: males [free 390(58.1%), attached 281(41.9%), total 671(100.0%)]; females [free 407(60.6%), attached 290(39.4%), total 671(100.0%)]; Total population gave thus [free 797(59.4%), attached 571(40.6%), total 1,342(100.0%)]. Conclusion: The attached and detached (free) earlobes were both more frequent in the females than the males. In general, the ratio of free (detached) and attached is 8:6. The study revealed that free (detached) earlobe was more frequently distributed than the attached among the Kalabari people. Keywords: Earlobe, Attached, Detached/free, Kalabari, Nigeria.
... The frequency distribution of tongue rolling and tongue folding capability in the sampled population specified that there were more tongue rollers and folders than non-rollers and non-folders. The present study was in validation with the studies of Eboh [20], Nwaopara et al. [21]; Odokuma et al. [22] and Adekoye et al. [23] who also observed the prevalence of more tongue rollers in their study. The frequency distribution of polydactyly in the sampled population revealed that majority of the individuals showed absence of polydactyly. ...
Many factors such as gene flow, genetic drift, migration, natural selection and temporal variation are responsible for the genetic variation in humans. The present pilot study was conducted to screen a random population of 194 female Indian graduate students for 13 different morphogenetic traits i.e., tongue rolling, tongue folding, polydactyly, hitchhiker's thumb, bent little finger, widow's peak, cleft chin, dimpled cheeks, mid-phalangeal hair, earlobe attachment, crossing of arms, right handedness and arched foot through questionnaires and datasheets. The prevalence of these morphogenetic traits was observed as dominant traits such as tongue rolling ability (75.3%) and tongue folding ability (96.4%), single-jointed hitchhiker’s thumb (76.3%), straight little finger (93.3%), free ear lobe (62.4%), arched foot (88.7%), right handedness (99%), right arm crossing over left arm (99.5%) etc. are expressed more recurrently in the population. However, recessive characters like absence of polydactyly (97.9%), absence of dimples (87.6%), absence of widow’s peak (77.8%), round chin (87.1%), absence of mid-phalangeal hair (77.1%), etc. are expressed more commonly in the population. We analyzed whether a trait is dominant or recessive. The survey result shows a disparity of this argument, it shows that some typical dominant character was not expressed but the expression of recessive character was prevalent as in the case of widow’s peak (absent), smooth chin, crossing of arms (right over left), Hitchhiker’s thumb (absent), absence of dimple, etc, all of which are recessive traits. Outcomes of this study can be suitable for many types of anthropological, medicolegal and population genetics studies.
... The descriptive statistics of the measured parameters were presented in Table 3.2 and 3.3. The mean values for the measured parameters in male subjects were presented in Table 3.2, while that of the females were presented in Table 3 [13] , while Eboh (2017) [13] and Nwaopara et al. (2008) [14] reported that unattached earlobe was more common among females in some ethnic groups. Williams et al. (2008) [15] also reported same for Lagos population. ...
... On the contrary, Sadia et al. (2015) [17] and Verma et al. (2016) [18] reported that attached earlobe was more prevalent in a Pakistani and Indian population respectively. Differences in earlobe distribution from one population to another could have possible genetic undertone as suggested by Nwaopara et al. (2008) [14] and Ordu et al. (2014) [3] . Data from previous studies with regards to morphometric differences in different earlobe attachment patterns is scarce, which has informed the current study. ...
There are two configurations of earlobe in humans; attached and unattached earlobe. This study was done to evaluate the morphology of the external ear in relation to attachment pattern and to determine the association between sex and morphology. A total of 450 subjects within the age of 18-45 resident the south-southern region of Nigeria was randomly selected for the study. Parameters measured from subjects who gave their consent include: Total auricular height (TAH), Total auricular width (TAW), Depth of inter-tragal notch (DIN), Auricular Projection (AP), Lobular width (LW), Lobular height (LH), Conchal width (CW), Conchal length (CL), Tragus to outer canthus angle (TCA) for both auricle with attached and unattached earlobe. The mean values of the measured parameters for both sexes was not significant. However, AP, DIN, TCA for males and females with attached earlobe was significant. All measured parameter had higher mean values for males compared to females except LH that was higher in females. Unattached earlobe was predominant in the study especially in females compared to males. Auricle with unattached earlobes are positioned closer to the outer canthus at tragal level than those with attached earlobes. It has therefore established that attachment pattern influences dimensions. A higher proportion of earlobes were unattached compared to the attached. Attachment pattern has no significant effect on the onset of loss of elasticity. Both types of earlobe are only affected either by nature or cultural practices. These findings will be useful in reconstructive surgery, forensic investigations and acoustic products design.
... The regularity of attached ear lobes recorded in this scrutiny did not correspond with that of Nwaopara et al., (2008) who reported 63.39% for free earlobe and 31.61% for attached earlobe [12]. The index research did not agree with that of Kalia and Gupta (1978) who documented elevated numbers of free earlobes (73.84%) [13]. ...
... The regularity of attached ear lobes recorded in this scrutiny did not correspond with that of Nwaopara et al., (2008) who reported 63.39% for free earlobe and 31.61% for attached earlobe [12]. The index research did not agree with that of Kalia and Gupta (1978) who documented elevated numbers of free earlobes (73.84%) [13]. ...
Objective: The aim of this study is investigating the distribution of earlobe attachment among the Ika ethnic group, in Delta State, Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Ika speaking communities in Delta State, Nigeria. The sample consists of 384 subjects (192 males and 192 females) and the participants were categorized in accordance of sexual category with age ranges from 18 to 60 years. Data was collected by visual observation and the data obtained was analyzed with the aid of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21.0. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The males portrayed the highest frequency distribution of attached earlobe while the females showed more of free earlobe. There is no significant gender difference in the pattern of earlobe attachment (p =.46). Free earlobe manifested among the 39-48years age range with the highest frequency distribution and the least by age interval within 59years and above. The attached earlobe displayed age differences in distribution with the highest frequency from 49-58 age range and the least by age range 59years and above. There is a remarkable age variation in earlobe attachment (p =.001). Conclusion: The attached earlobe is more predominant than the free or unattached earlobe among the Ikas in Delta State, Nigeria. The association between age and pattern of earlobe attachment is significant and there is no significant gender variation in the pattern of earlobe attachment.
... Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism. Individual's genotype (either AA or AS or SS) and blood group (A, B, AB and O/ Rhesus factor [Rh+ and Rh-]) differ amidst many morphogenetic traits, but some traits are more commonly expressed in different populations [2,3,[6][7][8]. Genotype, blood groups and rhesus (Rh) factor are sometimes known as serological traits [8]. Ethnic variations in serological traits, digito-palmar dermatoglyphics and other 66 morphometric traits are of immense benefits to evolutional biologist, anthropologist, human geneticist, clinicians, blood transfusion services and policy makers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. ...
... Genotype, blood groups and rhesus (Rh) factor are sometimes known as serological traits [8]. Ethnic variations in serological traits, digito-palmar dermatoglyphics and other 66 morphometric traits are of immense benefits to evolutional biologist, anthropologist, human geneticist, clinicians, blood transfusion services and policy makers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Studies have been documented on the relationship between serological traits and the prevalence of some human diseases like Malaria [9,10], duodenal ulcer [11,12], cancer [13], etc. ...
... Tests with antisera A (Anti A), antisera B (Anti B) and antisera D (Anti D) were performed by the conventional tile technique as previously reported [3]. Genotyping was performed following the protocols as documented [7]. Cells were washed 2-3 times in a test tube containing normal saline and a drop of the washed cells was placed on a tile. ...
Background: A population is characterized by a set of gene(s) controlling traits and these traits are essential prerequisite for studying genetic diversity in human population. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the distribution, inheritance patterns of morphogenetic, serological traits; and also association of these traits within the two ethnic groups. Methods: The distribution of morphogenetic, serological traits were studied among the Ibibio and Ananng in Ikono and Oruk Anam respectively using a total of 1200 participants. Thirteen traits were accessed. Standard methodology was used to collect data and analyzed. Results: The distribution of morphogenetic traits amongst the two populations were 96.67%, 68.83%, 56.08%, 35.58% and 17.50% for right handedness, free earlobe, tongue rollers, bent little fingers and dimpled cheeks respectively. The Ibibio's right handedness, left handedness and ambidextrous were 96.33%, 3.17% and 0.5%; while for the Ananng's were 97.00%, 2.67% and 0.33% respectively. There were significant association between morphogenetic traits (tongue folding and bent little finger) and ethnicity. Also dimples, widow's peak and Rhesus factor were significantly associated with sex. The distribution of serological traits amongst the two populations was 50.67%, 20.17%, 18.33%, 10.83%, 93.17%, 6.83%,74.92%, 24.67% and 0.42% for blood group O, B, A, AB, rhesus positive, rhesus negative, genotype AA, AS and SS respectively. Conclusion: The frequency of the different morphogenetic and serological phenotypes varied in the two ethnic groups. Dimples, widow's peak and Rhesus factor were significantly associated with sex. This study will serve as base-line information for further studies.
... Even though the mechanisms underlining genetic control of inheritance of these traits still remain elusive as they have been shown to be expressed differently in different populations of the world, their importance in understanding human evolution and diversity cannot be over emphasized [4,5]. Although, there have been several studies on the prevalence of some morphogenetic traits in Nigeria by several authors [6][7][8][9][10][11], they have majorly been on the distribution of these traits and localized. However, sampling a diversified population having different geographical and ecological backgrounds would not only provide a unique avenue to better study these morphogenetic traits but also provide a better representation of the population. ...
Morphogenetic traits are observable characters inherited by individuals from their parents in autosomal dominant or recessive manner and expressed differently among populations. The differences in inheritance and expression of these traits usually form the basis of diversity and variation among populations. This study was carried out to ascertain the distribution, inheritance pattern and association of morphogenetic traits among students of the University of Lagos, Nigeria. Ten morphogenetic traits which includes, widow's peak, hitchhiker's thumb, cleft chin, tongue rolling, earlobe attachment, dimpled cheeks, bent little finger, ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), mid-phalangeal hair and polydactyly were assessed by observations among 1000 randomly selected undergraduate students of the University. Association studies between traits were carried out using chi-square test of independence with a threshold of 5% level of significance. The study revealed the distributions of the traits as follows: widow's peak present in 36.8%; double jointed hitchhiker's thumb, 46.5%; cleft chin, 19.9%; tongue rollers, 63.9%; free earlobe attachment, 74.6; dimpled cheeks, 22.0%; bent little finger, 36.7%; ability to taste PTC, 42.9%; presence of mid-phalangeal hair, 35.35 and polydactyly was found in 6.8% of the participants. Association evaluation showed no significant association between all the morphogenetic traits and gender except for dimpled cheeks (χ² = 5.26, p = 0.022). Ability to taste PTC was found to be associated with tongue rolling (χ² = 4.46, p = 0.035); widow's peak was associated with chin cleft (χ² = 11.63, p < 0.01) and dimpled cheeks (χ² = 5.67, p < 0.05). Dimpled cheek was significantly associated with cleft chin (χ² = 31.22, p < 0.01). Also, bent little finger was found to be associated with mid-phalangeal hair (χ² = 7.13, p < 0.01), polydactyly (χ² = 5.67, p < 0.05) and hitchhiker's thumb (χ² = 19.24, p < 0.01). More recessive type of traits evaluated were observed among sampled participants, not typed to ethnicity or group. Results obtained in this study are suitable for medicolegal and anthropological studies.
... According to the result, the prevalence of widow's peak was low in the sample population. This is in tandem with the work of Nwaopara et al., (2008) where they reported that only 13% of the population sampled expressed widow's peak. ...
... Tongue rolling in the population was more expressed, as 58.8% of the sample population could roll their tongue. This is in agreement with the work of Nwaopara et al., (2008) where it was reported that 51.8% of individuals in the population could roll their tongue and 48.19% could n't. Also, this study does not agree with the work of Kooffreh et al., (2015) as only 48% of the population sampled could actually roll their tongue and 51% could not. ...
Anifowoshe et al.,Allelic Frequency of different morphometric traits among students ABSTRACT Morphological traits are measurable characteristics of individual organism. These include aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, color, and pattern) as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs. In this study, the occurrences of these traits among students of University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria were investigated. Ten (10) traits (Tongue rolling, widow's peak, chin cleft, dimple, free earlobe, Achoo syndrome, bent little finger, early onset myopia, hand clasping and hair phalanges) were selected and a retrospective study was carried out among 2000 students in nine (9) different faculties. The results were analyzed using Microsoft excel 2010, SPSS-version 21 and Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equation. The H-W equation showed that the frequencies of recessive alleles (q) were higher than the dominant alleles in all the traits. Also, the homozygous dominant genotypes in all the traits except early onset myopia were less than the homozygous recessive and heterozygous genotypes. This study provides normative data for the distribution of the ten traits among the students of University of Ilorin.
