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The dairy industry is becoming one of the biggest sectors within the global food industry, and these industries use almost 34% of the water. The amount of water used is governed by the production process and the technologies employed in the plants. Consequently, the dairy industries generate almost 0.2–10 L of wastewater per liter of processed milk...
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Wastewater treatment is a critical process for ensuring water quality and public health, particularly in the context of increasing environmental challenges such as pollution and water scarcity. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology capable of optimizing various wastewater treatment processes, such as contaminant re...
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... The highest lipid content and productivity (40.33% and 24.40 mg/L/day) was recorded in 90% DWW, followed by 80% DWW. This suggests that nutrient-rich dairy wastewater provides a favorable environment for lipid synthesis, particularly at higher wastewater concentrations (Singh et al. 2024). The lipid content of microalgae grown in wastewater typically ranges from 8 to 29% of dry biomass (Brar et al. 2019). ...
... This balanced distribution of fatty acids suggests favorable biodiesel properties across all treatments. The slight increase in SFAs in wastewater treatments may enhance oxidative stability and cetane number, while the consistently high PUFA content indicates good cold flow properties (Biswas et al. 2021;Singh et al. 2024). The MUFA content, particularly high in the 80% DWW treatment, provides a beneficial balance between fuel stability and low-temperature performance (Barati et al. 2022). ...
This study explored the potential of a newly isolated strain of Chlorella sorokiniana for dairy wastewater (DWW) phycoremediation and biodiesel production. Microalgae were cultivated in various dilutions of dairy wastewater (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%) and compared with growth in synthetic Amaral medium. The results demonstrated that C. sorokiniana exhibited robust growth across all wastewater dilutions, with the 90% dilution outperforming the synthetic medium in terms of cell concentration and biomass production (0.47 g/L/d). Chlorophyll a content increased with higher wastewater concentrations, peaking at 20.24 µg/L in 90% DWW. Lipid content analysis revealed the highest accumulation in 90% DWW, reaching 40.33% of the dry weight biomass. Fatty acid profiling revealed a predominance of palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2) across all treatments. The proportion of saturated fatty acids slightly increased with higher wastewater concentrations, while monounsaturated fatty acids decreased and polyunsaturated fatty acids remained relatively stable. The results indicated that moderate dilution of 60% wastewater resulted in the highest nitrate removal efficiency (75%). Phosphate removal remained consistently high (85–98%) across all dilutions. The biodiesel properties derived from wastewater-cultivated algae met the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards, with improvements in the cetane number and cloud point at higher wastewater concentrations. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using dairy wastewater as a cost-effective and sustainable medium for microalgal cultivation, offering the dual benefits of wastewater phycoremediation and high-quality biodiesel feedstock production. The findings highlight the potential for integrating algal cultivation with dairy industry waste management, contributing to circular economic principles in the biofuel sector.
... Rights reserved. dairy (32%) and final dairy effluent (39%) [90]. Oleic acid (C18:1) stood out as the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid, with sludge dairy exhibiting the highest concentration (36%), surpassing the control (BG11 medium) by a factor of 1.2 [79]. ...
Finding sustainable and eco-friendly solutions for managing poultry waste is imperative to environmental safety and to maintain the circular economy. This study evaluated the poultry excreta leachate (PEL) as a growth medium for algal strains Oedogonium sp., Cladophora sp., Ulothrix sp., and Spirogyra sp. The results indicated a substantial 80% increase in biomass of Oedogonium sp., Ulothrix sp. 86%, Cladophora sp. 48%, and Spirogyra sp. 24% under PEL application. Increase of biomass was coupled with enhanced carbohydrate levels (76, 82, 80, and 89%) in each species respectively. Protein accumulation elevated only to PEL50% at day 10th, showing increases of 90–140% compared to control. Lipid increased by 58% in Oedogonium sp. (51%), in Ulothrix sp. (52%), in Cladophora sp. (66%), and in Spirogyra sp. Higher accumulation of fatty acid profiles, particularly C16:0 and C18:1, contributed to improved heating value and oxidative stability of biodiesel. On the other hand, nutrient removal was maximum in Oedogonium sp. (96% for nitrate and 80% for total nitrogen) while Ulothrix showed about 96% inorganic phosphate removal from the growing medium. These findings suggested that PEL is an effective substrate for enhancing algal cultivation and promoting nutrient recycling in sustainable agricultural practices.
Graphical Abstract
Phycobiliproteins (PBPs), captivating water-soluble proteins found in cyanobacteria, red algae, and cryptophytes, continue to fascinate researchers and industries due to their unique properties and multifaceted applications. These proteins consist of chromophores called phycobilins (PBs), covalently linked to specific protein subunits. Major phycobiliproteins include phycocyanin (PC), allophycocyanin (APC), and phycoerythrin (PE), each distinguished by distinct absorption and emission spectra. Beyond their colorful properties, PBs exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antidiabetic effects, making them valuable for pharmaceutical, biotechnological, and medical purposes. The extraction and purification methods for PBs have been optimized to enhance their bioavailability and stability, opening new avenues for industrial production. For this review, a comprehensive literature search was conducted using scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, prioritizing peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2025, with an emphasis on recent advances from the last five years, using keywords such as “phycobiliproteins”, “phycobilins”, “bioactivities”, “therapeutic applications”, and “industrial use”. Studies were selected based on their relevance to the biological, technological, and pharmacological applications of PBPs and PBs. This review explores the diverse applications of PBs in therapeutic, diagnostic, and environmental fields, highlighting their potential as natural alternatives in the treatment of various diseases. The future perspectives for PBs focus on their incorporation into innovative drug delivery systems, biocompatible materials, and functional foods, presenting exciting opportunities for advancing human health and well-being.
