Table 2 - uploaded by Juan Carlos Blandon
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The plant extract mixture (XT) used in the present experiment, containing carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and capsicum oleoresin, has previously been shown to decrease diarrhea mortality and to modify the intestinal environment of pigs after weaning. However, results obtained among experiments have not been consistent. We hypothesized that dietary prote...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... piglets consumed the diet provided with an ADFI of 240 ± 6.2 g, ADG was 177 ± 5.6 g and G:F was 0.73 ± 0.014 g/g (data not shown). Table 2 shows ileal and whole-tract digestibility in the piglets. An interaction was observed for ileal digestibility of OM (P = 0.032) and starch (P = 0.016). ...
Similar publications
Simple Summary
Phytic acid is the main storage form for phosphorus in plants. Although it is the main source of organic phosphorus in broiler diets, its utilization by monogastric animals is limited. In addition, phytic acid displays antinutritional effects, impacting optimal nutrient and energy digestibility. The supplementation of feed with phyta...
Citations
... Our study also revealed that at the same energy level, the proportion of acetic acid increased with the rise in crude protein levels. Our results are consistent with previous research (Manzanilla et al., 2009), which reported that feeding high protein levels increased the cecum acetate of the piglet. Overall, the fermentation parameters of the four groups differed, likely due to variations in the composition of the cecal microbiota suggesting that dietary energy and protein levels influenced the cecum fermentation. ...
Introduction
Ruminants including goats have diverse microcosms of microbiota involved in diet digestion, absorption, and assimilation. Moreover, it is well known that changes in dietary regimens including nutrient levels result in varied gut microbiota composition, and ultimately, the performance and health of these animals.
Methods
The current study examined the effects of varying dietary energy and protein levels on the cecal fermentation, immune biomarkers, and microbiota characteristics of 80 male Yunshan Black Goats (6 months, ~35.82 ± 2.79 kg), divided into four diets: 1) High Energy-High Protein (HEHP), 2) High Energy-Low Protein (HELP), 3) Low Energy-High Protein (LEHP), and 4) Low Energy-Low Protein (LELP). Twenty goats (five from each treatment group) were randomly slaughtered after a 50-day feeding trial, and cecal digesta and tissue were sampled for microbial analysis.
Results
The cecal content revealed that the high-energy groups (HEHP, HELP) had lower pH levels than the LEHP group (p < 0.05) and significantly higher valeric and isovaleric acid concentrations in HEHP. Although species richness (Chao1 index) remained consistent, the HEHP group showed higher diversity (Shannon and Simpson indices) than LEHP (p < 0.05). Dominant phyla included Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; LEHP and LELP had significantly higher Bacteroidetes abundance than HELP, while HELP had higher Firmicutes abundance than LEHP (p < 0.05). Verrucomicrobia abundance was lower in LEHP than in HELP and LELP (p < 0.05). At the genus level, 311 genera were identified, with Clostridium, Prevotella, unidentified_BS11, and others showing significant variation. The HELP group had lower unidentified_BS11 than LEHP and LELP, and higher unidentified_Ruminococcaceae, Clostridium, and Lachnospiraceae than LEHP (p < 0.05). VFA metabolism, absorption, cytokine expression, and tight junction protein mRNA in cecal tissue were also analyzed. Genes like MCT-1 and SLC16A4, linked to VFA absorption, positively correlated with Paludibacter, which was associated with immune markers (TLR-3, TLR-4, IFN-γ) and Occludin expression. In contrast, VFA-related genes and tight junction proteins negatively correlated with unidentified Fibrobacterales, suggesting a microbial role in adaptive immunity.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that dietary energy and protein levels significantly influenced cecal fermentation, immune biomarkers, and microbiota composition in Yunshan Black Goats.
... L/E ratio has been used conventionally as a simple index in some studies. An increase in this ratio is related to a higher resistance to intestinal disorders (Castillo et al.,2006) also, the L/E ratio could be applied to evaluate the protein modifies the effect of plant extracts in the intestinal ecosystem of the pig at weaning (Manzanilla, 2009). ...
The aim of study was to assess the intestinal health status of the weaning piglets by analyzing the lactobacillus:
coliforms ratio (L/C ratio), the number of E. coli. as the pathogenic indicator, and to determine the antibiotic
susceptibility of E. coli isolates. A total of 180 weaned piglets (weaning at 25d of age) of two trials were allotted to 3
treatments (n = 90, 30 piglets/treatment): control (CON, = Basal diet (BD); treatment 1 (T1 = BD + Super-Biotic TP) and
treatment 2 (T2= BD + Bergazyme P®). The total lactobacillus, coliforms, and E. coli were counted from fecal samples one
day before weaning and four times at the post-weaning stage until 55 days old (31, 37, 44, and 54 d of age). Minimum
Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were performed by micro-broth dilution and interpreted conforming to standard
references. The dynamics of the lactobacilli population as influenced by growth stage and diet supplementation were
not significant difference between the 3 treatments. Lactobacillus count in feces of weaned pigs was up to 106 to below
109 cfu/g. The average fecal coliform concentration was at above 105 cfu/g to below 108 cfu/g. The variation of E. coli
population was below 107cfu/g at different stages after weaning. No significant differences between treatments were
observed in the proportion of piglets with L/C ratio scoring less than 1.3. The most E. coli isolates were MDR (multidrug resistance) to 12 antimicrobials. The highest prevalence of resistance was to oxytetracycline and amoxicillin with
MIC >256 μg/ml accounting respectively for 95.2% and 92.8%, however, 81.9% of isolates were susceptible to
cefpodoxime, and 84.3% of isolates were susceptible to ceftiofur. Oxytetracycline belonged to the 32/35 identified
resistance patterns. The highest resistance patterns were OXY- STR- AZI- POD- XNL- PEN- FFN- ENRO- DOX- NEOAMOX- COL with 15.7 % of pan drug resistance (PDR)
... The antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of EOs were demonstrated in studies by Manzanilla and co-workers [87,88] and Nofrairas and co-workers [81]. A mixture of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and capsicum oleoresin decreased the population of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the jejunum and ileum, but increased lymphocytes in the lamina propria of early weaned pigs [87]. ...
... The transition from easily digestible liquid milk to less digestible solid feed has a negative impact on the behavior of piglets and their immature fragile gastrointestinal tract as well [3]. The performance of nursery pigs was improved by the application of subclinical dosages of antibiotics [4]. Silva Júnior et al. reported that antibiotics improve intestinal health and maximize the genetic potential of animals, lowering diarrhea induced by subclinical intestinal diseases [5]. ...
Abstract Background Stress, herd transfer, and food changes experienced by nursery and fattening pigs can lead to reduced performance, reduced digestion and absorption, and impaired intestinal health. Given the role of essential oils in relieving stress and improving animal welfare, we hypothesized that essential oils may improve pig performance via promoting gut health and gut homeostasis laid by EOs supplementation during nursery continuously impacts performance in fattening pigs. Results A total of 100 piglets (Landrace × Large White; weighted 8.08 ± 0.34 kg, weaned at d 28) were randomly selected and divided into 2 treatments: (1) basal diet (Con); (2) basal diet supplement with 0.1% complex essential oils (CEO). The experiment period was 42 days. Then weaned piglets’ growth performance and indications of intestinal health were assessed. Compared to the Con group, dietary supplemented CEO enhanced BW at 14 d (P
... The beneficial effect of NPF on FCR could be partially attributed to the improved dry matter, organic matter and crude protein digestibility observed in the NPF-fed piglets herein. Several works have reported an enhanced nutrient digestibility in response to supplemental phytogenic additives [41][42][43][44] owing to changes in the morphology of the intestine, particularly the increased villus-to-crypt ratio which enhances the absorption of nutrients [35,45]. ...
Simple Summary
Post-weaning diarrhea in piglets is caused by intestinal dysbiosis, characterized as an undesirable disruption of the physiological intestinal microbiota, which is associated with several stress factors, such as the isolation of piglets from sows, the adaptation to new environment and morphological changes in the intestine due to the transition from milk to solid feed intake. Pharmaceutical zinc oxide has been effectively used to alleviate these effects. However, since the dietary supplementation with pharmaceutical doses of zinc oxide (ZnO) in weaning pigs has been recently phased out in EU, this study aimed to determine the effect of a natural phytogenic formulation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and faecal microbiota composition and metabolic activity. Dietary inclusion of the natural phytogenic formulation significantly increased piglet performance and nutrient digestibility and reduced the E. coli and C. perfringens counts as well as the molar ratios of branched chain volatile fatty acids in faeces. In summary, the results of this study indicate that the tested natural phytogenic formulation could be considered as an effective alternative to pharmaceutical doses of ZnO to alleviate the challenges commonly occurring after weaning.
Abstract
A natural phytogenic formulation (NPF) was tested as an alternative to pharmaceutical zinc oxide (ZnO) in weaned piglets with respect to growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility and faecal microbiota composition and metabolic activity. Two dietary NPF levels (NPF: 1000 and 2000 mg/kg diet) were compared to a positive control (ZnO: 3000 mg ZnO/kg diet) and a negative control (CON: no added ZnO or NPF) using 84 weaned piglets from 29 d to 78 d (days of age). Feed conversion ratio was improved (p < 0.05) in ZnO and NPF piglets were compared to CON at 50 d. Dry matter, organic matter and crude protein (p < 0.05) digestibility was improved in NPF piglets compared to CON at 57 d. Compared to CON, NPF inclusion reduced E. coli (p < 0.05) and increased C. leptum subgroup (p < 0.01) at 57 d and 78 d, and reduced C. perfringens subgroup (p < 0.05; at 78 d). The ZnO reduced (p < 0.001) E. coli and C. perfringens subgroup (p < 0.01) compared to CON at 78 d. Moreover, ZnO and NPF reduced molar ratios of branched chain volatile fatty acids (p < 0.05) compared to CON, while NPF also increased butyric acid (p < 0.05) at 78 d. In conclusion, the NPF appeared to be a promising alternative to pharmaceutical doses of ZnO.
... In the cecum, the total VFAs increased when the rabbits' feeding was changed from a fed low-protein diet to a high-protein diet [34]. Piglets fed high protein levels also had higher abundances of acetate in the cecum [35]. Similar results were obtained in this study. ...
The intestine is a complex micro-ecosystem, and its stability determines the health of animals. Different dietary nutritional levels affect the intestinal microbiota and health. In this study, the nutritional levels of energy and protein in the diet of goats were changed, and the body weight was measured every 15 days. In the late feeding period, 16 S rRNA sequencing technology was used to detect the content of microorganisms. A meteorological chromatograph was used to detect volatile fatty acids in the cecum and colon of goats. In the feeding stage, reducing the nutritional level of the diet significantly reduced the weight of the lamb (p < 0.05). In the cecum, the abundance of potentially harmful bacteria, such as Sphingomonas, Marvinbryantia, and Eisenbergiella, were significantly enriched in goats fed with the standard nutritional level diets (p < 0.05). Additionally, the contents of acetate (p = 0.037) and total VFAs (p = 0.041) increased. In the colon, the abundance of SCFAs-producing bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, and Papillibacter, decreased as the nutritional level in the diet increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the increase in nutritional level could affect the growth performance and composition of intestinal microbiota.
... Skoufos et al., (2016) observe that blend of oregano essential oil and attapulgite increases the counts of lactic acid bacteria and make lower counts of coliform bacteria in both the ileum and the caecum compared with the non-supplemented group. Studies indicated that an increased, unchanged as well as reduced villus length and crypt depth in the jejunum and colon for broilers when fed EOs (Manzanilla et al., 2009). Though, beneficial effects on gut health (i.e. ...
... In this study, the NCE, in which the main active compound was 2% capsaicin, could also increase ADG and tended to enhance G:F compared with CON and CTC, indicating NCE could potentially replace CTC on alleviating weaning stress and improve performance in weaned pigs. The possible mechanism of this finding might be that the capsaicin in plant extracts could promote gastric motility, prolong the residence time of feed in the stomach, improve the digestibility of protein, and thus enhance growth performance in weaned pigs (Manzanilla et al., 2004(Manzanilla et al., , 2009). Moreover, the capsaicin in NCE could also help increase intestinal permeability by binding to vanilloid receptor-1 like proteins (Isoda et al., 2001) and improve the digestibility of amino acids (Jamroz et al., 2003), which benefited the absorption and utilization of nutrients in weaned pigs. ...
... In this study, pigs fed NCE also had a numerical increase of relative abundance of Lactobacillus (38.37% vs. 23.62%) in genus level in colon digesta compared with CON, which was beneficial for improving intestinal health. Manzanilla et al. (2009) found that dietary supplementation with plant extracts (containing 2% capsaicin) could increase the abundance of Lactobacillus, inhibit the growth of some harmful bacteria (E. coli or Salmonella), and thus improve the intestinal health of piglets (Tsuchiya et al., 2011), which might be a possible explanation for the current finding. The essential oil in red pepper could also increase the content of gut Lactobacillus (Cairo et al., 2018). ...
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of natural capsicum extract (NCE, containing 2% natural capsaicin, the rest is carrier) replacing chlortetracycline (CTC) on performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity, inflammatory cytokines, and gut health in weaned pigs. A total of 108 weaned pigs (Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire], initial body weight = 8.68 ± 1.34 kg; weaned on d 28) were randomly allotted into 3 treatments with 6 replicate pens per treatment (3 barrows and 3 gilts per pen). The treatments include a corn-soybean meal basal diet as a control group (CON), a CTC group (basal diet + CTC at 75 mg/kg), and a NCE group (basal diet + NEC at 80 mg/kg). Compared with CON and CTC, NCE had increased (P
... Little is known about whether supplemental phytogenic additives have beneficial effects on the growth performance of pigs fed with LP diets. Manzanilla et al. (2009) showed that supplementing a plant extract mixture to a LP diet (18% CP) in weaned pigs had differential positive or negative effects on various variables measured [18]. In turn, Abousekken et al. (2015) reported that adding Moringa oleifera leaf extract to drinking water of broilers fed with LP diet (100 mL/L water) improved growth performance parameters such as weight gain and feed conversion ratio [19]. ...
... Little is known about whether supplemental phytogenic additives have beneficial effects on the growth performance of pigs fed with LP diets. Manzanilla et al. (2009) showed that supplementing a plant extract mixture to a LP diet (18% CP) in weaned pigs had differential positive or negative effects on various variables measured [18]. In turn, Abousekken et al. (2015) reported that adding Moringa oleifera leaf extract to drinking water of broilers fed with LP diet (100 mL/L water) improved growth performance parameters such as weight gain and feed conversion ratio [19]. ...
... In the present study, the beneficial effects of PWA in pigs fed with CON diet could be due to the increased concentration of blood essential AA that may contribute to improving the growth of pigs, within their genetic potential. Others have reported an enhanced nutrient digestibility in response to supplemental phytogenic additives when pigs are fed with adequate-protein diets [18,[24][25][26]. In parallel with our data, an increased serum Ca and other minerals were reported in broiler chicks following herbal extract supplementation [46]. ...
Simple Summary
Low-protein (LP) diets can be potentially used to reduce the excretion of nitrogenous compounds and feed cost in commercial swine production; however, new strategies are required to be developed to improve the growth performance of pigs receiving these diets. Little is known about the effect of phytogenic additives on the performance of pigs fed with LP diets and the underlying factors involved. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a phytogenic water additive (PWA) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, plasma amino acid (AA) concentration, and gut and skeletal muscle AA transporters in nursery pigs fed with LP diets. Supplemental PWA increased the concentration of circulating essential AA, reduced the transcript of some of the AA transporters in the small intestine and skeletal muscle, improved growth performance when the dietary protein was adequate, and increased muscle lean%, but reduced muscle fat% when the dietary protein was deficient. The used PWA in this study had differential effects on blood calcium and its digestibility depending on the level of dietary protein. This study suggests that PWA can be used for improving the meat composition in protein-restricted pigs, but PWA improves growth performance only when dietary protein is adequate.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a phytogenic water additive (PWA) on growth performance and underlying factors involved in pigs fed with low-protein (LP)/high-carbohydrate diets. Forty-eight weaned barrows were allotted to six treatments for 4 weeks: CON-NS, control (CON) diet-no PWA; CON-LS, CON diet-low dose PWA (4 mL/L); CON-HS, CON diet-high dose PWA (8 mL/L); LP-NS, LP diet-no PWA; LP-LS, LP diet-low dose PWA; LP-HS, LP diet-high dose PWA. Relative to CON-NS, pigs fed with CON-HS had increased average daily gain, body weight and serum calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) and had decreased mRNA abundance of solute carrier family 7 member 11 and solute carrier family 6 member 19 in jejunum. Compared to LP-NS, pigs fed with LP-HS had increased muscle lean%, decreased muscle fat%, decreased serum Ca and increased serum P. Compared to their NS counterparts, CON-LS, CON-HS, and LP-LS increased the concentration of plasma essential AA and those fed with CON-HS and LP-HS tended to reduce the abundance of the solute carrier family 7 member 1 transcript in skeletal muscle. Thus, PWA improved the performance of weaned pigs fed with protein-adequate diets likely through increased blood essential AA and affected the muscle composition when dietary protein was deficient.
... With the development of various enzymes or enzyme complexes in recent years, it may be possible for weanling pigs to extract energy and nutrients from corn and SBM meal more efficiently (Kim et al., 2003;Zhang et al., 2014). Similarly, phytogenic compounds , such as essential oils (Cho et al., 2005;Kroismayr et al., 2008;Manzanilla et al., 2009), and benzoic acid (Diao et al., 2016;Kluge et al., 2006;Torrallardona et al., 2007) may improve the growth performance of weanling pigs because of their antimicrobial and antioxidative activities. The current study was conducted to assess the possibility of replacing a typical complex diet for weanling pigs with a simple corn-SBM diet by supplementation with various feed additives. ...
The study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementing a simple corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet with multi-enzyme complexes, essential oils, and benzoic acid on growth performance, serum metabolite profile, serum cytokines, and intestinal microbiota in weanling pigs. Forty-eight gilts and 48 castrated males weaned at 3 to 4 wk of age (initial body weight, 7.96 ± 0.89 kg) were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments with 3 gilt and 3 castrated male pens per treatment and 4 gilts or 4 castrated males per pen. A complex diet containing palatable and digestible ingredients was formulated (1.30 g standardized ileal digestible Lys/kg) to serve as the positive control (POS) diet. A simple corn-SBM, negative control (NEG) diet was formulated to be isolysinic to the POS diet, and the NEG diet was supplemented with multi-enzyme complexes (ENZ) or multi-enzyme complexes, essential oils, and benzoic acid (ALL). All diets were formulated to meet or exceed the 2012 NRC nutrient requirements of pigs weighing 7 to 25 kg. During the fourth week, blood samples were collected to determine serum metabolite profile and cytokines, and fecal samples were collected for the enumeration of bacteria. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the 4-wk study. From d 0 to 7 and 7 to 14, pigs fed the POS diet had greater feed and Lys intake (P < 0.05) and weight gain (P < 0.05) than those fed the NEG and ALL diets, but there were no differences in those response criteria between pigs fed the POS and ENZ diets. Weight gain of pigs fed the ENZ diet was 17% greater than those fed the NEG diet during the second week (P < 0.05), but it increased only numerically (16%) during the first week. Overall (d 0 to 28), pigs fed the POS diet consumed more feed, Lys, and digestible energy (DE; P < 0.05) and had greater weight gain (P < 0.05) than those fed the other diets. Dietary treatments had no effect on the efficiency of feed, Lys, or DE utilization for weight gain during the study. Serum total protein in pigs fed the ENZ and ALL diets was greater (P < 0.05) than those fed the POS and NEG diets. Pigs fed the ENZ diet had greater serum albumin (P < 0.05) than those fed the NEG diet. Serum globulin and urea N were lower (P < 0.05) and albumin to globulin ratio, glucose, and cholesterol were greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the POS diet than those fed the other diets. Dietary treatments had no clear effect on serum cytokines or fecal microbiota. Pigs fed the POS diet grew faster and had lower serum urea N and globulin and greater serum glucose and cholesterol than those fed the other diets. Although supplementation of the NEG diet with multi-enzyme complexes seemed to have beneficial effect on growth performance during the first 2 wk of the study, supplementation of the NEG diet with various feed additives had no clear effects. Further research is needed to explore further the possibility of using a simple corn-SBM diet for weanling pigs by supplementation with multi-enzyme complexes, essential oils, and benzoic acid.
