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In the absence of globally coherent specifications and standards, digitalization would never have spread across the world in such a huge extent as it did. The availability of digital technologies has significantly increased in the last decade, shifting the focus of policy-makers from on the diffusion of these technologies to their usage by governme...
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... Member States progressed on the DESI in the last three years, but the growth was not made at the same rhythm. In the first quarter of 2017, Denmark, Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands are the countries which posses the most advanced digital economies within the EU, followed closely by Luxembourg, Belgium and the UK, while Bulgaria, Greece, Italy and Romania registered the lowest scores regarding the DESI.While Romania is placed on the last position, its weighted average of the five main DESI dimensions is close to the average of European Union (Figure 1), which emphasizes the struggles faced to improve the digital economy and society of the country. ...
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... As the DESI is the indicator that the EU uses to monitor the digital progress of its EU Member States in five dimensions, it undoubtedly plays a significant role in the decision-making process regarding the digital transformation of the EU. Many researchers used the DESI to study the digital progress of an individual country compared with the rest of EU members or with the average digital performance in the EU (Stoica & Bogoslov, 2017;Nagy, 2017;Moroz, 2017;Česnauskė, 2019;Russo, 2020), pointing out digital policies that should be formed to enhance the digital progress at the country level. Moreover, the DESI has been also studied at the EU level (Bogoslov & Stoica, 2019;Rakićević, Rakićević & Poledica, 2019;Bánhidi, Dobos & Nemeslaki, 2020;Borowiecki et al., 2021;Sevgi, 2021;Liu, 2022;Andrei et al., 2023) and the effect of several socio-economic factors on the DESI is also examined (Scupola, 2019;Stavytskyy, Kharlamova & Stoica, 2019;Marino & Pariso, 2021;Andrei et al., 2023). ...
The rapid development of information and communication technologies (ICT) in recent years has brought about significant changes in many social sectors such as communication, economy, entertainment, and others. To define the key role that ICT plays in its development course, the European Union (EU) has developed a composite indicator, the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), to assess the digital policy performance of its Member States. In the current work, an attempt is made to evaluate the performance of the EU countries on the digital economy and society with respect to implemented EU digital policies by studying the five dimensions of the DESI for the years 2014–2019, using the corresponding DESI reports (DESI 2015 – DESI 2020). Moreover, the digital convergence among EU Member States, in terms of similarity of their performance in the five dimensions of the DESI by grouping them according to the optimal number of clusters, is also examined. Since the optimal number of clusters is two, EU Member States are classified in two groups, one of high and one of low performance in the five dimensions of the DESI. The evolution of each member country and the possible transitions from one group to another during the years 2014–2019 is also a point of interest. The grouping of EU Member States into the two clusters showed that socioeconomic factors may affect the overall DESI. Linear mixed effect models confirm the positive effect of Gross Domestic Product per capita, the public expenditure for education and research and development (R&D) on the DESI and the negative effect of the average number of weekly working hours. The results could be used to reform the existing EU digital policies and identify areas where further improvement is needed.
... The aim is to mitigate the economic and social impact of the coronavirus pandemic and make European economies and societies more sustainable, resilient and better prepared for the challenges and opportunities of the green and digital transitions. 2 For detailed content of the dimensions, ratios and values of the indicators, seeStoica-Bogoslov, 2017. andMolnár, 2020. ...
The study was published in Curentul Juridic (2023) vol. 26. no. 1. pp. 21-34. Digitization in the European Union is a key, important policy aiming to build the digital economy and society in the European Union, which requires a complex legal relationship between the EU and the Member States. This is one of the reasons why membership of the European Union entails many rights and obligations for our country. One such obligation is that the Union develops a set of indicators from data provided by Member States. With these indicators the Union can compare the member States’ performance in different (economic) areas. One of these is Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) which is a complex indicator that summerizes relevant indicators of the Union’s digital performance and monitor the development of EU Member States’ digital competitiveness. In the present study we examine the performance of Hungary in the European Union in recent years through the DESI indicators.
... For its part, the European Commission has been producing the DESI since 2014. It has been widely used in the literature for the study of digitalization, applied in research on countries such as Romania [20,21], Greece [22], Denmark [23], Croatia [24], as well as the 27 member states as a group. Using the DESI, Liu [25] identifies the geographical areas that show the most similarities in terms of the components of the index. ...
... Analyzing the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) report of 2021, Romania scored the least of all EU member states in human capital, connectivity, integration of digital technology, and digital public services altogether (Stoica & Bogoslov, 2017). Since the start of the DESI report ranking in the year 2015 (which previously contained one more variableuse of internet services), the three main eastern orthodox countries of the EU, Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece occupied year by year the last three places of all EU countries (Laitsou et al., 2020;Shishmаnov, 2022). ...
This study focuses on the potential of harnessing the power of the local Eastern Orthodox religious teachings in creating a socially sustainable glocalized digital transformation for Romania. First, we investigated within the scientific literature the ways religion might impact social action, and where does spirituality intersect with digitalization. Second, we devised a questionnaire with items targeting religious styles and the perception of digitalization during the pandemic and in the foreseeable future along with inquiring about which institutions should get more involved in directing digital development. The sample was constituted of 170 adult residents from Bucharest and Constanta urban areas, most of them having graduated from university, with the sample being balanced between the engineering domains and the humanities domains of study. Thirdly, we employed statistical data analysis in order to explore differences in perception of risks, benefits, and in the desired action towards the digital transformation, between the different flavours of spirituality and religiousness. The aim of the study is to obtain valuable insights for creating a bridge between spiritual preachers, digital policymakers, and the civil society, driving development towards spiritually and economically sustainable goals, for a conscious society and a healthy environment.
... Ershova et al. (2020) assessed the development of the digital economies of Russia, Ukraine, and developed countries. Stoica and Bogoslov (2017) compared the five indicators of DESI with the available data for Romania and the EU and analysed them over time. They concluded that Romania had undergone significant development during the period under review (2014-2017). ...
... Our results cannot be compared with existing research because, as stated in Literature Review (see Section 1), we are not aware that there exists research that has focused on cluster analysis. The research focuses mainly on comparing only a few countries (e.g., Moroz, 2017;Stoica & Bogoslov, 2017;Burlacioiu et al., 2018;Kontolaimou & Skintzi, 2018;Grinberga-Zalite & Hernik, 2019;Karnitis et al., 2019;Nagy, 2019), or other methods were used (e.g., Gerasenko & Levkovich, 2019;Kovács et al., 2022;Kutnjak et al., 2020;Leogrande et al., 2022a). Therefore, this paper filled research. ...
... The considerable expansion in connectivity across the entire society proves that infrastructure and the development of broadband connection are crucial for the digital economy. It is likely that we will go even further with the growth of digital tools and communication (Stoica & Bogoslov, 2017). ...
... The DESI index describes the progress of EU countries in the development of the digital economy and society and allows the justification of areas where such changes should be the priority (Stavytskyy et al., 2019). According to Stoica & Bogoslov (2017) DESI index is connected to the policy of the digital economy in European Union and shows the overall view of the digital economy in the whole Europe. European Commission's goal to create the single digital market in Europe confirms that changes should be implemented in the whole union, and the gap between leading and following countries in terms of the digital economy should be minimised. ...
Research purpose. This article presents insights on the concept and key factors of the digital economy based on a literature review. The article focuses on the identification of the factors of the digital economy and evaluation of their importance in terms of the European Union countries. The aim of the article is to determine the factors of the digital economy and evaluate their importance.
Design / Methodology / Approach. Panel regression analysis was used to evaluate which indicator of selected digital economy indicators is the most important. Panel regression was chosen to have an overall view of all European Union as one unit.
Findings. Digital technologies are radically changing the way society, business or the whole economy operates. The survey of this article reveals that the high-quality infrastructure of the internet plays an essential role in the digital economy. In order to create value and improve the ICT sector performance in the whole economy, high-quality infrastructure in terms of the internet is needed. Only fast and high-stability connection ensures needed infrastructure and development in the digital economy. Business and government should invest in high-quality internet infrastructure to ensure the steady growth of the digital economy. To take full advantage of digital infrastructure and the digital economy, individuals should use it daily. Daily usage of the internet has a positive effect on the percentage for the ICT sector in GDP regardless of activities on the internet.
Originality / Value / Practical implications. Definition of the digital economy was suggested: the digital economy is considered to be all economic activities that include using or creating digital technologies to generate value-added of digital enablers and development of digital infrastructure, which is the key factor of the digital economy. High quality and available for everyone internet access is crucial for steady growth and the best performance of the digital economy. This study has several practical contributions. This survey may serve as a guide for understanding the concept and the factors of the digital economy for other researchers. We also propose a potential explanation why countries should invest in high technology infrastructure, and these results can help to create a new strategy for ICT sector expansion in different countries.
... Specifically, the DESI has been used by academics to understand and compare the progress made by the groups or the individual EU Member States across different areas of the digital transformation, but also in relation to the government services, the economic, social, or cultural aspects. One of the main benefits of DESI is the possibility of monitoring the progress made by individual countries over time in relation to both EU and national strategies and activities [44]- [47]. Regional and local DESI indicators are also providing a development framework [48]. ...
... Literature review on conceptual questions of DESI Stoica and Bogoslov (2017) compared the five indicators of DESI with the available data for Romania and the EU and analysed them over time. They concluded that Romania had undergone significant development during the period under review (2014)(2015)(2016)(2017). ...
We build on the argument that measurement of digitalization is essential for effective public policy strategies in order to to govern digital transition. Developing this argument, we investigate the five principal dimensions of the European Commission´s Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) using a series of multivariate statistics. The analysis can be divided into three groups. First, we analyse the linear relationships between dimensions by correlation analysis, partial correlation analysis, and principal component analysis. In the partial correlation analysis, causal relationships between the dimensions show high correlations. Second, we assign countries into groups with cluster analysis and multi-dimensional scaling. The groups obtained by the two methods are very similar. Finally, we rank the European Union (EU) countries using statistical methods and compare with the results obtained with the overall DESI index. The correlation between the two rankings shows a strong linear relationship. Based on these results we draw conclusions on how to effectively use the DESI data for public policy analysis.
... E tanulmányok szerzői a vizsgált témától függően gyakran hivatkoznak a DESI kompozit index vagy az egyes DESI-dimenziók és -mutatók értékeire, amelyek relevanciáját, az adott terület jellemzésére való megfelelőségét viszont általában nem elemzik. Stoica-Bogoslov [2017] a DESI öt dimenziója segítségével, idősoros elemzéssel jellemzik Románia és az EU digitális versenyképességét; bemutatva, hogy Románia jelentős fejlődésen ment keresztül a vizsgált időszakban. A szerzők azonban korrelációs elemzést nem végeznek a rendelkezésre álló adatokon. ...
A tanulmány célja az Európai Bizottság által az EU- (Európai Unió) tagországokról publikált DESI (digital economy and society index – digitális gazdaság és társadalom index) öt fő dimenziójának elemzése statisztikai módszerekkel. A szerzők elsőként a dimenziók közötti lineáris összefüggéseket vizsgálják egyszerű Pearson- és parciális korrelációs elemzéssel, valamint faktoranalízissel, kitérve a feltételezhető ok-okozati kapcsolatokra a parciális korrelációs vizsgálat során. Ezután az EU tagországait klaszterelemzéssel és MDS-sel (multidimensional scaling – többdimenziós skálázás) csoportosítják, és statisztikai módszerekkel rangsorolják, végül össze-vetik eredményeiket az Európai Bizottság által publikált DESI-rangsorral. Ismereteik szerint matematikai-statisztikai módszerekkel a DESI-dimenziókat még nem vizsgálták szisztematikusan, így tanulmányukkal részben ezt a hiányt próbálják pótolni. Elemzésük alátámasztja az Eu-rópai Bizottságnak azt a tézisét, hogy a DESI öt dimenziója a digitális gazdaság egymással szorosan összefüggő, ám eredményesen csak egy egységes, összehangolt stratégia alapján fejleszthető részterületeinek mutatóit tömöríti magába. A többváltozós skálázás (egydimenziós változata) alapján készíthető rangsor pedig alátámasztja a DESI kompozit indexen alapuló európai uniós rangsorolás robusztusságát is. TÁRGYSZÓ: a digitális gazdaság és társadalom fejlettségét mérő mutató (DESI), információs és kommunikációs technológiák, többváltozós statisztikai elemzés
... Digital technologies affect all economic spheres and society as a whole and affect changes in the way of life and work of individuals. The availability of technologies enables the transformation of individuals, organizations and the economy (Stoica & Bogoslov, 2018). Within the framework of the fourth industrial revolution, emphasis has been placed on the notion of countries' technological competitiveness and their success in advocating and applying digital technologies with the aim of achieving economic prosperity and general progress (Weresa, 2019). ...
... Over the last few years, the literature has provided an overview of various measures of national performance based on indices intended to measure the economic development of a country (Jovanović, Dlačić & Okanović, 2018), and that measure a country's competitiveness, innovation and readiness to accept digital technologies and new ways of thinking and action. The importance of social inclusion in the digital economy and gaining appropriate knowledge and skills to support the use of digital technologies has been emphasized (Stoica & Bogoslov, 2018). ...
... Several relevant and currently available indices have been developed and are described later in this paper. They are guided by the idea that ICT "is not just a separate economic sector, but the infrastructure of all modern economic systems" (Stoica & Bogoslov, 2018), which certainly positively affects a country's performance. In addition to indices that measure the digital maturity of countries in general, the paper also investigates the existence of a digital maturity index for the agricultural sector within a particular country. ...
Digital transformation and continuous scientific and technological progress allows for increased efficiency in agriculture, animal husbandry, as well as faster and safer food distribution. Monitoring digital maturity is important. It allows us to understand the current state and outcomes of digital transformation. It also facilitates the creation of future steps towards digital progress. This paper explores the notion of digital maturity of countries and the indices used for it with a focus on agriculture. The paper seeks to identify indices by which countries can view their digital maturity, with the aim of further creating adequate policies. Given the importance of the transformation process, the structure of the index was considered in order to determine connections with the main determinants of digital transformation, especially concerning agriculture.
