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... and due to clonal and apomixis variations, it is very difficult to accurately determine the number of species [11]. The few species of citrus are Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), C. aurantium (bitter orange), C. lemon (lemon), C. reticulata (mandarin orange, tangerine), and C. paradise (grapefruit). Some examples of citrus fruits are explained in Fig. ...
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... by its medium-sized to large fruit., thin-skinned, savory nucellar segments, and acidity range between 0.35 and 0.5% when entirely grown and developing when stored, the flavor transitions between sweet to flat [14]. It is rich in Vitamin C, antioxidant, flavonoids etc. It has different chemical component and medicinal value which is shown in Fig. 1. This help to reduce inflammation, prevent cell damage, lower the risk of ...
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... difference between both of them is that tangerines are smaller in size and have a deep orange to red-orange color range than a standard mandarin appearance [14]. Kinnow is mandarin, a hybrid between King orange and Willow leaf mandarin owing to its profuse bearing, attractive, orange-colored fruits, high juice content, better yield, and quality. Fig. 1 shows different chemical component and medicinal value which depicts it has Vitamin C, fiber antioxidant, flavonoids ...
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... fruit. It is a hybrid of sweet oranges and pomelos or shaddocks. Grapefruit juice is consumed for weight loss purposes [15]. Commercially after juice extraction, the grapefruit leftover pulp is used for extraction of oil, which is used as a flavoring compound in many beverages. The inner peel of the fruit is rich in pectin and citric acid [11]. Fig. 1 depicts it has Vitamin C, antioxidant and fibre which are used for different medicinal value such as work as immunity booster and ...
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... blooms of the pummelo are the largest in the world among commercially grown citrus. Fruits with a diameter of 20-25 cm are typical, however, some can reach up to 30 cm in diameter [17]. The primary distinction between grapefruit and pomelos is that pomelos have fruits that are larger and less juicy than grapefruits, as well as thicker peels [14]. Fig. 1 depicts it has Vitamin C, antioxidant and fibre which help to boost immunity digestion and prevent cell ...
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... (zest) are utilized. Citric acid, which contributes to the lemon juice's distinctively sour flavor, is present in amounts of 5%-6% [18]. The pulp, after commercial juice extraction, is an important source of pectin, citrus oil, and citric acid. These by-products of lemon are widely used by the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries [11]. Fig. 1 depicts it has Vitamin C, antioxidant and anti-bacterial properties which help to boost immunity digestion and prevent ...
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... and due to clonal and apomixis variations, it is very difficult to accurately determine the number of species [11]. The few species of citrus are Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), C. aurantium (bitter orange), C. lemon (lemon), C. reticulata (mandarin orange, tangerine), and C. paradise (grapefruit). Some examples of citrus fruits are explained in Fig. ...
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... by its medium-sized to large fruit., thin-skinned, savory nucellar segments, and acidity range between 0.35 and 0.5% when entirely grown and developing when stored, the flavor transitions between sweet to flat [14]. It is rich in Vitamin C, antioxidant, flavonoids etc. It has different chemical component and medicinal value which is shown in Fig. 1. This help to reduce inflammation, prevent cell damage, lower the risk of ...
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... difference between both of them is that tangerines are smaller in size and have a deep orange to red-orange color range than a standard mandarin appearance [14]. Kinnow is mandarin, a hybrid between King orange and Willow leaf mandarin owing to its profuse bearing, attractive, orange-colored fruits, high juice content, better yield, and quality. Fig. 1 shows different chemical component and medicinal value which depicts it has Vitamin C, fiber antioxidant, flavonoids ...
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... fruit. It is a hybrid of sweet oranges and pomelos or shaddocks. Grapefruit juice is consumed for weight loss purposes [15]. Commercially after juice extraction, the grapefruit leftover pulp is used for extraction of oil, which is used as a flavoring compound in many beverages. The inner peel of the fruit is rich in pectin and citric acid [11]. Fig. 1 depicts it has Vitamin C, antioxidant and fibre which are used for different medicinal value such as work as immunity booster and ...
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... blooms of the pummelo are the largest in the world among commercially grown citrus. Fruits with a diameter of 20-25 cm are typical, however, some can reach up to 30 cm in diameter [17]. The primary distinction between grapefruit and pomelos is that pomelos have fruits that are larger and less juicy than grapefruits, as well as thicker peels [14]. Fig. 1 depicts it has Vitamin C, antioxidant and fibre which help to boost immunity digestion and prevent cell ...
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... (zest) are utilized. Citric acid, which contributes to the lemon juice's distinctively sour flavor, is present in amounts of 5%-6% [18]. The pulp, after commercial juice extraction, is an important source of pectin, citrus oil, and citric acid. These by-products of lemon are widely used by the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries [11]. Fig. 1 depicts it has Vitamin C, antioxidant and anti-bacterial properties which help to boost immunity digestion and prevent ...
Citations
... Citrus is amongst the world's foremost fruit crops with worldwide availability and popularity donating to human nutrition. Citrus fruits are important and rapid source of nutrients, minerals, fiber, vitamins and various other essential compounds compulsory for human body (Liu et al., 2022;Richa et al., 2023). Citrus fruit comprises a healthy amount of vitamins like A, B, C, foliate and minerals nutrients like Fe, P and Ca (Khan et al., 2015). ...
Maximization of citrus fruit yield and enhancing their quality are ambitious objectives for citrus growers and scientist across the globe. This study explores the synergistic potential of organic manures and zinc to achieve these objectives. This integrated approach represents a sustainable and environmentally friendly strategy for citrus cultivation. For this, a study was conducted with different treatments of zinc and farm yard manure. The trial was conducted using randomized complete block design with five repeats. Results showed that the highest fruit yield (58.23 kg plant-1), fruit weight (169.40 g fruit-1), fruit diameter (72.80 mm), juice content (46.64%), TSS (10.87 ˚Brix), citric acid (645.22 mg 100 mL-1), ascorbic acid (593.45 mg 100 mL-1), total sugar content (7.05%), Zn content in leaf (19.46 mg kg-1), photosynthetic rate (14.68 µmol m-2 s-1), transpiration rate (3.95 mmol m-2 s-1), WUE (3.72 µmol CO2 mmol-1 H2O), stomata conductance (0.465 mmol m-2 s-1) and total chlorophyll (4.41 mg g-1) were obtained by application of T8: (Zn @ 50 g plant-1 + FYM @ 25 kg plant-1 + PM @ 10 kg plant-1). On the basis of our results, it is concluded that integrated use of Zn coupled with organic manures was the most effective combination of fertilization for improving physiological functioning and ionic metabolism, yield contributing attributes and fruit quality of citrus.
... Citrus fruits are widely consumed for their rich flavor and health benefits, particularly their high vitamin C and antioxidant content, which support immunity and overall wellbeing [1]. Global citrus production reached approximately 47.6 million tons in 2019-2020, with oranges accounting for 61% of total output [2]. ...
In this paper, citrus pomace was used as a source of pectin and polyphenols extracted in one pot solution by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and conventional extraction (CE) methods. MAE parameters were optimized to maximize yield and adjust in situ final physicochemical properties of extracted pectins, such as the methylation degree (DM), significantly influencing pectin functionality and application. Citric acid (CA) and acetic acid (Hac) were employed as solvents to mitigate pectin degradation. Extracted pectins were structurally (GPC and FTIR-ATR), morphologically (SEM), and thermally (TGA) characterized. From the reaction batch, the bioactive compounds (AOs) were separated and recovered, and their yield and antioxidant activities were evaluated with a DPPH assay. Moreover, by strategically selecting pH and solvents, this research enabled precise control over the final properties of pectin. The various characterization techniques employed show that the extraction conditions significantly influence the physicochemical and morphological properties of the material. Molecular weight (Mw) values range from 218 kDa to 567 kDa, surface morphology varies from compact/aggregated structures to three-dimensional network-like formations, and the DM spans from 34% (low DM) to 83% (high DM). This highlights a novel approach for predicting and tailoring in situ characteristics of extracted pectin to meet specific application requirements.
... Citrus refers to a group of fruits within the genus Citrus, part of the Rutaceae family, including species such as mandarin orange, orange, grapefruit, lemon, lime, and citron [1][2][3]. These plants originated in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Oceania and are now among the most widely cultivated and popular fruit crops globally, with Citrus planting area and production volume leading the world. ...
... Consumer satisfaction with Citrus fruits is influenced not only by their external appearance but also by their internal quality and flavor. Citrus fruits are rich in various nutrients, including carbohydrates, organic acids, vitamins, and flavonoids [3,146]. Key indicators for assessing the internal quality of Citrus fruits include SSC, TA, and the Brix-acid ratio [147]. ...
... These defects not only affect the visual appeal of the fruit but may also influence its internal quality and storage life [133]. Early defect detection in the Citrus supply chain is, therefore, essential for minimizing post-harvest losses and improving product quality [3]. ...
Citrus fruits, classified under the Rutaceae family and Citrus genus, are valued for their high nutritional content, attributed to their rich array of natural bioactive compounds. To ensure both quality and nutritional value, precise non-destructive testing methods are crucial. Among these, computer vision and spectroscopy technologies have emerged as key tools. This review examines the principles and applications of computer vision technologies—including traditional computer vision, hyperspectral, and multispectral imaging—as well as various spectroscopy techniques, such as infrared, Raman, fluorescence, terahertz, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, data fusion methods that integrate these technologies are discussed. The review explores innovative uses of these approaches in Citrus quality inspection and grading, damage detection, adulteration identification, and traceability assessment. Each technology offers distinct characteristics and advantages tailored to the specific testing requirements in Citrus production. Through data fusion, these technologies can be synergistically combined, enhancing the accuracy and depth of Citrus quality assessments. Future advancements in this field will likely focus on optimizing data fusion algorithms, selecting effective preprocessing and feature extraction techniques, and developing portable, on-site detection devices. These innovations will drive the Citrus industry toward increased intelligence and precision in quality control.
... Among these, fruit by-products stand out as a particularly promising category [9]. The agro-industrial sector generates large quantity by-products and plant waste from processing of fruits and vegetables for food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics [10]. Globally, about one-third of fruits are lost during processing, creating substantial waste [11]. ...
The study, herein, investigated the effects of the inclusion of longan peel (LP) powder in the diet of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), focusing on comparative evaluations of growth performance, immunity, and immune-antioxidant related gene expressions. For this purpose, a total of 300 healthy fish (average initial weight: 13.70 ± 0.06 g) were randomly distributed into five experimental treatment groups: 0 g kg-1 (LP0), 10 g kg-1 (LP10), 20 g kg-1 (LP20), 40 g kg-1 (LP40), and 80 g kg-1 (LP80), all in triplicate, for 60 days. The results indicated that dietary supplementation with LP exhibited a significant influence (P < 0.05) in weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and provided a better feed conversion ratio (FCR) in contrast to the control group (0 g kg-1 LP). Moreover, skin mucus and serum immune parameters (lysozyme and peroxidase activity) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed with different LP concentrations at both 4 and 8 weeks. Similarly, analysis of mRNA transcripts of immune (IL-1, IL-8, and LBP) and antioxidant (GSTa, GPX, and GSR) gene expressions showed a significant upregulation (P < 0.05) in LP-fed diet groups compared to the control group. Based on the polynomial regression analysis the inclusion of LP at 45–48 g kg-1 can be used effectively in Nile tilapia diets for improving the growth, immunity, and immune-antioxidant gene expressions. All in all, our results prove that LP is a very promising feed supplement for the Nile tilapia in the context of aquaculture.
... Citrus, a genus of the rutaceae family, is highly esteemed by consumers for its flavorful fruits and substantial nutritional value [1]. During postharvest storage, pathogen infections, particularly those caused by Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Geotrichum citri-aurantii, and other pathogens, are the primary drivers of fruit decay [2,3]. ...
This study examined the efficacy and mechanisms of action of the antimicrobial peptide BP15 and its lipopeptides, HBP15 and LBP15, against Penicillium digitatum, the primary causative agent of green mold in citrus fruits. The findings revealed that all three antimicrobial peptides markedly inhibited the spore germination and mycelial growth of P. digitatum, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 3.12 μM for BP15, HBP15, and LBP15. The peptides induced morphological alterations in hyphae and elevated intracellular Sytox Green (SG) fluorescence signals, which is indicative of increased cell membrane permeability and disruption. This membrane damage was further supported by the heightened extracellular conductivity and the release of intracellular nucleic acid and protein. A gel retardation assay demonstrated that the peptides showed significant DNA binding and retardation effects. Furthermore, the peptides exhibited significantly lower hemolytic activity (p < 0.05) compared to commercial prochloraz in normal mammalian erythrocytes (sheep erythrocytes) at the tested concentrations. Therefore, BP15 and its lipopeptides, HBP15 and LBP15, show potential as effective agents for preventing green mold in citrus fruits.
... The world recently experienced the historically worst pandemic due to COVID-19 which killed several million people. Before vaccines were developed against COVID-19, eating citrus fruit was recommended, which helped reduce the activity against the virus and save many people's lives [3,77]. Citrus fruit also helps in reducing the chances of severe diseases caused by influenza, and dengue. ...
Citrus fruit peel has recently been highlighted as one of the major wastes and by-products of the citrus industry, which offers a plethora of health benefits and industrial uses. In addition to the common micronutrients present in the whole fruits (including carbohydrates, fibre, vitamin C, potassium, folate, calcium, thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid), albeit in different proportions, citrus peels contain high amounts of pectin, vitamin C, and phytochemicals. The major phytochemicals present in citrus fruit peel include phenolic acids (caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acid), flavanones (naringin and hesperidin), and polymethoxylated flavones (nobiletin and tangeretin), which are important bioactive compounds. The phytochemical and therapeutic efficacies of citrus fruit waste are documented in several early studies; however, detailed information on the industrial uses of these bioactive components is limited. This article aims to highlight recent advancements in the diverse range of applications of citrus fruit peel, including its use as a natural flavouring, an essential oil, and a source of dietary fibre in preventing metabolic and infectious diseases. Moreover, this review discusses the processing methods (drying and extraction) of citrus fruit peel for industrial uses, offering insights that enhance the understanding of the importance of citrus fruit peel not only as a by-product but also as a substance of immense value to human health.
... The citrus industry plays a crucial role in the global agricultural sector, making a significant contribution to economies, especially in developing nations [1][2][3][4]. Oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruits are indispensable for human nutrition, offering essential nutrients such as Vitamin C [5]. However, the citrus industry is significantly affected by various diseases, such as citrus huanglongbing (HLB), citrus bacterial canker, and citrus anthracnose [6][7][8][9]. ...
Citrus spp. represent an economically important fruit tree crop worldwide. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between citrus and the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides remain largely unexplored. In this study, we analyzed the physiological and transcriptomic changes in Citrus sinensis at different stages of incubation with C. gloeosporioides. The results indicated that C. gloeosporioides infection rapidly triggered necrosis in the epicarp of C. sinensis fruits, decreased the total flavonoid contents, and suppressed the activity of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes. Upon inoculation with C. gloeosporioides, there were 4600 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with 1754 down-regulated and 2846 up-regulated after six hours, while there were only 580 DEGs with 185 down-regulated and 395 up-regulated between six and twelve-hours post-inoculation. Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs, which exhibited consistent up-regulation, were associated with metabolic processes and stress responses. Through Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis, 11 key genes have been identified that could potentially play a role in the transcriptional regulation of this process, including the transcription factor bHLH189. Furthermore, the infection of C. gloeosporioides had a notable effect on both the flavonoid metabolism and the metabolic pathways related to reactive oxygen species. Our findings help to understand the interaction between citrus and C. gloeosporioides and unveil how new insights into how C. gloeosporioides circumvents citrus defense mechanisms.
... Pomelo citrus is one of Indonesia's native plants, and it has great prospects of being developed into various high-value-added processed products. This citrus not only has regional and national economic potential but can also contribute to improving people's nutrition [1]. Based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics of South Sulawesi Province regarding large orange production at the district/city level in 2021, Pangkep Regency is the area with the highest production, which is 239,123 quintals. ...
... Pomelo citrus is popular in both domestic and international markets due to its large size, distinctive sweet taste, and high nutritional content, such as vitamin C, potassium, and fibre. Pomelo citrus also contains pectin which is useful in making processed products such as jams and cosmetics [1], [4], [5]. ...
This research proposes a development strategy for the Pomelo Citrus agro-industry in the Pangkep Regency, utilising a combined SWOT and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. The purpose of this study is to identify key factors influencing the industry's competitiveness and growth potential, providing a strategic framework for stakeholders. The methodology involves SWOT analysis to evaluate internal and external factors, followed by AHP to prioritise these factors for strategic decision-making. Findings indicate that strengths and opportunities are the most influential factors, with abundant raw materials and strong government support as major growth drivers. In contrast, limitations in technological mastery and the threat of land-use changes present relevant but less significant challenges. The SWOT quadrant analysis places the Pangkep Pomelo agro-industry in Quadrant I (Growth), suggesting a strategy focused on expansion, capacity building, innovation, and market utilisation. The conclusion underscores that a growth-oriented strategy can enhance regional economic resilience by maximising the value of local commodities. Practical implications of this study include actionable insights for policymakers and business actors to leverage local strengths and address constraints, promoting sustainable development in the agro-industry sector.
... Weightlifting also positively influences the blood vessel activities. The mutual efforts of aerobic and resistance exercises may have even produced some better effects (Richa et al. 2023). Personalized advice ensures a safe and effective implementation of non-pharmacological approaches to minimize the impact of HS on organs. ...
As climate change intensifies, urgent action is needed to address global warming and its associated health risks, particularly in vulnerable regions. Rising global temperature and increasing frequency of heatwaves present a hidden health risk, disrupting the body’s temperature regulation and leading to severe consequences such as heat stress–induced multiple organ dysfunction (HS-MOD). Multiple organ injury triggered by heat stress involves complex molecular pathways such as nitric oxide dysregulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium homeostasis disruption, and autophagy impairment that contribute to cellular damage. Understanding these molecular pathways is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic interventions to alleviate the impact of heat stress (HS). As we explore numerous therapeutic strategies, a remarkable molecule captures our attention: nitric oxide (NO). This colorless gas, mainly produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, plays crucial roles in various body functions. From promoting vasodilation and neurotransmission to regulating the immune response, platelet function, cell signaling, and reproductive health, NO stands out for its versatility. Exploring it as a promising treatment for heat stress–induced multiple organ injury highlights its distinctive features in the journey towards effective therapeutic interventions. This involves exploring both pharmacological avenues, considering the use of NO donors and antioxidants, and non-pharmacological strategies, such as adopting nitrate-rich diets and engaging in exercise regimens. This review highlights the concept of heat stress, the molecular framework of the disease, and treatment options based upon some new interventions.
... Risso), or citron (Citrus medica L.) [1,[5][6][7]. With an annual production estimated at 124.3 million tons, more than 140 countries of the world are Citrus producers, Asia being the first continent, followed by Africa [1,8]. Citrus fruits are a rich natural source of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), carotenoids with pro-vitamin A (namely β-cryptoxanthin), and vitamin B9 (folic acid), as well as being an excellent source of dietary fiber and antioxidants, namely phenolic compounds. ...
Citrus fruits are widely grown, processed, and distributed in more than 140 countries, with annual global production exceeding 124.3 million metric tons. This substantial consumption generates significant organic waste, accounting for approximately 50–60% of the total fruit mass, primarily in the form of peel, pulp, and seeds. Often discarded or reused as animal feed, these wastes contribute to significant environmental pollution and economic losses. Therefore, the valorization of these by-products represents an important opportunity to mitigate these challenges and improve the sustainability of the Citrus-related industry. This review highlights Citrus seed waste concerning its invaluable bioactive compounds, including fatty acids, phenolic compounds, limonoids, dietary fibers, vitamins, and carotenoids. Chemical compositions of Citrus seed biowaste differ depending on a variety of factors, such as Citrus variety, fruit maturity, environmental conditions, waste storage conditions, and extraction methods. The extraction and purification of phytochemicals from Citrus seed biowaste are one of the major procedures for valorizing waste. The two types of effective extraction methods are traditional (conventional extraction) and innovative (green extraction). Furthermore, Citrus seeds have been demonstrated to exhibit several biological activities and health-promoting properties including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Therefore, these wastes are safe and beneficial compounds used in the production of functional foods, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. A conclusion can be reached by emphasizing the abundance of bioactive compounds in Citrus seed wastes, which makes them an excellent opportunity for increased environmental and economic utilization.
