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Distribution of Podonephelium cristagalli, P. plicatum, P. subaequilaterum, and P. pachycaule. Gray circles indicate herbarium specimens, those without a spot show unvouchered field observations, gray zones represents ultramafic substrates, crosshatching indicates protected areas, stippling indicates calcareous substrates.
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The endemic New Caledonian genus Podonephelium Baill. has representatives in all of the archipelago’s main vegetation types (maquis, dry forest, and humid evergreen forest) and occurs on each of its principal substrates (calcareous, ultramafic and volcano-sedimentary). Recent phylogenetic studies confirm its monophyly and indicate that it forms a c...
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... species appears to be restricted to the northern two-third of the main island, Grande Terre (Fig. ...
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... plicatum is restricted to the northwest coast of Grande Terre (Fig. 4), where it occurs on a series of isolated ultramafic mountains, from Mé Maoya in the south to Tiébaghi in the North, although it has not been recorded from the Kaala and Ouazangou-Taom massifs, which have similar eco-geographic ...
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Sapindaceae Jussieu is a family of flowering plants in the Order Sapindales. Members of the family exist as trees and shrubs, and tendril-bearing vines with about 140-150 genera and 1400-2000 species worldwide. They are economically, medicinally and aesthetically useful. This research aimed at exploring the diversity of Sapindaceae in West and Cent...
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... Toward this end, we recently published revisions of two endemic genera, Podonephelium Baill. (Munzinger et al. 2013) and Storthocalyx Baill. (Munzinger et al. 2016), the latter based on a multivariate morphometric analysis (Pierre et al. 2014), and we also described a new species of Alectryon Gaertn. ...
... Indeed, the apetalous flowers exhibited by this specimen led to some doubt regarding its generic placement. This feature is known in Podonephelium (Munzinger et al. 2013) and in some species of Alectryon (Acevedo-Rodriguez et al. 2011), but the uniformly dense, hirsute indumentum found on the material from Koghis clearly did not belong to any of the previously known species of these genera. A thorough search of other unidentified collections at P revealed another specimen made 46 yr later (MacKee 23279) from the same locality that also exhibited this unique morphological feature and clearly belonged to the same entity. ...
The new species Alectryon hirsutus is described from New Caledonia. It is distinguished from the only other member of the genus occurring on this southwest Pacific island, A. carinatus, by its uniformly densely hirsute indumentum (vs. glabrous or with short, appressed trichomes) as well as features of its leaves [(2‒)3‒5 pairs of leaflets vs. 1‒2]) and fruits (9–16 3 16–28 mm vs. 5.6‒13 3 5.7‒10.6 mm), along with its presence in dense humid forest (vs. sclerophyllous or lowland dry forest). A preliminary conservation status of Critically Endangered [CR] is suggested following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
... As part of a collaborative research program being conducted on the systematics, evolution, and biogeography of Sapindaceae in Southeast Asia (Buerki et al. 2013a(Buerki et al. , 2013b and the Pacific islands (Buerki et al., 2012;Munzinger et al., 2013Munzinger et al., , 2016Pierre et al., 2014), two field expeditions were conducted to the Fijian archipelago in 2011 and 2015 in order to collect material of the indigenous species and gain insights into their morphology and ecology as well as their relationships with other members of the family. During each of these trips, material was collected of a previously undescribed member of the genus Alectryon Gaertn. ...
... Buerki et al. (2012), in a broad study with representation from throughout the family that included samples of 12 species of Alectryon, showed that the genus belongs to a clade they recognized as the "Cupania group," within which it was placed as sister to the endemic New Caledonian genus Podonephelium Baill. (see Munzinger et al., 2013, for more details on this genus). Their sampling did not, however, include any material from Fiji. ...
... The sequence of Callmander et al. 941 (GenBank accession number KY454869) was aligned using MUSCLE (implemented in Geneious; Edgar, 2004) into the ITS dataset of Buerki et al. (2012), which includes all the available sequences of Alectryon (representing a total of 12 species). Identifications of species of Podonephelium sampled in Buerki et al. (2012) have been updated based on taxonomic results of Munzinger et al. (2013). Phylogenetic inferences were carried out employing both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analyses, performed using the facilities offered by the CIPRES portal in San Diego, California, U.S.A. (,http://www.phylo.org/.). ...
A new species of Alectryon Gaertn. (Sapindaceae) endemic to the Fijian archipelago is described as A. vitiensis Buerki, Lowry, Munzinger & Callm. based on morphological and molecular evidence. It can easily be distinguished from the two congeners currently known from Fiji by its smaller leaves, subsessile leaflets, apetalous flowers, and crested fruits. A phylogenetic analysis using ITS sequence data shows that the new species is closely related to two Australian endemics, A. diversifolius (F. Muell.) S. T. Reynolds and A. oleifolius (Desf.) S. T. Reynolds, but differs in having compound leaves covered with a golden indument. Moreover, the Australian taxa are associated with dry habitats, whereas the new species from Fiji is confined to evergreen humid forests. Among apetalous species (all of which belong to a well-supported clade), A. vitiensis morphologically most closely resembles the generic type, A. excelsus Gaertn., endemic to New Zealand, but they differ from one another in the type of indument covering their branches and leaves and the arrangement, shape, and nature of the indument on their leaflets; and they belong to different clades. The new species is provisionally assigned a conservation status of “Endangered” according to the IUCN Red List criteria.
... When taxa are described or revised, IUCN Red List assessment is commonly proposed, because the entire flora in New Caledonia is in crucial need for reassessment . We apply, in this revision, as well as elsewhere Swenson and Munzinger 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2010cMunzinger et al. 2013), the IUCN Red List guidelines (IUCN 2008(IUCN , 2012 to evaluate the threat to each species. IUCN bases threat analysis on a variety of criteria and subcriteria involving reduction in population size (Criterion A), population geographic range (Criterion B), declining or fragmentation of small to very small populations (Criteria C, D) and quantitative analyses (E). ...
The genus Pycnandra Benth. (Sapotaceae, Chrysophylloideae) is endemic to New Caledonia with 66 known species and is subdivided in six subgenera. We have earlier revised four of these subgenera and here continue with P. subgenus Leptostylis and describe P. subgenus Wagapensia. Subgenus Leptostylis is distinguished mainly by its opposite leaves and four sepals, and includes eight species, of which two are described as new (P. amplexicaulis and P. sclerophylla). Two species, P. longiflora and P. micrantha, are assumed extinct because extensive fieldwork has not been able to relocate the plants. Variation in leaf morphology was observed in Leptostylis gatopensis, which is by consequence considered as synonym of Pycnandra filipes. Two additional taxa belong to this subgenus, but cannot presently be described because sufficient fertile material is unavailable. Subgenus Wagapensia is monotypic and readily distinguished on the basis of its subverticillate leaves and leafy shoots usually borne beneath apical clusters of leaves, a character common in Sapotaceae but unique in Pycnandra. The members of P. subgenus Leptostylis occur mainly in maquis vegetation or sclerophyllous forests on ultramafic soil, but three taxa are confined to calcareous areas. Mining activities in New Caledonian ultramafic areas are extensive and because some of these species are naturally rare, IUCN Red List assessments are provided to all species. Pycnandra grandifolia and P. wagapensis are assigned the IUCN status Vulnerable, P. amplexicaulis and P. sclerophylla are considered Endangered, P. filipes subspecies multiflora and P. goroensis are considered to be Critically Endangered, whereas P. micrantha and P. longiflora appear to be extinct.
... Very few clades exclusively occur within project regions such as countries: on the genus level such taxa are mostly restricted to islands (e.g. Podonephelium of the Sapindaceae in New Caledonia [Munzinger et al., 2013]). Nevertheless, a geographically much wider sampling had to be used to detect their monophyly. ...
... Very few clades exclusively occur within project regions such as countries: on the genus level such taxa are mostly restricted to islands (e.g. Podonephelium of the Sapindaceae in New Caledonia [Munzinger et al., 2013]). Nevertheless, a geographically much wider sampling had to be used to detect their monophyly. ...
One of the major goals of systematics is to provide a synthesis of knowledge on the diversity of a group of organisms, such as flowering plants. Biodiversity conservation and management call for rapid and accurate global assessments at the species level. At the same time the rapid development of evolutionary biology with a spectrum of approaches to test species relationships and species limits, has revolutionized and is still revolutionizing the science of plant systematics including taxonomy. We explore the relevant scientific and technological developments with the aim to suggest a conceptual framework for an integrated monographic synthesis which can reach global coverage. Our exemplar group are the Caryophyllales, which are a lineage of worldwide distribution, comprising approx. 5% of flowering plant species diversity. The current situation of classification is marked by a transition from pre-phylogenetic treatments to taxonomic treatments increasingly evaluated in an evolutionary context. Structured data (both molecular and morphological), linked to well-documented specimens will be important as fundamental entities of information that can be subjected to evolutionary analysis. As a result, taxon concepts are established as hypotheses which then can be used as basis for a classification system in a second step. Global syntheses need to provide information and use a classification system that reflects the current state of knowledge. In order to accommodate the constantly improved understanding of the organisms, eventually also resulting in the change of taxon concepts, the treatments need to be dynamic. The workflow for a global monographic synthesis as outlined here is supported by currently available biodiversity informatics tools such as the EDIT Platform for Cybertaxonomy. The availability of electronic sources (names, protologues, type images, literature) greatly facilitates the access to information, but as our case shows, considerable efforts for data curation and research are still needed. The implementation of a global monographic synthesis such as the Caryophyllales requires the involvement of the global scientific community.
... In parallel, general plant collecting was done in order to facilitate the identification of material recorded from inside the plots and to contribute to the overall botanical inventory of the targeted sites. Several taxa were immediately identified as potentially new to science, as indicated in a preliminary report , several of which have since been published, including Meryta rivularis Lowry (in Callmander & Lowry II 2011: 264;Araliaceae) and Pandanus taluucensis Callmander (in Callmander & Lowry II 2011: 268;Pandanaceae), Podonephelium pachycaule Munzinger, Lowry, Callmander & Buerki (2013: 1118Sapindaceae), while another, referred to in the report as 'Tapeinosperma sp. (JM3527)' was ultimately described as a new variety: Tapeinosperma tchingouense var. ...
A new species of Planchonella, endemic to the Roches de la Ouaième in northeastern New Caledonia, is described and illustrated. Planchonella ulfii morphologically resembles P. roseoloba, while molecular data indicate a closer relation to P. minutiflora and P. koumaciensis, with all three species belonging to a clade characterized by ridged fruits. The new species brings the total for the genus to 37 species in New Caledonia, 36 of which are endemic to the archipelago. With a single known population comprising 10 individuals, a preliminary risk of extinction assessment using the IUCN Red List criteria indicates that it is Critically Endangered due to risk of fire faced by the shrubby vegetation found of the summit crest of the Roches de la Ouaième. The level of micro-endemism found at this site is discussed.
The endemic New Caledonian genus Storthocalyx is only known from two of this South West Pacific archipelago’s main vegetation types, maquis and humid evergreen forest, and within the latter it occurs on both ultramafic and volcano-sedimentary substrates. Recent phylogenetic studies confirm its monophyly and indicate that it forms a clade with two other endemic genera, Gongrodiscus and Podonephelium. Storthocalyx is characterized by leaflets with a glaucous lower surface (due to the presence of papillae) and a lack of somata, actinomorphic flowers, distinct sepals, petals with many long trichomes and lacking appendages, and a three-locular capsule whose inner surface is covered with a dense indument. As part of a collaborative effort to clarify the taxonomy of New Caledonian Sapindaceae, a revision of Storthocalyx is presented. Species delimitation is based on results from a recently published multivariate morphometric analysis, and descriptions were prepared using the resulting data matrix coupled with examination of all available herbarium collections and extensive field observations. Five species are recognized, including one that is newly described (Storthocalyx corymbosus). A key to species is provided, along with descriptions, distribution maps, color photos, a line drawing (for the new species), and risk of extinction assessments following IUCN red list categories and criteria.
Storthocalyx is one of four genera of Sapindaceae endemic to New Caledonia. The most recent taxonomic revision is > 60 years old and is based on material that represents < 10% of the collections available today. Four species are currently recognized: Storthocalyx chryseus, Storthocalyx leioneurus, Storthocalyx pancheri, and Storthocalyx sordidus, although a significant number of specimens cannot be assigned to any of them. One hundred and ninety-eight herbarium specimens were examined for an ascendant hierarchical classification and a principal coordinates analysis based on 19 morphological characters regarded as diagnostic at the species level (including those used in the original revision). The analyses revealed five morphologically well delimited groups that potentially correspond to species-level units. The resulting entities were then compared with nomenclatural types, which showed that four of them corresponded to the four currently recognized species and suggested that the fifth represents a well delimited, undescribed species. The analysis also showed that seven type specimens represent mixed gatherings comprising elements referable to two distinct species. The findings of the present study provide a basis for undertaking a taxonomic revision of Storthocalyx, including the description of the new species. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, ●●, ●●–●●.
