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Extended Reality (XR) technologies such as AR, VR and MR have influenced many industries, including architecture. Even though they are all capable of creating immersive digital worlds, the only one capable of merging the real world with a holographic 3D modelby letting the user interact intuitively and naturally with the project is MR. In this pape...
Citations
... 41 Carrasco and Chen projected a virtual architectural renovation plan on the real site and let people analyze it by wearing MR glasses. 42 Kiljae Ahn developed a collaboration service platform for architectural design. 43 Huang evaluated nine different MR apps for representing architectural design and construction layout. ...
Extended reality (XR), including augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and virtual reality (VR), can make complex information more intuitively understandable. However, it still needs to be determined which XR technology is the most suitable for reviewing performance‐based building design, during which architects check whether design strategies increase energy efficiency, indoor environment quality and so forth. It requires comprehensive design and simulation information to be vividly represented. The authors develop three XR apps (AR, MR, and VR) to interactively visualize façade fenestration geometries and indoor illuminance simulations. Then XR technologies are assessed by 120 students and young architects, from task performance and engagement level two aspects. The task performance is measured by correct rate and time consumption two indicators, while the engagement level is measured by usability and interest two indicators. Evaluation results show that compared to AR and VR, MR is the best XR technology for this aim. VR outperforms AR on three indicators except for usability. By exposing three different XR technologies' performances in aiding fenestration design, this study increases the practical value of applying XR to the building design field. Comparing three XR technologies for reviewing performance‐based building design.
... However, if ignored, it negatively affects the efficiency and quality of a project. Many studies have already been conducted on integrating BIM with smart technologies to increase performance [23][24][25][26][27]. However, most of these studies have dealt with particular work items without any appropriate "how-to" process model acceptable in current practice. ...
With advancements in new technologies in the industry, efforts have been made to adopt various smart devices during the life cycle of building construction. However, little attention has been paid to developing a work process model to maximize the benefits of smart technologies. While identifying the shortcomings of conventional quality inspection, this study configures a new quality inspection process model in collaboration with smart devices. Based on the proposal, the study developed a new tool that effectively improves the current quality inspection practice. The final goal of this research is to propose a novel inspection process model by developing an Application Programming Interface (API) system using Building Information Model (BIM) software. Additionally, to verify the applicability of the system, this study includes a case study on tile work and confirms the effects of a prototype of the proposed system through an expert survey. The survey results reveal that the proposed system is effective and practical. This research contributes to maximizing the effectiveness of using smart devices and supporting effective application in smart construction.
... With the assistance of VR the BIM model is able to update real-time information and achieve a more intuitive and convenient real-time interaction through information visualization. This can then effectively reduce the gap in spatial cognition, improve project understandings and help in the design communication efficiency (Alizadehsalehi et al., 2020;Carrasco & Chen, 2021;Heaton et al., 2019;Kim et al., 2021;Sidani et al., 2021;Spaeth & Khali, 2018;Xu et al., 2021). ...
With the development of Industry 4.0 and the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, the global construction industry has undergone a rapid digital transformation, pushing the development of building information modeling (BIM), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) technologies towards greater maturity. However, from the perspective of building developers and end users, does VR technology have any benefit for complex building projects? What are users' acceptance and evaluation on VR emerging technology? After constructing a VR simulation navigation system for an actual commercial building project, this study investigated and compared the differences between using the VR system and the traditional navigation system in the four dimensions of the technology acceptance model. The results showed that the subjects generally believed that the VR system has significant benefits in terms of usefulness, users’ attitude, and users’ intention, however, there is still room for improvement in the perceived ease of use. Moreover, feedback from developers supported the benefits of the VR technology validated the system effectiveness. Hence, VR and BIM technologies are recommended to be effectively integrated, in order to enhance the integrity of industrial applications and establish a new design communication and collaboration model for the architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management industry.
... In this paper, MR is defined as a different concept from AR. MR, similar to AR, overlays virtual elements into the real world, showing users a virtual-real combined environment. However, in terms of user experience, MR provides a more immersive and interactive experience than AR because MR allows users to interact with virtual and physical elements simultaneously on the same display [45,46]. For example, if there is a virtual object in MR, we can see it and anchor it to the physical surface in the real world, which is impossible in AR ( Figure 2). ...
... Several MR devices were developed, such as Magic Leap, Microsoft HoloLens series (1 and 2), and Google glasses [49]. Among the MR devices, the Microsoft HoloLens series is undoubtedly the most representative device for MR and was used in most studies referring to MR in their XR application [46,47,50,51]. In recent years, various MR software using the HoloLens series, such as Mirage, HoloMeeting 2, and HoloAnatomy, has been developed. ...
... Therefore, it is necessary to acknowledge that the d tion of MR in this paper may be inconsistent with some of the previous publications In this paper, MR is defined as a different concept from AR. MR, similar to AR, lays virtual elements into the real world, showing users a virtual-real combined env ment. However, in terms of user experience, MR provides a more immersive and int tive experience than AR because MR allows users to interact with virtual and phy elements simultaneously on the same display [45,46]. For example, if there is a vi object in MR, we can see it and anchor it to the physical surface in the real world, w is impossible in AR ( Figure 2). ...
The educational applications of extended reality (XR) modalities, including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), have increased significantly over the last ten years. Many educators within the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) related degree programs see student benefits that could be derived from bringing these modalities into classrooms, which include but are not limited to: a better understanding of each of the subdisciplines and the coordination necessary between them, visualizing oneself as a professional in AEC, and visualization of difficult concepts to increase engagement, self-efficacy, and learning. These benefits, in turn, help recruitment and retention efforts for these degree programs. However, given the number of technologies available and the fact that they quickly become outdated, there is confusion about the definitions of the different XR modalities and their unique capabilities. This lack of knowledge, combined with limited faculty time and lack of financial resources, can make it overwhelming for educators to choose the right XR modality to accomplish particular educational objectives. There is a lack of guidance in the literature for AEC educators to consider various factors that affect the success of an XR intervention. Grounded in a comprehensive literature review and the educational framework of the Model of Domain Learning, this paper proposes a decision-making framework to help AEC educators select the appropriate technologies, platforms, and devices to use for various educational outcomes (e.g., learning, interest generation, engagement) considering factors such as budget, scalability, space/equipment needs, and the potential benefits and limitations of each XR modality. To this end, a comprehensive review of the literature was performed to decipher various definitions of XR modalities and how they have been previously utilized in AEC Education. The framework was then successfully validated at a summer camp in the School of Building Construction at Georgia Institute of Technology, highlighting the importance of using appropriate XR technologies depending on the educational context.
... BIM and GeoBIM has already been shown to have a significant impact on sustainable construction. The literature review shows some important benefits of BIM and GeoBIM for sustainable construction in relation to lifecycle management: Immersive technologies are disruptive tools based on spatial mapping or context awareness capabilities which enable new interaction possibilities between the real-world and digital twins [7]. Such innovative immersive computing platforms have great potential to better understand and visualise the sustainability SGNI criteria in a GeoBIM environment. ...
... 3 Quality of the building envelope TEC1. 7 Immission control (noise/light) TEC3. 1 Mobility infrastructures SITE1. 1 Hazard compensation (resilience) SITE1. 2 Radiation to the district (use of synergies & impulse effect) SITE1. 3 Integration traffic / infrastructure SITE1. ...
The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development relies on national municipalities to successfully implement the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Research indicates many of the SDG are related directly or indirectly to activities in the construction industry. Achieving the SDG requires instruments which are able to digitally model various sustainable development scenarios. However, it is still unclear exactly what has to be modelled and how. This paper presents initial findings from the GEOBIM project. The aim was to investigate and show the extent to which it is possible to support the optimisation of the sustainability of construction projects by using BIM and GIS data. A major problem with today’s construction projects is that too often sustainability and digitization are still viewed as two separate topics. This is due to industry uncertainty about to what extent it is possible to benefit from synergies between the two areas. The Swiss certification system developed by the SGNI (Swiss Sustainable Building Council) is used as the basis for the analysis. The system is divided into 7 groups of criteria, with 22 individual topics. The criteria cover the most important sustainability aspects, including key topics, e.g., sustainable development, life cycle management and digitization. A total of 343 indicators are evaluated. The GEOBIM project includes a demonstrator where it is possible to explore and show exemplarily, how the sustainability criteria of the international DGNB system can be supported to a large extent by BIM and GIS data. The findings will be used to develop a new method, which allows a systematic analysis and use of existing BIM and GIS data to optimise the sustainability of construction projects. One of the key findings from combining existing BIM and GIS data is that it allowed a variety of sustainability aspects to be more easily visualised and understood. The corresponding possibilities can be demonstrated exemplarily using the example of the demonstration project. Virtual and augmented reality technologies enable exploring new and innovative ways to improve the design of buildings with respect to sustainability. An example is the visualization of a large number of sustainability aspects as part of the planning process. This enables clients to check and control at an early stage, whether the planned building really supports their specific needs and meets sustainability and other user requirements. The results illustrate the use of BIM- and GIS-data for the optimization and visualization of the sustainability of buildings as part of certification processes, which make digital planning valuable in the long term. In order to achieve a multifactorial optimisation of the sustainability of real estate also requires a high level of understanding of the complexity in the planning-accompanying processes. The project specifically shows how an efficient and sustainable combination of the two methods is possible within the framework of Lean Planning and Construction Management. This is highly relevant and will be absolutely necessary in the future in order to be able to significantly reduce the economic costs of sustainability certification through the intelligent use of this new methods and the resulting synergies.
... Spatial awareness in virtual environments is linked to the level of spatial presence that a user experiences based on the combination of IVR systems' features, including immersion and interaction [17,28,29]. The variation of sense of immersion and the types of interaction within IVR systems result in different perception levels of the spatial factors in design and awareness of spatial relationships [30][31][32][33]. ...
Spatial decision-making in different virtual environments may vary based on the levels of spatial awareness experienced within Virtual Reality (VR) systems. Features and characteristics of VR systems may act as facilitators or distractors of spatial awareness, which can result in extreme variations in user spatial decisions. This research explored the capability of an Immersive Virtual Reality Interactive Environment (IVRIE) and a desktop-based VR (DT system) in reducing extreme variations in spatial decisions and inconsistent design results. Users’ spatial decisions, performance, and design results in both systems were studied regarding the impact of these two systems’ features on users, including the sense of immersion, types of interaction, and usage of eye-level view in spatial designs. The design results produced in both systems were compared considering the types of enclosure, surface texture, scale, and spatial function. Descriptive and inferential statistical comparisons and testing using quantitative and qualitative data were applied to determine participants’ performance regarding the production of spatial outliers in each system. The results showed that IVRIE was more effective than the DT system fostering a consistency of space sizes and reducing outliers.
... In other words, the Scheme B, developed based on the BIM-based XR system, can bring users a more immersive experience and aesthetic assessment preference. These results are supported by Carrasco and Chen (2021), who addressed that the interaction with the real and virtual worlds through XR technology can not only improve the understanding of architecture and interior design, but also convey the design concepts and suggestions of works in the process of information transmission. The integration of related to XR technologies can also enhance the user's aesthetic experience of the space [66]. ...
... These results are supported by Carrasco and Chen (2021), who addressed that the interaction with the real and virtual worlds through XR technology can not only improve the understanding of architecture and interior design, but also convey the design concepts and suggestions of works in the process of information transmission. The integration of related to XR technologies can also enhance the user's aesthetic experience of the space [66]. In other words, considering the "appropriateness" of aesthetic assessment, the BIM-based XR system is obviously superior to the traditional design mode. ...
With technological development and industrial transformation, the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, comprising architecture, engineering, and construction, has shifted from a traditional drawing-based design mode to a digital and computer-based mode. In recent years, the application of extended reality (XR) technology, including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) technology, emphasizes the immersive and interactive experiences between reality and virtuality, bringing breakthrough developments to architectural projects. This study proposes a new design process mode—the BIM-based XR system—and compares it with the traditional design process mode through an actual stadium design project. Three evaluation perspectives including aesthetics, gaze tracking, and perceived usefulness assessment are used to compare the differences between the two modes. The result showed that the use of the BIM-based XR system could bring users more immersive experience and aesthetic assessment preference, and perceived usefulness in design decision-making, communication, and spatial cognition. The gaze tracking result also revealed that the BIM-based XR system can implement the design process more efficient. It is expected that XR and BIM technologies can be effectively integrated to enhance the integrity of industrial applications and establish a new design collaboration mode for the AEC industry.
... Starting in the Real Environment, we find the so-called Extended Reality (XR) environments. XR is a term that is increasingly used in computer vision (see [21][22][23], for instance) and refers to computer-generated graphics presented to the user usually through some kind of wearable headsets. This solution enables the creation of Mixed and Virtual Environments which the users can interact with. ...
... Over time, XR technology is being applied in an increasing variety of fields. From the videogames sector (the big market) there are now solutions for a wide range of needs, such as assisted manufacturing and maintenance [22]; training of workers (for instance, in risk prevention); robot and vehicle remote guidance; architectural designs, real estate promotions and refurbishments [21,26]; construction [25,[27][28][29]; assisted surgery (even remotely, [30,31]); and many others. It is worth mentioning the application of XR for the preservation and visualization of cultural heritage sites. ...
In the last two decades, both the amount and quality of geoinformation in the geosciences field have improved substantially due to the increasingly more widespread use of techniques such as Laser Scanning (LiDAR), digital photogrammetry, unmanned aerial vehicles, geophysical reconnaissance (seismic, electrical, geomagnetic), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR), among others. Furthermore, the advances in computing, storage and visualization resources allow the acquisition of 3D terrain models (surface and underground) with unprecedented ease and versatility. However, despite these scientific and technical developments, it is still a common practice to simplify the 3D data in 2D static images, losing part of its communicative potential. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the possibilities of extended reality (XR) for communication and sharing of 3D geoinformation in the field of geosciences. A brief review of the different variants within XR is followed by the presentation of the design and functionalities of headset-type mixed-reality (MR) devices, which allow the 3D models to be investigated collaboratively by several users in the office environment. The specific focus is on the functionalities of Microsoft’s HoloLens 2 untethered holographic head mounted display (HMD), and the ADA Platform App by Clirio, which is used to manage model viewing with the HMD. We demonstrate the capabilities of MR for the visualization and dissemination of complex 3D information in geosciences in data rich and self-directed immersive environment, through selected 3D models (most of them of the Montserrat massif). Finally, we highlight the educational possibilities of MR technology. Today MR has an incipient and reduced use; we hope that it will gain popularity as the barriers of entry become lower.
... The term extended reality (XR) comprises all technologies for combining real and virtual environments as well as human-machine interactions generated by computer technology and wearables [7,20]. XR technologies create immersive digital worlds: -Augmented Reality (AR): the real world is enhanced with digital content -Virtual Reality (VR): the user is immersed into a fully digital environment fading the real environment completely -Mixed Reality (MR): computer generated content is blended in varying proportion with an individual's view of the real-world scene with additional real-time interaction The continuing decline in prices with increased availability for most XR tools allowed individuals to start exploring possibilities of XR devices in different fields for personal or professional purposes. ...
This work proposes, implements and tests an immersive framework upon Virtual Reality (VR) for comprehension, knowledge development and learning process assisting an improved perception of complex spatial arrangements in AEC in comparison to the traditional 2D projection drawing-based method. The research focuses on the prototypical example of construction details as a traditionally difficult teaching task for conveying geometric and semantic information to students. Our mixed-methods study analyses test results of two test panel groups upon different questions about geometric and functional aspects of the construction detail as well as surveys and interviews of participating lecturers, students and laypersons towards their experience using the VR tool. The quantitative analysis of the test results prove that for participants with little pre-existing knowledge (such as novice students), a significantly better learning score for the test group is detected. Moreover, both groups rated the VR experience as an enjoyable and engaging way of learning. Analysis of survey results towards the VR experience reveals, that students, lecturers and professionals alike enjoyed the VR experience more than traditional learning of the construction detail. During the post-experiment qualitative evaluation in the form of interviews, the panel expressed an improved understanding, increased enthusiasm for the topic, and greater desire for other topics to be presented using VR tools. The expressed better understanding of design concepts after the VR experience by the students is statistically significant on average in the exam results. The results support our core assumption, that the presentation of contextual 3D models is a promising teaching approach to illustrate content.
... Extended Reality (XR) technologies such as AR, VR and MR have influenced many industries, including architecture. Even though they are all capable of creating immersive digital worlds, the only one capable of merging the real world with a holographic 3D model by letting the user interact intuitively and naturally with the project is MR [37]. In recent years, Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) have shown their relevance in assisting various construction activities. ...
... Kim et al. [2] Real experiment Corridor (simulated fire) Video Recording Kobes M et al. [3] Real experiment Hotel Building (Night) Video Recording Nilsson D et al. [8] Real experiment Buildings and road tunnels Questionnaire and Video Recording L Filippidis P L E G [16] Simulation Simulate complex buildings record evacuation time Ronchi E N D [20] VR experiment VR road tunnel Questionnaire Bae et al. [21] Real experiment T-junction Desktop eye trackers collect data Fu L et al. [26] Real experiment simulated fire situations Questionnaire and Video Recording Kwee-Meier S T et al. [27] Real experiment Simulate a passenger ship tilts Questionnaire and Video Recording Li H et al. [33] Real experiment Mall Eye trackers collect data Gruden C et al. [34] Real experiment three different intersections Eye trackers collect data Sun C et al. [35] Real experiment Mall Eye trackers collect data Carrasco M et al. [37] MR & Real experiment Architectural design MR and traditional 2D methods Ma X et al. [41] VR experiment indoor passage Eye trackers collect data Changkun et al. [42] Simulation simulation of terrorist attack Cellular Automata Model ...
Evacuation signs are one of the key factors which influence the building evacuation efficiency and evacuees’ route choice behaviors. It is important to test the effectiveness of evacuation signs, and an eye movement test was verified to be a good way. In this paper, both reality and MR (Mixed-Reality) evacuation experiments were carried out to collect the eye movement data of participants, such as gaze position, fixation duration, and number of gazes. In the reality experiment, participants took part in an emergency evacuation at a T-junction corridor with the glass-type eye-tracking device. In order to collect eye movement data in the MR experiment, the eye tracking device was integrated into the Microsoft HoloLens device (MR-ET for short). In either reality or MR experiments, each participant took part in five sub-experiments with five different types of evacuation signs. It was found that (1) the evacuation signs with a black background, green foreground and flashing lights have a better effect in guidance; (2) the flashing lights can better attract the attention of the participants, and enhanced the participants’ understanding of the signs. (3) An X-mark will hinder participants’ understanding of the signs and increase their reaction time. According to the results of the experiments, it is also found that the eye-tracking test in an MR environment is also a good method to test the effectiveness of the evacuation signs, and such a method can also be used in building safety design without damaging a wall or changing the reality environment of a building.
