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Background
The objective of the current study was to assess the in vitro antiplasmodial activities of leaf, bark, flower, and the root of Pongamia pinnata against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain), cytotoxicity against Brine shrimp larvae and THP-1 cell line. For in vivo study, the plant extract which has shown potent in vitr...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... samples of leaves, bark, flowers and roots of Pon- gamia pinnata were collected from Acharya Nagarjuna University's Herbal Garden of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India (Fig. 1). The confirmation of the plant species was done by Prof. S.M. Khasim, Department of Botany, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The voucher specimen of Ponga- mia pinnata was deposited in the Department of Botany, Acharya Nagarjuna University. All plant parts were washed immediately after collection ...
Citations
... Only species that inhibited 50% of parasite growth (IC50) at a value ≤ 10 μg/mL were considered active [22][23][24]. For the evaluation of in vivo activity, the plants had to reduce parasitemia by ≥ 30% [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. After surveying plant species that presented antiplasmodial and/ or antimalarial activities in the eligible articles, the species with no data were used for a new search on the Google platform, PubMed and Science Direct databases using "the name of the plant species researched" and the keywords "malaria" or "Plasmodium". ...
Malaria remains one of the most important diseases in the world, being lethal to 610 thousand individuals annually. The widespread resistance of P. falciparum to antimalarials emphasizes the urgent need for new therapies, as treatment remains the primary strategy to control the disease. Although combinations of synthetic drugs are used in treatment, medicinal plants are often utilized in folk medicine as a complement and/or alternative to treat human malaria, especially in poor endemic areas. This systematic review evaluates the antiplasmodial and/or antimalarial activities, as well as the ethnopharmacological use of plant species by traditional communities from South America, through a search in the PubMed Central and Science Direct databases. Among 346 articles selected using the keywords “Malaria”, “Plants”, “Traditional”, “Knowledge”, “Antimalarial” and “Amazon”, 27 were considered eligible. Plant species with no activities were used to a new search on Google, PubMed, and Science Direct. Of the 389 species or genera from 88 botanical families evaluated, most studies were conducted in Peru, with leaves being the primary plant part used for treatment and/or prevention. Out of the analyzed species, excluding 30 mentioned only by genus, 185 had their extracts, fractions, or pure substances assessed, and only nine species had both in vitro and in vivo activity. Among the 174 species cited by traditional communities evaluated, with no data for activity, 66 presented results when a new literature search was performed. The Chayahuita ethnicity was the community providing more traditional knowledge about malaria treatment. Most plant species mentioned in the articles indicated for treatment and/or prevention of malaria have not yet been evaluated for antiplasmodial and antimalarial activities. Collecting ethnopharmacology information of plants is important, since their use for malaria treatment signifi cantly increases the chances of fi nding a plant to be used as antimalarial substitutes.
... Therefore, plant-derived antimalarial agents are expected to reduce parasitemia levels and thus prevent decreases in both body weight loss and PCV, while maintaining normal body temperature at normal level. 42 In this study, C. dichogamus extract at doses of 400 and 200 mg/kg caused a slight gain in body weight compared with the negative control. This increase in body weight could be associated with the likelihood that the extract might enhance the appetite of treated mice or the weight loss induced by the infection is reverted because of the decrease in parasitemia. ...
Background
Malaria is causing high mortality and morbidity due to Plasmodium’s resistance to currently available anti-malarial drugs and mosquito’s resistance to insecticides. Thus, there is a critical need to search for novel anti-malarial drugs from natural sources. Therefore, this study investigated in vivo antimalarial activities of two Ethiopian medicinal plants, Croton dichogamus Pax and Ehretia cymosa Thonn, in Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss albino mice.
Methods
Soxhlet extraction method using 80% methanol as a solvent was used to prepare crude extracts of the two plants. Acute oral toxicity and 4-day suppressive in vivo antimalarial activity tests were performed on healthy female mice and P. berghei infected male mice, respectively. Antimalarial activity of the crude extracts at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg and the standard drug, chloroquine were used to assesse in Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss albino mice. Parasitemia level, packed cell volume, body weight, and rectal temperature of the mice were determined before infection (day 0) and after treatment (day 4). Survival time was determined by recording the date on which the mice died, considering the date of infection as day 0. The recorded data were analyzed using ANOVA and SPSS version 24.
Results
The result of the acute toxicity study revealed that the crude extracts were non-toxic at doses up to 2 g/kg. The extract of E. cymosa suppressed parasitemia level by 66.28, 63.44 and 63.14% at 400, 200, and 100mg/kg, levels while C. dichogamus extract suppressed parasitemia level by 45.29% at a dose of 400mg/kg. The remaining two dose levels of C.dichogamus extract suppressed parasitemia level by < 30%.
Conclusion
C. dichogamus and E. cymosa showed anti-plasmodial activities. E. cymosa exhibited a more pronounced anti-plasmodial effect than C. dichogamus. The activities of both plants observed in this study support their traditional use as antimalarial drugs. Further studies on these plants using solvent fractions are required to identify their active ingredients.
... Hydroalcoholic extracts were made from shade-dried plant portions of leaves using 500 gm of coarse P. Pinnata leaf powder (Borosil) with the help of Soxhlet apparatus, [14]. The filtrates were individually concentrated using rotary vacuum evaporation at temperatures over 45 °C and freeze drying at temperatures below 20 °C to get solid residue [11]. © 2023 Author ...
Cerebral ischemic/stroke is the most common cause of disability worldwide. The concept of Neuroprotection is gaining a lot of attention in the hunt for innovative therapies that could protect the brain tissue and enhance the cognitive and motor abilities. The aim of the study is to compare and determine the efficacy of 70 % ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata (P.pinnata) leaves on stroke induced model of Wistar rats. On the experimental rodents, novel stroke induction technique was used and characterized. In male Wistar rats, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) was incorporated in the brain by occlusion of BCCA method for 60 minutes followed by reperfusion for 72 hours. The effect of the P.Pinnata leaf extracts on the brain sample was examined using various histological staining assays such as TTC for locating the infarct area, Cresyl violet staining for quantification of normal neurons, acridine staining for detecting apoptopic cells present in and around the motor and subventricular zone of the brain and finally H&E staining was used to understand the changes occurred in the brain infarct and its penumbra. The objective of the present investigation is to determine the effects of pretreatment with 400 mg of P.pinnata leaf extract on functional motor recovery. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; G1, G2, G3 and G4, with 6 animals in each group. Control (G1-Positive Control,with 0.9% Normal Saline (NS)support); G2-Sham (Sh + NS), G3-ischemia induced but treated and G4-(Treated with 400 mg ethanolic extract of PP (400mg + NS). The dosed rats per the group descriptions were maintained in their respective state for three weeks (21 Days) Neurological examination was performed after 24 hours of reperfusion, animals were sacrificed, and their brains were used for histopathological & molecular studies. To access the cerebral injury and recovery, the Cresyl Staining was used to demonstrate the Nissl substance in the neurons and cell nuclei, Additionally, acridine orange staining was done to detect the live and dead cells with the help of fluorescent microscopy and also H & E To confirm the same the gene expression of BDNF & GDNF is also done by RTPCR. Images of the all the groups were documented for evaluating the patterns of the group's 1 to 5 based on the treated and untreated groups. When compared to the G3 & the treated group(G4) showed a significant motor recovery. The MRNA level is almost same in Normal control(G1) and Sham control(G2) group. On histological examination, the cresyl violet stained images showed the neuro protective changes on ischemic models exposed to P.Pinnata leaf extract. Results of Cresyl violet, Acridine orange & H&E, P.Pinnata leaf therapy demonstrated significant antioxidant effects by preventing lipid peroxidation in ischemic condition & resting the glutathione peroxidase enzymes to considerable levels. After I/R in animal groups, the motor function deficit is comparatively less to a significant extent when given at a dose of 400 mg for 21 subsequent days. The study concludes that the element of P.pinnata leaf extract has neuroprotective potential in ischemic injury, by increasing normal neurons and vascularity.
... Similarly, in the present study, the methanolic extract of L. sativum seeds was inactive (IC 50 > 200 µg/mL). The methanolic extract of L. sativum seeds might have inactive molecules that need biological transformation Phytochemicals or secondary metabolites (anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides and others) showed antimalarial activity in different plants extracts through various mechanism of action [71][72][73][74]. Moreover, flavonoids which have antioxidant activity may also contribute to the antimalarial activity. ...
Background
The plants Aloe weloensis, Lepidium sativum, and Lobelia gibberoa have been used in Ethiopian folklore medicine to treat various diseases including malaria.
Method
The in vitro anti-plasmodial activity of the three crude extracts was evaluated using parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay against the chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive D10 and the chloroquine (CQ)-resistant W2 strains.
Result
The methanolic extract of L. gibberoa roots showed the highest in vitro anti-plasmodial effect against both D10 and W2 Plasmodium falciparum strains with IC50 value of 103.83 ± 26.17 µg/mL and 47.11 ± 12.46 µg/mL, respectively. However, the methanolic extract of L. sativum seeds and the leaf latex of A. weloensis were not active with an IC50 value > 200 µg/mL against both D10 and W2 strains.
Conclusion
The methanolic extract of L. gibberoa roots showed a promising in vitro anti-plasmodial activity against the CQ-sensitive (D10) and CQ-resistant (W2) strains of P. falciparum. Thus, the anti-plasmodial activity of this plant partly justifies and may also support the traditional use against malaria. However, the methanolic extract of L. sativum seeds and the leaf latex of A. weloensis did not exert suppressive activity on the growth of P. falciparum strains.
... The latex from the plant's leaves has been utilized in Ethiopian traditional medicine to treat malaria and other human diseases [21]. The phytochemical constituents in the latex of this plant contain flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinones, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins, all of which have antimalarial properties [22][23][24][25]. Furthermore, the study found that the plant has been associated with significant antimalarial activity with safety up to 5000 mg/kg [26]. ...
... L. rhodesiensis contain alkaloids, phenols, triterpene, steroids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins [78]. The newly found flavones were rhodescine (5,6,3',5'tetrahydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone) (24), 5-hydroxy-6,7, 3',4',5' pentamethoxyflavone (23), 5-hydroxy-6,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (22), and 5,6,3'-trihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone (25), shown in Fig. (14) [79]. Antioxidant activity depends on the phenolic features of a compound like a hydroxyl group directly attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. ...
Background
All currently available antimalarial drugs are developed from natural product lineages that may be traced back to herbal medicines including quinine, lapachol, and artemisinin. Natural products, which primarily target free radicals or reactive oxygen species, play an important role in the treatment of malaria.
Objective
To review role of antioxidative therapy in treatment of malaria by scavenging or counter free radical and also review importance of natural plant extracts as antioxidants in oxidative therapy of malaria treatment.
Methods
The search for natural antioxidants was conducted using the following databases of Researchgate, science direct, google scholar, Bentham science using following keywords malaria, reactive oxygen species, natural antioxidants and antiplasmodial.
Conclusion
This study reviewed various literature sources related to natural products employed in antimalarial therapy directly or indirectly by countering/scavenging reactive oxygen species that were published between 2016 to till date. The literature survey made it possible to summarize the natural products used in the treatment of malaria, with emphasis on botanical extracts, as a single component, as well as in association with other botanical extracts. Natural antioxidants like polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, having a broad range of biological effects against malaria. This review is pivoted around natural antioxidants obtained from the food and medicinal plants and to explore their application in restraining reactive oxygen species (ROS). We anticipate this article will provide information on future research on the role of antioxidant therapy in malaria infection.
... The curative test evaluates the curative capability of extracts against established infections. Additionally, a prophylactic test that addresses the prophylactic activity of extracts is also a common test for assessing antimalarial activity [31]. In all these methods, the most reliable parameter is the percent suppression of parasitemia [32]. ...
Abstract Background In response to the persistent problem of malaria resistance, medicinal herbal plants can be used as a source of potential novel antimalarial agents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo antimalarial activity and toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz (S. pinnata). Methods Qualitative phytochemical screening of the extract was performed using standard procedures, and the constituents were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The in vivo antimalarial activity was assessed against the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain in mice based on 4-day suppressive, curative and prophylactic tests. In addition, the acute toxicity of the extract was evaluated after oral administration of a single dose of 2,000 mg/kg body weight. Results Phytochemical screening tests on the ethanolic S. pinnata seed extract revealed the presence of terpenoids, tannins, and coumarins. GC–MS analysis of the extract led to the identification of twenty-nine phytochemical compounds, including oleic acid amide, β-sitosterol, linoleic acid, oleic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid and gallic acid. The results of the 4-day suppressive test revealed that mice treated with 250, 500, 600 and 800 mg/kg doses of the ethanolic S. pinnata seed extract showed significant parasitemia suppression in a dose-dependent manner, with 22.94, 49.01, 60.67 and 66.82% suppression, respectively, compared to that of the negative control group. All the doses of the ethanolic seed extract significantly suppressed parasitemia (P
... ese IC 50 values are an indication of good antiplasmodial activity of the two plant extracts and partly provide scientific backing for their use in local herbal preparations for malaria treatment. e low IC 50 values recorded for extracts of Physalis micrantha and Celtis africana are probably as a result of the synergistic action of one or more of the phytochemical constituents present in these plant extracts, as reported by other works [38,39]. Flavonoids, in general, have been reported as potent secondary metabolites of plants possessing broad spectrum biological activities [37,40]. ...
In many parts of the world, malaria undoubtedly poses a serious threat to health care systems. Malaria treatment has increasingly become complicated, primarily due to the emergence of widespread resistance of the malaria parasites to cheap and affordable malaria therapeutics. The use of herbal remedies to treat various ailments, including malaria and malaria-like ailments in Ghana is common. We herein report on the antiplasmodial and antioxidant activities as well as toxicological evaluation of four medicinal plants (Celtis africana, Grosseria vignei, Physalis micrantha, and Stachytarpheta angustifolia) commonly used to treat malaria in Ghana. Following Soxhlet extraction of plant samples in ethanol, extracts were screened against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain) in an in vitro antiplasmodial assay. The phosphomolybdenum and DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl) assays were used to evaluate antioxidant activities while toxicity assessment was carried out in mice using the acute toxicity test and kidney and liver function tests. Extracts from Celtis africana and Physalis micrantha were very active towards the parasites with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50’s) of 29.1 and 3.5 µg/mL, respectively. Extracts of Grosseria vignei and Stachytarpheta angustifolia were inactive, having IC50 values greater than 50 µg/mL. All extracts exhibited excellent total antioxidant capacities (>800 mg/g AAE) and good DPPH radical scavenging potential (IC50 range of 300–900 µg/mL). The median lethal dose (LD50) of all extracts in the toxicological evaluation was greater than 2000 mg/kg and there was no effect of extracts on the levels and activities of key biomarkers of liver and kidney function. The activities of these plants obtained in this study partly give credence to their folkloric use in herbal medicines and suggest that they could provide promising lead compounds for malaria drug discovery programs.
... Previously, the leaf latex Aloe weloensis showed a significant antimalarial effect in Peter's (4-day suppressive) test and safe at 2000 mg/kg [16]. Besides, phytochemical studies showed that this plant's leaf latex was endowed with flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinones, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins with prominent antimalarial activities in various plant extracts [12,[17][18][19]. Eventhough few investigations have been conducted previously, there was a paucity of comprehensive studies in other models (prophylactic and curative models) and in vitro studies (DPPH assay). ...
... Chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain of P. falciparum was used to determine the in vitro antimalarial activity of the leaf latex of A. weloensis. Plasmodium falciparum culture was maintained following previously described methods with some modifications [19,25]. Plasmodium falciparum (suspension of 3D7) synchronized in 5% sorbitol to ring stage was seeded (200 μl/well with 2% ring stages and O Rh+ red blood cells at 2% hematocrit) in 96-well tissue culture plates. ...
... e same chloroquine concentration was used as the standard control, and dimethyl sulfoxide was used as the negative control. e parasites were cultured for 30 h in the desiccator and then incubated (37°C) for 72 h in 2% O 2 , 5% CO 2, and 93% N 2 [18,19]. e infected red blood cells (RBCs) were transferred into a freshly prepared complete medium to propagate the culture. ...
Background:
The lack of available vaccines and the emerging resistance to antimalarial drugs have provided the necessity to find noble antimalarial plant-based medicines. The leaf latex Aloe weloensis has been used in folk medicine against malarial and other human ailments in Ethiopia. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the antimalarial activity of the leaf latex of A. weloensis against Plasmodium parasites.
Materials and methods:
The prophylactic and curative models were employed to determine the in vivo antimalarial activity of the leaf latex A. weloensis against P. berghei infected mice, and the antioxidant activity of the latex was assessed using diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) assay. Female mice were recruited for toxicity study, and the leaf latex was administered to fasted mice at a dose of 5000 mg/kg. The mice were kept under continuous observation for fourteen days for any signs of overt toxicity.
Results:
The leaf latex of A. weloensis was safe up to 5000 mg/kg, and the latex endowed free radical inhibition activity (IC50 = 10.25 μg/ml). The latex of A. weloensis leaf demonstrated the inhibitory activity against the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum (IC50 = 9.14 μg/ml). The prophylactic and curative effect of the latex was found to be dose-dependent. The mice's parasitemia level was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced at all tested doses of the leaf latex compared to negative control in the curative test. Parasitemia reduction was significant (200 mg/kg, p < 0.01, and 400 and 600 mg/kg, p < 0.001) in the prophylactic test compared to the control. In addition, the leaf latex significantly (p < 0.01) improved mean survival time, packed cell volume, rectal temperature, and bodyweight of P. berghei infected mice.
Conclusion:
The leaf latex of Aloe weloensis was endowed with the antimalarial activity at various doses, corroborating the plant's claimed traditional use.
... Although the cell viability was almost half of the initial numbers, the extracts may be considered as safe for human use. Similar to our present findings, Satish and Sunita [38] recorded that the organic extracts (chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol) of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre had no cytotoxic effect against P. falciparum (3D7 strain) and P. berghei (ANKA). Paudel et al. [27] reported that the chloroform extract of Dendrobium crepidatum inhibited the growth of 81.49% of HeLa cells at 800 µg·mL −1 . ...
... Although the cell viability was almost half of the initial numbers, the extracts may be considered as safe for human use. Similar to our present findings, Satish and Sunita [38] recorded that the organic extracts (chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol) of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre had no cytotoxic effect against P. falciparum (3D7 strain) and P. berghei (ANKA). Paudel et al. [27] reported that the chloroform extract of Dendrobium crepidatum inhibited the growth of 81.49% of HeLa cells at 800 µg•mL −1 . ...
The high resistance evolution of protozoans to the existing antiparasitic drugs has necessitated the quest for novel and effective drugs against plasmodium and trypanosome parasites. As a result, this study aimed to assess the antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal potentials of chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol leaf extracts of Oedera genistifolia. Standard biochemical procedures were explored for the plant extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) was used to identify the bioactive compounds in the crude extracts. The cytotoxic effects of the crude extracts were assessed against human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa cells) and their antiparasitic activities were investigated against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. GCMS analyses of the crude extracts revealed the bioactive compounds that could be responsible for the biological activities. The extracts had no cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells and demonstrated good antiplasmodial activity (chloroform extract: IC50 = 11.6 µg·mL−1, ethyl acetate extract: IC50 = 3.3 µg·mL−1 and ethanol extract: IC50 = 3.7 µg·mL−1). Likewise, they showed excellent antitrypanosomal activity with IC50 = 0.5 µg·mL−1 for chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts and IC50 = 0.4 µg·mL−1 for the ethanol extract. Findings from the present study indicated that O. genistifolia could be a good source of strong antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal agents.
... In vitro antimalarial evaluation of the leaf latex of Aloe weloensis Chloroquine sensitive P. falciparum (3D7 strain) was used in vitro blood stage culture to determine antimalarial e cacy of Aloe weloensis. Plasmodium falciparum culture was maintained in the method describe with some modi cation (30,31). Plasmodium falciparum (suspension of 3D7) synchronized in 5% sorbitol to ring stage was seeded (200 μl/well with 2% ring stages and O Rh+ red blood cells at 2% hematocrit) in 96-well tissue culture plates. ...
... Chloroquine at the same concentration was used as the standard control and dimethyl sulfoxide without the tested samples were used as the negative control. The parasites were cultured for 30h in the desiccators and then, incubated at 37°C for 72h in 2% O 2 , 5% CO 2 and 93% N 2 (22,31). The infected RBCs were transferred into freshly prepared complete medium to propagate the culture. ...
... Phytochemical screening result showed that the leaf latex of Aloe weloensis contained secondary metabolites ( avonoids, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides and others) which showed antimalarial activity in different plants extracts through various mechanism of action (14,22,23,31). Therefore, the antimalarial and antioxidant activities of Aloe weloensis could elicit from single or synergetic action of these metabolites. ...
Background: Nature has gifted a variety of plants having potential effect against plasmodium parasites. The present study was aimed to determine in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of the leaf latex of Aloe weloensis.
Methods: In vitro antimalarial activity of the leaf latex of A. weloensis was determined against 3D7 strain of P. falciparum. Antimalarial activity of the three doses the latex was evaluated in 4 day-suppressive and curative models against P. berghei infected mice. Antioxidant activity of the leaf latex of A. weloensis was assessed in 2,2- diphenyl 1- picrylhydrazine assay model.
Results: Antioxidant activity of the latex was concentration dependent; the strongest inhibition was measured at 400 μg/mL (73.54%). The leaf latex of A. weloensis was demonstrated inhibitory activity against 3D7 malarial strain (IC50 = 9.14 μg/ml). Suppressive and curative effect of the latex was found to be dose dependent. Parasitemia reduction was significant (200 mg/kg, p<0.01, 400 and ,600 mg/kg, p<0.001) in 4-day suppressive test compared to vehicle control. Parasitemia level of the mice treated with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg doses of the latex significantly (p<0.001) reduced with suppression of 36%, 58% and 64% respectively in curative test. Administration of the leaf latex of A. weloensis significantly (p<0.01) improved mean survival time, pack cell volume, rectal temperature and body weight of P. berghei infected mice.
Conclusion: The finding showed that the leaf latex of Aloe weloensis endowed prominent antimalarial and antioxidant activities. The result can serve as a step towards the development of safe and effective herbal therapy against plasmodium parasites.
