Different stages of cell disruption. Schematic view of cell wall composition of commercial pigment producing cyanobacteria (Spirulina sp.) -MS -Mucilaginous Sheath, OM -Outer Membrane, FL -Fibrillar Layer, PL -Peptidoglycan Layer, CM -Cell membrane. Pigment extraction proceeds from left to right, as the cells are lysed. The cyanobacterial filaments typically quickly break into single cells. Intact cells are usually permeabilised more slowly and once broken typically release their intracellular contents quickly

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... 6 ). (d) Typical phycobilisome (PBS) organisation: rod-shaped, bundle-shaped, hemi-discoidal and hemiellipsoidal. In most cyanobacteria the hemi-discoidal organisation occurs but the pigment composition within these rods is species-specific membranes, which lie under the cell membrane (see Fig. 1), typically in a dense multilayered wrapping (Fig. 6, Sect. 5.2). The extrinsic and intrinsic antenna proteins have evolved to provide a dynamic scaffold that coordinates an intricate and excitonically coupled network of chromophores including phycoerythrobilin (PEB; Fig. 1c), phycocyanobilin (PCB; Fig. 1c), phycourobilin (PUB; Fig. 1c), phycoviolobilin (PVB; Fig. 1c), chlorophylls, ...

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... cyanobacterial cell walls consist of six layers. A rigid peptidoglycan layer overlays the inner cell membrane, and this is tightly connected to the outer membrane of the wall and contains muramic acid on the upper surface. The microfibrillar framework and an amorphous outer mucilaginous sheath are composed of polysaccharides, lipids and proteins (Fig. 6). Cell disruption methods can be classified into mechanical (e.g. bead milling, homogenisation, ultrasonication), physical (e.g. drying, pulsed electric field) or chemical/biological (e.g. acid, base, enzymes) and are optimised depending on strain-specific parameters, including cell wall structure, cell size, product location, product ...

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... than mechanical and chemical cell disruption [345]. Cyanobacteria have rigid cell walls to protect the cell from the environment and thus increase their survival capacity. The cyanobacterial cell wall comprises tri-layered structures of cellulose and proteins with other components such as mannose, xylan, algenan and glycoproteins, with minerals ( Fig. 6) [321]. Thus, the selection of enzymes is typically biomass-specific and based on composition and cell wall structure for the target species. Cyanobacterial cell disruption employing lytic enzymes is quite popular in product and application-based scenarios (e.g. phycocyanin-based pharmaceutical production), owing to their ability to ...