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Wound healing refers to the replacement of damaged tissue through strongly coordinated cellular events. The patient’s condition and different types of wounds complicate the already intricate healing process. Conventional wound dressing materials seem to be insufficient to facilitate and support this mechanism. Nanotechnology could provide the physi...
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... The innovative use of nanomaterials in DFU treatment offers advanced strategies that enhance healing and reduce the incidence of complications. Below, we elaborate on several key aspects of how nanomaterials can significantly influence the management of DFUs (Ouarga et al., 2022;De Luca et al., 2021). ...
In this article, we explore the transformative potential of nanomaterials in managing diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), a significant complication affecting millions of individuals globally. These chronic wounds pose substantial challenges in diabetes care, often leading to severe infections and amputations. We emphasize that traditional treatment modalities are insufficient, thereby necessitating innovative approaches. Nanomaterials, characterized by unique physicochemical properties at the nanoscale, enhance biological interactions, facilitating accelerated healing, and targeted drug delivery. We discuss various applications of nanomaterials, from their intrinsic antimicrobial capabilities—exemplified by silver nanoparticles—to their role in promoting cell proliferation and migration critical for effective tissue repair. Furthermore, we highlight their capacity for controlled drug release and improved oxygen supply, both vital for optimal wound healing. This comprehensive review delineates the steps required for integrating nanomaterials into clinical practice, stressing the importance of thorough research, formulation, regulatory approval, and personalized treatment strategies. By leveraging these advanced materials, we assert that significant advancements in DFU management can be achieved, improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Our findings underscore the necessity for ongoing research aimed at optimizing the application of nanomaterials in wound care, thereby paving the way for innovative, evidence-based practices that address the complex challenges inherent in diabetic foot ulcer treatment.
... Its major constituents include cycloolefins and enol derivatives, such as γ-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpinene, α-terpineol, and 1,8-cineole [88]. Terpinen-4-ol prevents the production of inflammatory mediators by monocyte activation, and it helps regenerate collagen [89,90]. In comparison, hesperidin controls several biological functions that promote wound-healing processes, such as cell division, proliferation, death, plasticity, and migration. ...
Objectives: This study aimed to develop hesperidin solid lipid nanoparticles (HESP-SLNs) to enhance their stability, solubility, and sustained release for wound healing; further enhancement was achieved through prepared nanostructured lipid carriers (HESP-NLCs) using Tea Tree Oil (TTO) to explore their synergistic efficacy. Methods: A factorial design of 24 trials was established to evaluate the influence of lipid type (X1), lipid conc (%) (X2), surfactant type (X3), and sonication amplitude (%) (X4) of prepared HESP-SLNs on the particle size (nm) (Y1), polydispersibility index (Y2), zeta potential (Y3), and encapsulation efficiency (%) (Y4). The optimized HESP-SLNs formula was selected utilizing Design Expert® software version 13, which was additionally enhanced by preparing TTO-loaded HESP-NLCs. In vitro release, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were carried out for both lipid nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity, in vivo wound-healing assessments, and skin irritancy tests were performed to evaluate the performance of TTO-incorporated HESP-NLCs compared to HESP-SLNs. Results: The optimized formula demonstrated PS (280 ± 1.35 nm), ZP (−39.4 ± 0.92 mV), PDI (0.239 ± 0.012), and EE% (88.2 ± 2.09%). NLCs enhanced Q6% release, (95.14%) vs. (79.69%), for SLNs and showed superior antimicrobial efficacy. Both lipid nanoparticles exhibited spherical morphology and compatibility between HESP and excipients. NLCs achieved the highest wound closure percentage, supported by histological analysis and inflammatory biomarker outcomes. Cytotoxicity evaluation showed 87% cell viability compared to untreated HSF cells, and the skin irritancy test confirmed the safety of NLCs. Conclusions: TTO-loaded HESP-NLCs are promising candidates exhibiting superior wound-healing capabilities, making them a potential therapeutic option for cutaneous wound management.
... Adding drugs, stem cells, vitamins, growth factors, and natural compounds taken from medicinal plants to the hydrogel structure can increase the efficiency of wound healing [19,20]. ...
Damage to the skin and creating a wound can always cause problems for the human body. Therefore, to repair the wound, the medical industry is looking for different methods to repair and regenerate the damaged tissue. One of the promising methods is tissue engineering and polymer scaffolds, including hydrogels. Chitosan and alginate are natural polymers widely used for wound healing and hydrogel preparation due to their excellent properties. Adding natural compounds such as essential oil and nettle (Urtica dioica) extract to hydrogels can effectively accelerate wound healing. Using nanocarriers such as nanoemulsions and putting nettle oil and extract in these systems can increase their efficiency in hydrogel structure and more effective wound healing. This study combines nanoemulsions containing nettle extract and oil in chitosan/alginate hydrogels, resulting in promising wound dressing materials. The findings show that these nanocomposites exhibit effective inhibition of bacterial growth, minimal cytotoxicity, increased cell adhesion, exceptional water absorption capabilities, and remarkable blood compatibility.
... For instance, spinelike nanostructures are particularly effective against Gramnegative bacteria, which have thinner cell walls that are more susceptible to puncture by sharp nanostructures. In contrast, flake-like nanostructures can efficiently adhere to the thicker cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria, disrupting their integrity through sustained contact [53,54]. This versatility in targeting various microbial pathogens underscores the importance of optimizing the shape and structure of nanomaterials for specific applications, such as antibacterial fabrics and wound dressings. ...
Introduction: Nanomaterials, especially their biocompatibilities and toxicities, have not been studied and their integration in real applications is still limited.
Method: This paper addresses this gap by focusing on the development of antibacterial nanomaterials by combining flake/spinal ZnO nanostructures with organic antibacterial agents (menthol, chitosan, and triclosan). We systematically study their biocompatibility and toxicity, intending to apply them practically on fabric surfaces.
Result: Based on the known photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of ZnO, our hypothesis suggests that the unique flake/spine ZnO nanostructures can further improve the antibacterial efficacy through induced mechanistic approaches. The synergistic effect achieved by combining ZnO with menthol, chitosan, and triclosan improves the overall bactericidal ability. XRD, XRF, FTIR, SEM, and UV-visible spectroscopy are used to characterize the nanocomposites. The antibacterial properties of the modified fabrics are tested using standard spread plate techniques. Biocompatibility and toxicity studies using a mouse model provide a comprehensive picture of the safety profile.
Conclusion: This work advances the understanding of antibacterial nanomaterials, and paves the way for their wider manufacturing and practical use in textiles, meeting the industrial needs of antimicrobial clothing and wound dressings.
... After administration, free drugs are often dispersed uniformly throughout the body, necessitating substantial dosages to achieve adequate concentrations at the intended action locations. [20][21][22] Given the limitations of conventional treatment approaches, it is imperative to employ innovative procedures to enhance pharmacological molecules' therapeutic efficacy. The desirable attributes of an effective drug delivery system (DDS) include extended systemic retention, [23] the capability to overcome biological obstacles, immune evasion, accurate targeting, and controlled release. ...
Nanotechnology is an effective tool in fighting against cancer, playing a crucial role in investigating and fabricating novel anticancer drugs. Recognizing the worldwide prevalence of cancer, we combined sorafenib tosylate (ST) and etoposide (ETP) within liposomes. We assessed their ability to kill human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HepG2 liver cancer cells. The liposomes effectively contained ST and ETP, exhibiting a particle size distribution below 180 nm, a polydisperse index (PDI) below 0.2, a spherical shape, a strong negatively charged zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiencies of 59% for ST, 88% for ETP, and 57% for ST combined with 87% for ETP. The FTIR analysis indicates that the drugs were incorporated within liposomes. Encapsulation of the drugs in liposomes resulted in a more significant cytotoxic impact on HepG2 cells and a reduced cytotoxic impact on HUVECs. The morphological assessment of the HepG2 liver cancer cells was investigated using AO‐EB and Hoechst 33258 staining methods. Apoptosis mechanisms of HepG2 cells were examined by Annexin V and PI dual staining. Furthermore, the coadministration of ST and ETP, which were enclosed in liposomes, resulted in a synergistic impact on the drugs, leading to cell death by apoptosis.
... In addition to safeguarding the wound against infections, maintaining optimal moisture levels, and facilitating removal of excess exudate [5], an ideal wound dressing should also accelerate the healing process without incurring high costs [6]. One effective approach to achieving this goal involves integrating bioactive molecules isolated from medicinal plants into the wound dressing. ...
The present study aimed to conduct a comparative investigation of the biological properties of phenolic and polysaccharide extracts obtained using an ultrasound-assisted technique from Aloe vera gel and their effects on each stage of the wound healing process in in vitro experimental models. HPLC analysis showed that the phenolic extract contained aloin, ferulic, and caffeic acid, as well as quercetin dihydrate, as major compounds. Capillary zone electrophoresis indicated the prevalence of mannose and glucose in the polysaccharide extract. Cell culture testing revealed the anti-inflammatory properties of the phenolic extract at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL through significant inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines—up to 28% TNF-α and 11% IL-8 secretion—in inflamed THP-1-derived macrophages, while a pro-inflammatory effect was observed at 0.5 mg/mL. The phenolic extract induced 18% stimulation of L929 fibroblast proliferation at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, enhanced the cell migration rate by 20%, and increased collagen type I synthesis by 18%. Moreover, the phenolic extract exhibited superior antioxidant properties by scavenging free DPPH (IC50 of 2.50 mg/mL) and ABTS (16.47 mM TE/g) radicals, and 46% inhibition of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was achieved. The polysaccharide extract demonstrated a greater increase in collagen synthesis up to 25%, as well as antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a bacteriostatic effect at 25 mg/mL and a bactericidal one at 50 mg/mL. All these findings indicate that the phenolic extract might be more beneficial in formulations intended for the initial phases of wound healing, such as inflammation and proliferation, while the polysaccharide extract could be more suitable for use during the remodeling stage. Moreover, they might be combined with other biomaterials, acting as efficient dressings with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties for rapid recovery of chronic wounds.
... Wound healing is a well-regulated process composed by a complex series of overlapping events: hemostasis, inflammatory, proliferative and remodelling stages. However, chronic wounds, such as pressure ulcers, diabetic foot, and venous and arterial ulcers, do not reach structural and functional recovery, leading to an incomplete healing, which stalls in the inflammation phase [2,3]. ...
... .(9). Different stages of the wound healing process[59]. (A higher resolution / colour version of this figure is available in the electronic copy of the article). ...
Skin is the largest organ of the human body functioning as a great primitive defensive barrier against different harmful environmental factors. However, it is damaged through varying injuries such as different wounds, burns, and skin cancers that cause disruption in internal organs and essential mechanisms of the body through inflammation, oxidation, coagulation problems, infection, etc. Melatonin is the major hormone of the pineal gland that is also effective in skin disorders due to strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features with additional desirable antiapoptotic, anti-cancer, and antibiotic properties.
However, melatonin characteristics require improvements due to its limited water solubility, halflife and stability. The application of nanocarrier systems can improve its solubility, permeability, and efficiency, as well as inhibit its degradation and promote photostability. Our main purpose in the current review is to explore the possible role of melatonin and melatonin-containing nanocarriers in skin disorders focused on wounds. Additionally, melatonin’s effect in regenerative medicine and its structures as a wound dressing in skin damage has been considered.
... Mainly, the size of the nanoparticles enables them to penetrate the wound, allowing contact with specific target molecules and the local release of bioactive agents or drugs that influence the healing rate. Drugs are protected from wound-bed proteases by being encapsulated in nanocarriers, allowing them to carry out their biological function [89]. Nanoparticle modes refer to different ways in which nanoparticles can be utilized or interact with their surroundings. ...
The development of innovative wound dressing materials is crucial for effective wound care. It’s an active area of research driven by a better understanding of chronic wound pathogenesis. Addressing wound care properly is a clinical challenge, but there is a growing demand for advancements in this field. The synergy of medicinal plants and nanotechnology offers a promising approach to expedite the healing process for both acute and chronic wounds by facilitating the appropriate progression through various healing phases. Metal nanoparticles play an increasingly pivotal role in promoting efficient wound healing and preventing secondary bacterial infections. Their small size and high surface area facilitate enhanced biological interaction and penetration at the wound site. Specifically designed for topical drug delivery, these nanoparticles enable the sustained release of therapeutic molecules, such as growth factors and antibiotics. This targeted approach ensures optimal cell-to-cell interactions, proliferation, and vascularization, fostering effective and controlled wound healing. Nanoscale scaffolds have significant attention due to their attractive properties, including delivery capacity, high porosity and high surface area. They mimic the Extracellular matrix (ECM) and hence biocompatible. In response to the alarming rise of antibiotic-resistant, biohybrid nanofibrous wound dressings are gradually replacing conventional antibiotic delivery systems. This emerging class of wound dressings comprises biopolymeric nanofibers with inherent antibacterial properties, nature-derived compounds, and biofunctional agents. Nanotechnology, diminutive nanomaterials, nanoscaffolds, nanofibers, and biomaterials are harnessed for targeted drug delivery aimed at wound healing. This review article discusses the effects of nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with nanoparticles on wound healing, including biological (in vivo and in vitro) and mechanical outcomes.
Graphical Abstract
... The oil is traditionally believed to have sedative, carminative (smooth muscle relaxing), anti-depressive and anti-inflammatory properties, effective for burns and insect bites in addition to its recognized antimicrobial effects [63,64]. Also, its wound healing effects have been widely claimed and studied which may be partly related to its antimicrobial effects; since, antimicrobial action is of great focus in wound dressing [65,66]. Hence several studies have evaluated and confirmed the antibacterial characteristic of Lav-O alone or in combination with other herbal derivatives [67][68][69]. ...
Gels loaded with nanocarriers offer interesting ways to create novel therapeutic approaches by fusing the benefits of gel and nanotechnology. Clinical studies indicate that lavender oil (Lav-O) has a positive impact on accelerating wound healing properly based on its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Initially Lav-O loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (Lav-SLN) were prepared incorporating cholesterol and lecithin natural lipids and prepared SLNs were characterized. Next, a 3% SLN containing topical gel (Lav-SLN-G) was formulated using Carbopol 940. Both Lav-SLN and Lav-SLN-G were assessed in terms antibacterial effects against S. aureus. Lav-SLNs revealed a particle size of 19.24 nm, zeta potential of -21.6 mv and EE% of 75.46%. Formulated topical gel presented an acceptable pH and texture properties. Minimum Inhibitory/Bactericidal Concentration (MIC/MBC) against S. aureus for LAv-O, Lav-SLN and Lav-SLN-G were 0.12 and 0.24 mgml− 1, 0.05 and 0.19 mgml− 1 and 0.045, 0.09 mgml− 1, respectively. Therefore, SLN can be considered as an antimicrobial potentiating nano-carrier for delivery of Lav-O as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent in topical gel.
