Figure 3 - uploaded by Suresh Kumar Ghimire
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Distribution of herbs (A), shrubs (B) and trees (C) according to parts collected (Fl=flower, Fr=fruit, Sd=seed, Lf=Leaf, St=stem, Rt=root, Rh=rhizome, Br=bark, Wd=wood, Gl=gall, Rs=resin, Wp=whole plant).
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Conservation of threatened medicinal plants
2017 survey of supposed records of T. b. rhenana since 2010 indicating that the taxon may have been extinct in Germany back then already. There have been many dedicate searches since, but as of today (13.08.2022), to my knowledge there is still no proven record of the taxon in Germany. Therefore, the taxon may well be extinct in Germany
Citations
... This relationship is particularly relevant for constructing mathematical representations for various applications [31]. Tree height is a key metric used to quantify forest productivity and identify the productive capacity of specific sites [17]. It is essential for both forest management and research activities. ...
Height and diameter are two factors that are considered when developing (volume and yield) tables, as well as for determining site quality and site index. Diameter is easily measured using precise and affordable instruments. However, height measurement is complex in terms of time, skill, and resource. So, developing allometric equation of height-diameter is useful to predict height from diameter to calculate tree volume, biomass, and carbon storage and survival analysis. The study was carried out in Nepal. The study area comprised of a total of 664 unique plots of Pinus roxburghii. Data was obtained from Forest Resource Assessment, 2018 undertaken by Forest Research and Training Centre (then Department of Forest Research and survey). Diameter was measured with a diameter tape at 1.3 m height above the ground level and total height was measured with a Vertex IV and Transponder. A two-phase cluster sampling was applied during data collection. Statistical software R and MS-Excel were used for data analysis. Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlation (r = 0.86) between DBH (diameter at breast height) and Height. The relationship between height as dependent variable to diameter was established through regression analysis, different suggested models were tested accordingly. Different forms of candidate models including linear, polynomial, logarithmic, and inverse were fitted to select the best height prediction model. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Adjusted Coefficient of Determination (R 2 adj.) were used to evaluate the model. Polynomial degree 2 form of equation (height=1.1052804+0.6252304*dbh−0.0021242*dbh 2) resulted as the best model with values of adj. R 2 RMSE, and AIC; 0.720, 3.639 and 2735.253 respectively.
... The unique landscape of Nepal has established many ecological niches that harbor highvalue plants (Subedi, 2006;Rana et al., 2015;Thapa et al., 2021), and several ethnic groups have adopted them (Manzardo, 1977;Ghimire, 2008;Shoaib et al., 2020). High-value plants of this region have been a traditional source of food, medicine, and income for people living in remote and rugged mountain regions of Nepal Himalaya (Lama et al., 2001;Bhattarai et al., 2009;Uprety et al., 2012;Ambu et al., 2020;Awasthi et al., 2023). Conservation and management of high-value plants are crucial because they provide opportunities to generate local and national capital (Olsen and Helles, 1997;Rajbhandary and Ranjitkar, 2006;Rana et al., 2017). ...
The unique landscape of Nepal supports diverse ecological niches that are home to valuable plants, benefiting various ethnic groups. Wild edible plants have been essential for the livelihoods of indigenous peoples and local communities due to their affordability, ease of harvest, and renewable nature. However, climate change is altering the habitat, distribution, ecology, and phenology of plant species in the Himalayas. One such important species in Nepal is Arisaema costatum, which has multiple indigenous uses. Unfortunately, climate change, deforestation and land use changes have led to continuous changes in the distribution and habitats of A. costatum. We conducted field research involving 280 quadrats (2×2 meters) and 210 interviews. By utilizing MaxEnt modeling and considering different climate change scenarios (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 4.5 and 8.5) as well as climatic predictors and species localities, we analyzed 196 geospatial data points. This allowed us to evaluate the present suitable environment and predict potential habitats in 2050 and 2070. Our findings revealed that A. costatum is used as a vegetable by indigenous and local communities in the Nepal Himalayas. Traditional fermentation and detoxification techniques are employed for its preparation. The plant plays a vital role in household food and nutrition, income generation, and health security. Elevation, annual mean temperature (BIO-1), and precipitation during the warmest and coldest quarters (BIO-18 and BIO-19) were identified as the most influential factors for projecting the future distribution of A. costatum in the Nepal Himalayas. Approximately 14% (21121.75 km 2) of Nepal's land was found to be suitable habitat for this species, with the Gandaki, Bagmati, and Koshi provinces in the temperate regions particularly well-suited compared to other provinces. Highly suitable areas are expected to gradually decrease from 0.14% in 2050 and 1.65% in 2070. Thus, the anticipated loss of A. costatum J o u r n a l P r e-p r o o f habitats and the increasing temperatures due to climate change in the Nepal Himalayas, urgent integrated research and development programs are necessary to address this issue.
... [20][21][22] The NTFPs were also identified with the help of Taxonomists and by standard literature. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Secondary data on the socio-economic and biological status of farmers, income, and employment generated from agroforestry management activities were collected to supplement primary data. The main sources of secondary data were Rural Municipality data, farmer's records Divisional Forest Office and District Agriculture Learning Centre, District Livestock Service Office, and other line agencies supporting farmers to deal with agroforestry practices, Federation of Community Forest Users, Nepal (FECOFUN, Sindhupalchok), and local NGOs profiles and reports, and reports of other line agencies and agroforestry related published and unpublished documents and pieces of literature and journals. ...
This research presents the role of indigenous traditional knowledge on agroforestry
promotion in Bandegaun of Sindhupalchok district. Both primary and secondary
information was collected through a household survey, key informant discussion, focus
group discussion, direct observation, and review of agroforestry-related literature, papers,
and reports.
Agriculture was the main occupation of the respondents with the majority (62%) of the total
respondents having a small landholding of less than 0.75 ha. However, about 91% of the
total had practiced both agri-silviculture and home gardening, 55% of the total respondents
had a Silvi-pastoral system and 27% of the total respondents had a small wood lot of trees.
The main indigenous traditional knowledge used by the respondents for the promotion of
these agroforestry practices in their farms were knowledge on the palatability of fodder
species, knowledge on timber quality, knowledge on propagation by cutting, knowledge on
NTFP value, knowledge on cash earning, and knowledge on religious value of tree species.
A total of 39 tree species were included in the agroforestry practices of the study areas.
Among them were 10 fodder species, 12 timber and fuelwood species, 6 NTFPs, and 11
fruit trees. Each study household on average have grown 4 fruit trees, 47 fodder tree, 19
fuelwood, and timber trees, and an NTFP in their farmlands, which have provided a great
contribution to fodder, fuelwood, and timber supply for household use reported by 91% of
the total respondents and some respondents (76%) had also generated income from the sale
of timber, fuelwood, and NTFPs.
Finally, it is recommended that indigenous knowledge-based agroforestry awareness and
training programs along with preferred seedlings of good quality should be provided to
promote agroforestry in study areas
... Traditional medicinal and ethnobotanical uses of R. sericea are extensively documented from different high mountain and Himalayan regions of Nepal. Most commonly, fruits of this species are used to cure liver and bile disorders in different parts of Nepal such as Mustang (Pandey 2006;Rajbhandari et al. 2009;Bhattarai et al. 2010), Manang (Bhattarai et al. 2006;Rajbhandari et al. 2009) and Dolpa (Lama et al. 2001;Ghimire et al. 2008). In Manang district, fruit powder is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, stomachache, dyspepsia, bile disorders, and gingivitis, whereas, petals are used as an alternative of tea to moderate high blood pressure (Bhattarai et al. 2006). ...
... In Manang district, fruit powder is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, stomachache, dyspepsia, bile disorders, and gingivitis, whereas, petals are used as an alternative of tea to moderate high blood pressure (Bhattarai et al. 2006). In Dolpa, Amchi (traditional healers or practitioners) use the flowers and ripe fruits in bile, liver, wind and lung diseases, fever, menstrual disorders and jaundice (Ghimire et al. 2008), bark is used against poisoning and lymph fluid disorders (Lama et al. 2001), and the decoction of leaves is used to wash wounds (Kunwar and Adhikari 2005). In Mustang, fruits are used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, stomachache and dyspepsia (Rajbhandari et al. 2009), and fruits, flowers and bark are used as a tonic and to treat diseases related to liver, bile, wind and lung, menstrual and lymph fluid disorders, fever, jaundice and poisoning (Pandey 2006). ...
Rosa canina L., Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle - ROSACEAE
... A total of 89 mammalian species present in Karnali Province, 10% of them are globally threatened. Karnali Province is a prime habitat of more than 400 medicinal and aromatic plants, where Dolpa District alone shares 57% (n=400) of Nepal's MAPs (Lama et al., 2001). People living in high-altitude use the ancient system of healing for various ailments. ...
Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) have been grown and used extensively for health care and healing practices since time immemorial in Nepal. They possess cultural, religious and economic values in Nepalese communities. In recent years, the MAPs sector is a growing commercial sector in Nepal that provides livelihood opportunities for low income generating people especially in the Himalayas. In this regard, this study assesses the contribution of MAPs to the gross domestic product (GDP) of Karnali Province of Nepal. A total of 58 species of MAPs were identified in Karnali Province. It was found that various parts of these annuals, biennials and perennial plants have been used as medicines, perfumes and food. MAPs in Karnali Province generated economic output equivalent to NPR 160738 million (USD 1.39 billion) or 1.03% of GDP of Karnali Province and 0.02% of the National GDP in the fiscal year 2019/2020. However, the findings revealed that the current GDP estimate undervalues the contribution of the MAPs sector to the national GDP due to the non-inclusion of ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants. Moreover, if all cash and environmental benefits people derive from this sector could be valued and recorded in the System of National Accounts, the GDP from MAPs would be much higher than the amount estimated in this study. We conclude that MAPs have a reasonable contribution to the GDP of Karnali Province and Nepal.
... Curcumin is a chief constituent for anti-inflammatory activity (Ammon et al. 1993). In Amchi medicine, plant rhizome is used for headache, eye trouble, sore throat, indigestion, wounds, fever, altitude sickness, cough and cold, diarrhea, and stomachache (Lama et al., 2001;Rokaya et al. 2010). In Ayurveda, the plant and rhizomes are used to treat cholera, stomachache, unconsciousness, gastritis, mental disorder, high blood pressure, conjunctivitis, epilepsy, and headache (Malla et al. 2015;Ghimire et al. 2008;Bhattarai 1992). ...
... Dolpa alone shares 57% (n = 400) of Nepal's medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), therefore, Karnali Province is the habitat of at least 400 medicinal and aromatic plants. Almost 90 percent of the Dolpa lies above 3500 m and its inhabitants use complex livelihood strategies by synergizing agriculture, animal husbandry, and trade to survive in such inhospitable landscapes (Lama et al., 2001). ...
Soil loss estimation is the prerequisite for deciding priorities for watershed management which in turn is important to maintain human needs and ecosystem services. Karnali River Basin in Nepal is highly susceptible to soil erosion but limited studies have elucidated its basin-specific erosion status utilizing advanced computations. This study was designed with the objectives of delineating the river basin and estimating its soil loss using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Geographical Information System (GIS). The study individually calculated the required factors through Google Earth Engine and raster analysis in Arc GIS to create the potential soil loss map. The map depicted that the largest proportion (27%) of the area of the river basin was expected within the erosion category of 3 to 10 t ha−1 year−1, followed by 10 to 25 t ha−1 year−1 (22%) and less than 1 t ha−1 year−1 (22%). Only 2% of the land within the basin was at risk of erosion of more than 50 t ha−1 year−1. The Average soil loss from Karnali was estimated at 9.85 t ha-1 year−1. The total soil being lost per year from the Karnali River is 48,279,696 tonnes. The highest amount of soil loss was estimated in Dolpa followed by Mugu, Humla, Rukum East, and then Rukum West districts of the Karnali river basin. The results can be of pivotal inference in further planning, and prioritizing management and protection areas for the local and provincial governments.
... Nepal hosts >500 species of orchid and has a long-standing, commercial trade in wild orchids, notably of medicinal species for local uses and international trade (Pant and Raskoti, 2013;Subedi et al. 2013;Vaidya, 2019). This harvest is an important part of rural livelihoods in many parts of the country (e.g., Timmermann and Smith-Hall, 2019), driven by exports mainly to China, India, Southeast Asian countries, North America, and Europe (Larsen et al., 2005;He et al., 2018;Pyakurel et al., 2019), including for Ayurvedic Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Lama et al., 2001). ...
Governing wildlife resources is a global challenge, with illegal domestic and international trade emerging as a leading threat to biodiversity. This has prompted a range of international conservation commitments and domestic legislation, including protected species lists and legislation associated with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Despite their importance, heavy focus on national-level legislation potentially belies the complex networks of sub-national legislation that often inform on-the-ground wildlife management decisions. We highlight the need for a detailed understanding of sub-national legislation in order to meaningfully understand legal and illegal wildlife trade. We demonstrate this using the example of orchids – representing >70 % of all CITES-listed species – and focus on Nepal, a wildlife trade hotspot. We describe the available evidence on the country's overlapping legal and illegal orchid trade and provide a structured analysis of 55 pieces of domestic legislation that govern the country's orchid resources. It is likely that other countries and taxa face similar levels of complexity, and we propose an approach for more thorough and systematic evaluations of sub-national legislation – across areas of law, hierarchical levels of governance, and types of legislation.
... Medicinal plants have been considered as vital sources of traditional medicine worldwide (Lama et al. 2001;Mbuni et al. 2020;Sen and Chakraborty 2015;Zhang et al. 2018). Their usages as human medicines have been well documented in different ancient texts of traditional systems of medicines such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha (Srivastava 2018). ...
Background: Plants are important source of traditional medicine and are used widely in the primary healthcare of indigenous peoples and local communities. Despite a considerable number of ethnobotanical studies in Nepal, there are still several regions to be explored and scientifically document the traditional uses of medicinal plants. This study was conducted in one of such areas in the Dolakha district of central Nepal with the indigenous Jirel community.
... Highest number of species (22) were prescribed in stomach problems (abdominal pain, indigestion, gastric, constipation, intestinal problems) followed by 18 in fever, 16 in skin problems (mumps, scabies, and small wounds), 13 each in cut and wounds, burns, and diarrhea and dysentery (Table 1). Regarding reliability of the use reports, the use of the plants obtained in our studies compared with the ethnobotanical publications of Nepal shows a good accordance (Coburn, 1984;Lama et al., 2001;Manandhar, 2002;Shrestha and Dhillion, 2003;Baral and Kurmi, 2006;Bhattarai et al., 2006;Kunwar et al., 2006;Kunwar and Bussmann, 2008;Rokaya et al., 2010;Uprety et al., 2010;Malla et al., 2015;Gurung and Rajbhandary, 2017;Adhikari et al., 2019). This similarity is of great significance because identical plant use by different people from different areas may also be a reliable indication of curative properties (Uprety et al., 2010). ...
Medicinal plants are the primary source of traditional healthcare systems in many rural areas mostly in developing countries. This study aimed to document and analyze the diversity, distribution, and sustainability of the traditional medicinal plants used by the Gurung people of the Sikles region in western Nepal. Ethnobotanical data were collected through focus group discussions and individual interviews, and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Prior informed consent was obtained before each interview. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices such as informant consensus factor, relative frequency of citation, and use values were also calculated. A possible association among these indices was tested using correlation analysis. A total of 115 wild medicinal plant species belonging to 106 genera and 71 families were documented. Asteraceae and Rosaceae were the dominant families whereas herbs were the most dominant life form. Roots were the most used plant part, paste was the most common method of preparation, and most of the medical formulations were taken orally. The highest number of medicinal plants were used to treat stomach disorders. The average informant consensus value of 0.79 indicates a high consensus among respondents in selecting medicinal plants. Lindera neesiana, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Paris polyphylla, and Bergenia ciliata were found to be high-ranking medicinal plants based on the relative frequency of citation and use value. The genders did not affect medicinal plants’ knowledge but age had a significant correlation. Most of the informants agreed that medicinal plants are under pressure due to overharvesting and a lack of proper forest management practices. The number of medicinal plants reported from the study area indicates that the Gurung people possess rich traditional knowledge, and the vegetation of the Sikles region constitutes rich diversity of medicinal plants.
