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This manual is aimed at guiding a basic level (Tier-1) entomology course, covering:
1. The life-cycle and bionomics of mosquitoes;
2. Adult and larval sampling, mosquito identification and incrimination of malaria vectors;
3. Primary malaria transmission indices and what they represent;
4. Malaria vector control and current primary interventions;
5...
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Context 1
... are two main features that can be used to distinguish between adult anophelines and culicines: the maxillary palps ( Fig. 9) and the resting position (Fig. 10). Female species of the genus Anopheles have maxillary palps that are as long as the proboscis. The culicine females have palps much shorter than the ...
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South Africa uses indoor residual spraying (IRS) for vector control in its malaria control programme (MCP). Insecticide-treated wall linings (ITWLs) offer possible advantages over IRS and long-lasting, insecticide-treated nets (LLINs). This study assessed the user acceptability and perceived effectiveness, and the durability, including efficacy thr...
In September 2005, by first time in the city of Cordoba, Argentina, it was carried out a meeting with researchers representing countries of all the continental America, plus some from Italy and Spain. All of them, including us, were dedicated to the use of outer space technologies for peace, mainly we referred it as geomantic tools, like remote sen...
Citations
... The proportion of sites with high vegetation cover consisting of algae, emergent and submerged vegetation was very low and none was positive for the mosquito larvae, an indication that the presence of mosquito larvae was inversely correlated to the amount of vegetation in the water body. High levels of vegetation growth generally interfere with light penetration in the water and hence affect the growth of algae and the temperature of the water body [58, 68,69]. ...
Background. Since Anopheles mosquitoes which transmit and maintain the malaria parasite breed in the outdoor environment, there is an urgent need to manage these mosquito breeding sites. In order to elaborate more on the ecological landscape of mosquito breeding sites, the bacterial community structure and their interactions with physicochemical factors in mosquito larval habitats was characterised in Kwale County (Kenya), where malaria is endemic.
Methods. The physical characteristics and water physicochemical parameters of the habitats were determined and recorded. Water samples were also collected from the identified sites for total metagenomic DNA extraction in order to characterise the bacterial communities within the breeding sites.
Results and Discussion. Sites where mosquito larvae were found were described as positive and those without mosquito larvae as negative. Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity and ammonia were lower in the rainy season than in the dry season, which also coincided with a high proportion of positive sites. Pseudomonadota was the most common phyla recovered in all samples followed by Bacteroidota and then Actinomycetota. The presence or absence of mosquito larvae in a potential proliferation site was not related to the bacterial community structure in the sampled sites, but was positively correlated with bacterial richness and evenness.
Conclusion. Generally, the presence of Anopheles mosquito larvae was found to be positively correlated with rainy season, bacterial richness and evenness, and negatively correlated with electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity and ammonia. The findings of this study have implications for predicting the potential of environmental water samples to become mosquito proliferation sites.
... Immature mosquitoes of An. stephensi were collected from Devanahalli, Bangalore, India and were maintained in the insectary ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit (ICMR-NIMRFU), Bangalore according to WHO standard protocols [26]. Mosquitoes were identified based on standard identification keys [27]. ...
Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) is the vector of urban malaria in India and has a significant impact in transmitting infection in cities and towns. Further, WHO has also alarmed its invasive nature as a threat to African countries. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae have been found to be highly effective in controlling vector mosquito populations and therefore could be used in integrated vector control programs. Before employing the entomopathogenic fungi into the control programs, an effective isolate must be selected. Two separate experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Bb5a and Bb-NBAIR) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma4 and Ma-NBAIR) isolates against An. stephensi. Cement and mud panels were treated with fungal conidia with the concentration of 1 × 107 conidia/mL and adult An. stephensi mosquitoes were exposed to the treated panels (24 h after conidia were applied) by conducting WHO cone bioassay tests. The survival of the mosquitoes was monitored daily until the 10th day. In the second experiment, second instar larvae of An. stephensi were treated with fungal (Bb5a, Bb-NBAIR, Ma4 and Ma-NBAIR) conidia and blastospores with the spore concentration of 1 × 107 spores/mL. The survival of larvae was monitored until pupation. All the fungal isolates tested caused mortality in the adult mosquitoes, with varying median survival times. The Bb5a isolate reported lesser median survival times on both cement and mud panels (6 days). The treated mosquitoes showed similar survival rates for each fungal isolate irrespective of the panel type. There was no mortality in the treated larvae; however, a delay in larval development to pupae was observed compared with the untreated control larvae. Ma4-treated larvae took 11 days (95% CI = 10.7–11.2) to become pupae when compared with the untreated control larvae (6 days [95% CI = 5.6–6.3]). The findings of this study will be useful to consider EPF as a tool for the management of vector mosquitoes.
... Moreover, this shows that individual exposure to Anopheles bites is independent of exposure to Aedes bites and this is most likely due to the important differences in the behaviour of the mosquitoes, such as breeding, feeding and resting habits. Anopheles arabiensis is the dominant species in lower Moshi and feeds both indoor and outdoor, and bites mostly at night [46] and breeds in water pools from rains or irrigation canals, ditches and natural containers [47]. On the other hand, Aedes mosquitoes rest and bite outdoors during morning and evening hours [48] and breed in either domestic or artificial water holding containers [42,49]. ...
Background
The level of human exposure to arbovirus vectors, the Aedes mosquitoes, is mainly assessed by entomological methods which are labour intensive, difficult to sustain at a large scale and are affected if transmission and exposure levels are low. Alternatively, serological biomarkers which detect levels of human exposure to mosquito bites may complement the existing epidemiologic tools as they seem cost-effective, simple, rapid, and sensitive. This study explored human IgG responses to an Aedes mosquito salivary gland peptide Nterm-34kDa in Lower Moshi, a highland area with evidence of circulating arboviruses and compared the Aedes IgG responses to Anopheles mosquitoes' salivary antigen (GSG6-P1) IgG responses.Methods
Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2019: during the first dry season in March, at the end of the rainy season in June and during the second dry season in September in five villages located in Lower Moshi. Blood samples were collected from enrolled participants above six months of age (age span: 7 months to 94 years) and analysed for the presence of anti-Nterm-34kDa IgG antibodies. Possible associations between Nterm-34kDa seroprevalence and participants' characteristics were determined. Levels of IgG responses and seroprevalence were correlated and compared to the already measured IgG responses and seroprevalence of Anopheles mosquitoes' salivary antigen, GSG6-P1.ResultsDuring the first dry season, Nterm-34kDa seroprevalence was 34.1% and significantly increased at the end of the rainy season to 45.3% (Chi square (χ2) = 6.42 p = 0.011). During the second dry season, the seroprevalence significantly declined to 26.5% (χ2 = 15.12 p
... The indoor resting density of female Anopheles per structure per night was calculated using the formula by Williams and Pinto (2012) [44] : All the females (F) collected are separated by species and counted. The total number of collected females of each species was then divided by the total number of occupants (W) who spent the previous night in the rooms that were used for the collection [44] . ...
... The indoor resting density of female Anopheles per structure per night was calculated using the formula by Williams and Pinto (2012) [44] : All the females (F) collected are separated by species and counted. The total number of collected females of each species was then divided by the total number of occupants (W) who spent the previous night in the rooms that were used for the collection [44] . ...
The Prokopack Aspirator was used to collect indoor resting mosquitoes between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. from 30 randomly selected houses. Mosquitoes collected were knocked down and transferred into a well labelled petri-dish and taken to the laboratory for processing. A total of 664 mosquitoes were collected which spread across Culex quinquefasciatus 572 (86.14%), Anopheles gambiae 88 (13.25%) and Aedes aegypti 4 (0.60%). The abundance of mosquitoes in relation to seasons, species, sex, abdominal conditions as well as transmission indices across seasons significantly varied (P < 0.05). But, the distribution of mosquito in relation to house types showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). The inhabitants of the area should ensure that all drainages flow through so as to reduce mosquito breeding grounds. Also, members of the community should always protect themselves by sleeping under insecticide treated bed nets.
... The indoor resting density of female Anopheles per structure per night was calculated using the formula by Williams and Pinto (2012) [44] : All the females (F) collected are separated by species and counted. The total number of collected females of each species was then divided by the total number of occupants (W) who spent the previous night in the rooms that were used for the collection [44] . ...
... The indoor resting density of female Anopheles per structure per night was calculated using the formula by Williams and Pinto (2012) [44] : All the females (F) collected are separated by species and counted. The total number of collected females of each species was then divided by the total number of occupants (W) who spent the previous night in the rooms that were used for the collection [44] . ...
The Prokopack Aspirator was used to collect indoor resting mosquitoes between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. from 30 randomly selected houses. Mosquitoes collected were knocked down and transferred into a well labelled petri-dish and taken to the laboratory for processing. A total of 664 mosquitoes were collected which spread across Culex quinquefasciatus 572 (86.14%), Anopheles gambiae 88 (13.25%) and Aedes aegypti 4 (0.60%). The abundance of mosquitoes in relation to seasons, species, sex, abdominal conditions as well as transmission indices across seasons significantly varied (P < 0.05). But, the distribution of mosquito in relation to house types showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). The inhabitants of the area should ensure that all drainages flow through so as to reduce mosquito breeding grounds. Also, members of the community should always protect themselves by sleeping under insecticide treated bed nets.
... The indoor resting density of female Anopheles per structure per night was calculated using the formula by Williams and Pinto (2012) [44] : All the females (F) collected are separated by species and counted. The total number of collected females of each species was then divided by the total number of occupants (W) who spent the previous night in the rooms that were used for the collection [44] . ...
... The indoor resting density of female Anopheles per structure per night was calculated using the formula by Williams and Pinto (2012) [44] : All the females (F) collected are separated by species and counted. The total number of collected females of each species was then divided by the total number of occupants (W) who spent the previous night in the rooms that were used for the collection [44] . ...
The Prokopack Aspirator was used to collect indoor resting mosquitoes between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. from 30 randomly selected houses. Mosquitoes collected were knocked down and transferred into a well labelled petri-dish and taken to the laboratory for processing. A total of 664 mosquitoes were collected which spread across Culex quinquefasciatus 572 (86.14%), Anopheles gambiae 88 (13.25%) and Aedes aegypti 4 (0.60%). The abundance of mosquitoes in relation to seasons, species, sex, abdominal conditions as well as transmission indices across seasons significantly varied (P < 0.05). But, the distribution of mosquito in relation to house types showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). The inhabitants of the area should ensure that all drainages flow through so as to reduce mosquito breeding grounds. Also, members of the community should always protect themselves by sleeping under insecticide treated bed nets.
... Their breeding habitats can be varying sizes of water bodies that are natural or man-made, permanent or temporary, freshwater, or saline [2,4]. Anopheles funestus, on the other hand, prefer to breed in shady permanent or semi-permanent water bodies, usually with oating or emergent vegetation such as found in swamps, marshes, and edges of streams [5,6]. ...
... Such habitats are temporal. The formation and abundance of habitat types are greatly in uenced by the nature of the topography of the land as well as the land-use [5]. The habitats encountered were mostly associated with anthropogenic activities. ...
... Similar ndings have been observed in Kenya [59][60][61]. Low vegetation cover allows the habitat to be more exposed to sunlight, a suitable preference for ovipositing mosquitoes [5]. ...
Background: Understanding the ecology of larval malaria mosquitoes is important in a changing environment is important in developing effective control tools or programmes. This study characterized the breeding habitats of Anopheles mosquitoes in rural communities in different ecological zones in Ghana during the dry and rainy seasons.
Methods: The spatio-temporal distribution, species composition, and abundance of larval Anopheles mosquitoes in breeding habitats were studied in 3 ecological zones of Ghana. These were Anyakpor (Coastal Savanna area), Duase (Forest area), Libga, Pagazaa, and Kpalsogu (Sahel Savanna area). Larvae were collected using standard dippers and were raised in the insectary for identification.
Results: Out of a total of 7,984 mosquito larvae collected, 2,152 (27.26%) were Anophelines and were more abundant in the rainy season (70.82%) than in the dry season (29.18 %). The Anophelines were made up of 2,128 (98.88%) An. gambiae s.l., 16 (0.74%) An. rufipees and 8 (0.37%) An. pharoensis. In Anyakpor and Duase, dug-out wells were the most productive habitat in the dry (1.59 larvae/dip and 1.47 larvae/dip) and rainy seasons (11.28 larvae/dip and 2.05 larvae/dip). The most productive habitats in Kpalsogu were natural ponds in the dry season (0.89 larvae/dip) and swamps in the rainy season (2.57 larvae/dip). In Libga, the most productive habitats were drainage ditches in the dry season (0.30 larvae/dip) and furrows in the rainy season (1.83 larvae/dip). The most productive habitats in Pagazaa were puddles (1.44 larvae/dip). Anopheles coluzii was the most abundant sibling species in all the ecological zones except Libga in the sahel savannah area where An. gambiae s.s was the most abundant. Anopheles melas and An. arabiensis were encountered only in the coastal savannah and the sahel savanna areas respectively. Larval habitat types influenced the presence of larvae as well as larval densities (p < 0.001). The land-use type affected the presence of Anopheles larvae (p = 0.001), while vegetation cover influenced larval densities (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The study revealed that the abundance of Anopheles breeding habitats and hence Anopheles larvae are closely associated with anthropogenic activities. Regulating such activities will lead to a significant reduction in Anopheles breeding habitats.
... In addition, flavonoids have a way of working as a toxin that attacks the respiratory nervous system (Sangperm & Jermsittiparsert, 2019). These compounds enter through spiracles that are on the surface of the body (Rahmat et al., 2018b), causing a nervous wilt and damage to spiracles so that insects cannot breathe and eventually die (Williams & Pinto, 2012). ...
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate an alternative solution as an insecticide from Indonesian natural ingredients. We investigated the potential use of Artocarpus altilis park (known as kluwih plants in Indonesia) for an anti-mosquito repellent because it contains flavonoids and saponins. The use of this type of insecticide is harmless, inexpensive, and largely available in Indonesia. In the experiment, we extracted bark and leaves of kluwih to obtain insecticidal material to repel Anopheles sp. To ensure the precise extraction and insecticidial effect, the experiments were conducted four times with three repetitions. For each experiment, we used 8.4 mL with the concentrations of 20, 30, and 40% of flavonoid. The results showed that the higher the concentrations of bark and leaf extracts of Artocarpus altilis park the higher the mortality rate of Anopheles sp is.
... The current stratification indicated that the proportion of population at risk of malaria was reduced to 60% from 68% of the previous stratification. ( Williams, 2012). It may be a separate building, a room or section of room, usually modified or remodeled to suit the condition required for rearing (Gerberg, 1970 ...
... The current stratification indicated that the proportion of population at risk of malaria was reduced to 60% from 68% of the previous stratification. ( Williams, 2012). It may be a separate building, a room or section of room, usually modified or remodeled to suit the condition required for rearing (Gerberg, 1970 ...
