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Different observers can have different reports of the same experimental situation. Alice is the experimenter; she performs an experiment that has two possible outcomes: +1 or -1. For Eve, who is outside the laboratory without information on the outcome of the experiment, the cognitive state of each observer inside the laboratory is in a superposed state (“observer having experienced the outcome +1” and “observer having experienced the outcome - 1”). However, when Alice performs an experiment, she experiences either +1 or -1 on her measurement device. In other words, her cognitive state is not in a superposed state, but in a “reduced” state. Bob is an observer inside the laboratory and he obser ves also that Alice is not in a superposed state. Moreover, Alice and Bob agree on their observations, either +1 or -1 (intersubjective agreement).
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Benveniste’s experiments have been the subject of an international scientific controversy (known as the case of the “memory of water”). We recently proposed to describe these results in a modeling in which the outcome of an experiment is considered personal property (named cognitive state) of the observer and not an objective property of the observ...
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... formalism that we use is inspired by quantum cognition [19], relational quantum physics [20] and quantum Bayesianism [21,22]. In these interpretations of quantum physics, what is described is not the physical world in itself but what each observer experiences (Figure 1). Therefore, the outcome considered in the present formalism to describe Benveniste's experiments is not the change of an experimental parameter in itself, but the experience elicited in the experimenter that records this change (or absence of change). ...
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... cognitive state A of the experimenter is described from an outside point of view ( Figure 1). The aim of these experiments is to contrast the states AIN and AAC for the respective probabilities of "success". ...
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... have to explain however why θ ≠ 0 (noncommuting observables). To understand how noncommuting observables could emerge from formalism, we consider now that the experimenter obtains information on the state of the experimental device either "directly" or through other sources such as the interaction with another observer (Figure 1). Interaction must be understood as the "measurement" of the actual state of A by B and the actual state of B by A. The following demonstration rests on the following propositions: 1) The information gained on the outcome of an experiment is through macroscopic environment; 2) The macroscopic environment is submitted to microscopic fluctuations (related to thermal fluctuations, electromagnetic waves, etc); 3) Different cognitive states that gain information on the outcome of the same experiment must agree on this outcome (intersubjective agreement). ...
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... description or interpretation of Benveniste's experiments must be able to take into account this puzzling phenomenon that prevented the success of experiments designed as proof-of-concept. Simply put, when Bob or Eve controlled the experiments made by Alice (Figure 1) using blind designs and then assessed the rate of "success", the results were quite different: statistically significant concordance of "expected" and observed labels with Bob and concordance not better than random with Eve. ...
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... idea of local cause ("memory of water") was not called into question at this time by Benveniste's team. When an "outside" controller (Eve in Figure 1) assesses the rate of "success", she compares the successive items of two lists: labels ("expected" results) and experimental outcomes (observed results). For Eve, the cognitive state of the experimenter is superposed. ...
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... signal (background noise); •: Signal. * "Outside" controller is personified by Eve in Figure 1; for Eve, the cognitive state A of the experimenter Alice is in a superposed state. As an "outside" controller who participates to blind experiment, Eve assesses if "signal" (•) is at the correct (i.e. ...
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... 4. Description of the seemingly "jumping" activities from one sample to another. The quantum-like modeling predicts that random concordance between "expected" results and observed results are obtained when the experiments are checked by an "outside" controller (Eve in Figure 1). Benveniste's team reasoned into a classic frame and interpreted these "failed" experiments as "jumping of biological activity" from one sample to another. ...
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... the quantum-like modeling, the outcome does not preexist to the "measurement"; the act of questioning/measuring literally creates the answer (but which answer is produced cannot be controlled). This indeterminacy for Eve on what Alice "really" perceives concerning the relationship of two observables is central in our modeling (Figure 1). The perception of one observer is formalized by a vector, which is the sum of the possible perceptions of the "reality". ...
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