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Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has a worldwide distribution and common infections. The presence of HCMV genome and antigens has been detected in many kinds of human cancers. The proto-oncogene Her2/neu is overexpressed in 25% to 30% of human breast cancers and frequently associated with tumor aggressiveness and worse prognosis. Examination was applie...
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... number of 7/10(70%) of normal breast tissues (control) show positive expression for HCMV late antigens, while only 3(30%) cases demonstrate negative expression (Fig. 2). Statistical analysis demonstrate non-significant differences (P>0.05) between the studied groups ( Table 3). The late antigens demonstrated nuclear, cytoplasmic and both nuclear and cytoplasmic expression at different intensities (strong, moderate and weak) expression. ...Context 2
... odds results reveal there is a strong association between HCMV-E exposure and breast cancer. Nevertheless; the Odds of HCMV late antigen expression malignant tumors was 0.689 (OR<1) ( Table 3). It means that HCMV-L exposure have lower association with cancer. ...Context 3
... sixty (60) cases of malignant breast tissues, a total of 36(60%) were positive for Her2/neu protein expression (Table 3). Out of which, 15(25%) were strongly positive for Her2/neu protein overexpression (score 3) (Fig. 3), while 21(35%) were considered to be equivocal (score 2) (Fig. 3B) and 24(40%) of malignant cases were negative for Her2/neu overexpression (score 1 and score 0) (Fig. 3C, 3D, 3E). ...Context 4
... of which, 15(25%) were strongly positive for Her2/neu protein overexpression (score 3) (Fig. 3), while 21(35%) were considered to be equivocal (score 2) (Fig. 3B) and 24(40%) of malignant cases were negative for Her2/neu overexpression (score 1 and score 0) (Fig. 3C, 3D, 3E). Statistical analysis revealed non-significant differences (P>0.05) between Her2/neu protein scores (Table 3). All the cases of normal (control) breast tissues showed negative overexpression for Her2/neu protein (score 0 and/or score 1). ...Similar publications
Abstract
Background: Sinonasal and Nasopharyngeal carcinomas are related to many environmental, genetic predisposing and
viral infections. Many studies have implicated EBV in the progression of benign and malignant head and neck tumors by
affecting cell cycle proteins expression. The p73 and p27 were implicated in carcinogenesis of nasopharyngeal...
Citations
... These findings are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. For example, HCMV DNA detected by in ISH was significantly more prevalent in BC samples (56.7%) compared to benign breast tumors (24.0%) and healthy breast tissues (0%) (p < 0.01) [89]. Similarly, other studies have shown a higher expression of HCMV proteins, such as immediate early (IE) antigens [87,93,94], late antigen (LA) [94], and pp65 [95], in BC samples relative to normal breast tissues. ...
... These findings are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. For example, HCMV DNA detected by in ISH was significantly more prevalent in BC samples (56.7%) compared to benign breast tumors (24.0%) and healthy breast tissues (0%) (p < 0.01) [89]. Similarly, other studies have shown a higher expression of HCMV proteins, such as immediate early (IE) antigens [87,93,94], late antigen (LA) [94], and pp65 [95], in BC samples relative to normal breast tissues. ...
... Similarly, Rahbar et al. (2017) [111] and Cui et al. (2018) [96] observed a negative correlation between HCMV IE protein expression and ER and PR expression. However, some studies have reported contradictory findings suggesting no association between HCMV and BC diagnosis [114] nor any potential positive association between HCMV expression and hormone receptor positivity [94]. ...
Breast cancer (BC) remains a significant global health challenge, highlighting the need for continued research into novel risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and personalized treatments. Among emerging risk factors, viral infections have been implicated as potential contributors to breast carcinogenesis and BC progression. Recent evidence suggests that specific oncogenic strains of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may have the capacity to transform human mammary epithelial cells. This review assesses clinical data regarding HCMV presence in both tumor and non-tumor breast tissues, examining the role of HCMV oncoproteins in BC development and progression. Current findings indicate a higher prevalence of HCMV infection in breast carcinomas compared to non-tumor tissues, associated with an elevated risk of BC. Additionally, the HCMV-driven breast carcinogenesis model proposed here suggests that HCMV oncoproteins may activate multiple oncogenic pathways, fostering cell proliferation, survival, and tumor development. A deeper understanding of the role of HCMV in BC could enhance risk stratification and support the creation of targeted therapeutic strategies.
... However, post-menopausal hormone imbalance may also be participates in the increased risks (Brown and Hankinson, 2015;El Shazly et al., 2017;Sampson et al., 2017). Moreover, the incidence of breast cancer among the Iraqi population reaches the highest rate at ages of 41-65 years as shown by Al-Nuaimi in 2018(Al Nuaimi, 2018. These results could be a reflection of increasing of the genetic predisposition and environmental pollution accompanied with the socioeconomic status including educational level of the Iraqi population. ...
... However, post-menopausal hormone imbalance may also be participates in the increased risks (Brown and Hankinson, 2015;El Shazly et al., 2017;Sampson et al., 2017). Moreover, the incidence of breast cancer among the Iraqi population reaches the highest rate at ages of 41-65 years as shown by Al-Nuaimi in 2018(Al Nuaimi, 2018. These results could be a reflection of increasing of the genetic predisposition and environmental pollution accompanied with the socioeconomic status including educational level of the Iraqi population. ...
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an enveloped ubiquitous ds-DNA virus that has been implicated in several types of malignancies. The current work was conducted in the period extending from (November 2018 to the end of October 2019) and aimed to assess the frequency of glycoprotein N (gN) genotypes of HCMV. A total number of 91serum and plasma specimens were collected to fulfill this purpose from females (71 breast cancer patients, and a control group of 20 females) attending Al-Amal hospital for cancer management and Baghdad teaching hospital.
The molecular part of this data was achieved through both PCR and Multiplex PCR for detection of HCMV gN (UL73) entire gene as well as for genotyping. gN was detected in 36/71 (50.7%) of breast cancer patients, while gN was detected in 7/20 (35%) of the control group. Furthermore, HCMV gN was successfully genotyped by multiplex PCR in 32/36 (88.88%) of breast cancer patients that were positive for gN and the distribution of each genotype was 46.87% (15/32) for gN-4a, 34.37% (11/32) for gN-1, 12.50% (4/32) for gN-2, 6.25% and 0.0% for gN-4b/c and gN-3b respectively.
... The presence of HCMV proteins, DNA and/or mRNA in patient breast tumors have been examined by several investigators, but the results are controversial. HCMV immediate early (IE), early and/or late proteins are detected in 90-100% of human breast tumors in some studies [19,[41][42][43][44], but at lower incidences in others [45][46][47]. Studies that detect HCMV proteins in a high proportion of breast tumors also show >90% detection of HCMV DNA in these same tumors [19,[41][42][43], with two studies also detecting mRNA for HCMV IE [42,43]. ...
... Increasing evidence shows that HCMV infection is associated with breast cancer and metastasis [20,21]; however, the reported rate of positive detection of HCMV DNA/mRNA/proteins in breast tumors is highly variable in studies performed around the world, which ranges from 0 to 100% [19,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]61,62]. While this discrepancy could be partly caused by differences in active infection levels in different countries, it is also likely that the use of different detection methods could be a contributing factor. ...
... Previous studies showed a significantly higher percentage of breast tumors positive for HCMV DNA and/or proteins compared to normal breast tissues [19,[43][44][45]57]. This could provide evidence that HCMV fulfills one of the criteria for being an oncovirus [70]; however, two other groups reported no significant differences in the detection of HCMV DNA in breast tumors versus normal breast tissues [48,52], which are compatible with our results. ...
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects 40–70% of adults in developed countries. Detection of HCMV DNA and/or proteins in breast tumors varies considerably, ranging from 0–100%. In this study, nested PCR to detect HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) DNA in breast tumors was shown to be sensitive and specific in contrast to the detection of DNA for immediate early genes. HCMV gB DNA was detected in 18.4% of 136 breast tumors while 62.8% of 94 breast cancer patients were seropositive for HCMV. mRNA for the HCMV immediate early gene was not detected in any sample, suggesting viral latency in breast tumors. HCMV seropositivity was positively correlated with age, body mass index and menopause. Patients who were HCMV seropositive or had HCMV DNA in their tumors were 5.61 (CI 1.77–15.67, p = 0.003) or 5.27 (CI 1.09–28.75, p = 0.039) times more likely to develop Stage IV metastatic tumors, respectively. Patients with HCMV DNA in tumors experienced reduced relapse-free survival (p = 0.042). Being both seropositive with HCMV DNA-positive tumors was associated with vascular involvement and metastasis. We conclude that determining the seropositivity for HCMV and detection of HCMV gB DNA in the breast tumors could identify breast cancer patients more likely to develop metastatic cancer and warrant special treatment.
Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women around the world, with several risk factors contributing to its progression. The role of infectious agents such as viruses in the progression of this cancer is relatively well-known, as a result of various studies in different geographical regions that reported the prevalence of cytomegalovirus in breast cancer. Objective: In this systematic review, we tried to examine the prevalence of cytomegalovirus in breast cancer. Materials and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scolar up to January 21, 2021. Results: Out of 584 articles, 29 articles including 3158 samples were finally reviewed, of which 16 articles used PCR methods, 8 articles used serology method and 13 articles used other methods such as immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The prevalence of the virus was higher in Asian and African countries such as Iraq and Egypt than other European and South American countries. Among these, the highest prevalence of the virus in different samples of patients with breast cancer was related to Iraq. Conclusion: The results of our study showed the higher prevalence of the virus in patients with breast cancer rather than normal subjects and reveal the role of the virus in the development of breast cancer.
