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Difference between the rate of GRP volume growth in the Kaliningrad region and the national average, percentage points, 1998-2018 Source. Prepared based on GRP volume indices in 1998-2018. URL: https://mrd. gks.ru/folder/27963 (accessed 20.02.2020).
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An exclave position makes the economic security problems of the Kaliningrad region more complex as compared with other Russian territories. Deteriorating relations between Russia and the West compound the situation. This has been especially so since 2014 when economic sanctions were imposed against Russia, and the country retaliated. Global geopoli...
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... rates in the Kaliningrad region are indeed more erratic than those observed across the country. This is especially noticeable when assessing the development dynamics of the region's leading industry -manufacturing (Fig. 1). The volatility of GRP dynamics is less pronounced (Fig. 2). This is the effect of a more stable situation in social services. The above data analysis suggests that, as expected, the level of economic security of the Kaliningrad region is below the national average. Examining individual indicators will aid in evaluating the most serious threats to regional economic security. The collective ...
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Citations
... The analyses carried out by Domańska et al. (2019, 5) proved that the standard of living in the oblast is decreasing and remains below the Russian average. Since 2014, Kaliningrad's economic situation has fallen far short of the expectations of the region's residents, and the sanctions introduced have further exacerbated the regression of the Kaliningrad economy (Fedorov 2020). Describing living conditions after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, one respondent pointed out: 'Immediately after the outbreak of the war, prices rose drastically. ...
The local community in the Polish-Russian border area has been experiencing constant closures and openings since the delimitation of the border. Despite that, the residents used the border as a resource until the outbreak of war in Ukraine. All actions of the central authorities restricting cross-border mobility in the Polish-Russian borderland were treated by the residents as a temporary impediment, to which they were, to some extent, accustomed as they lived in a region with strong exposure to geopolitical risks. With the outbreak of war, the Polish-Russian border area became an isolated border region. Residents of the Polish-Russian borderland face the challenge of reorganizing their daily lives and counteracting the negative effects of permanent isolation. This article seeks to investigate how the Russian-Ukrainian conflict affects the daily lives of these residents through a series of expert interviews.
... Thanks to their activity, periods of economic growth were also more intensive in the region than in the rest of the country.' Given the full dependence of Kaliningrad's economy on external conditions, however, the sanctions imposed by the EU on Russia have directly affected the economic security of the region (Fedorov 2020). The region's strong exposure to geopolitical risk makes it increasingly difficult to do business in the general climate of the EU-Russia conflict. ...
... The field research carried out shows that, despite the short period of border closure of the semi-exclave and the inhibition of cooperation with EU member states, Kaliningraders were immediately affected by the sanctions introduced by the EU. Due to its low resilience to security-driven crises (Fedorov 2020), Kaliningrad is the Russian region most severely affected by the EU's anti-Russian policy. Residents of an area with strong geopolitical risk exposure are to some extent accustomed to changing economic conditions in the region. ...
The Russian authorities’ decision to go to war in Ukraine made Kaliningraders trapped inside the EU and forced them to re-organise their daily activities. Successive restrictions and limitations cut off Kaliningraders from the luxury of living a European life. The semi-exclave’s residents are forced to face the new reality which responds to the role played by the Kaliningrad region regarding Russia, the EU and NATO. Once again, Kaliningraders are experiencing the primacy of the exclave’s military character prevailing over the issues important to local communities. The primary objective of this article is to identify the socio-economic impact of the war in Ukraine. The present article is based on the results of qualitative research conducted with residents of the Kaliningrad Oblast.
На фоне общемировых тенденций рассматриваются основные направления, методические подходы и наиболее яркие результаты исследований в области геополитики и политической географии в 2011-2021 гг. Происходит широкая интеграция политической географии с сопредельными научны-ми направлениями. Российская политическая география и в значительно меньшей степени геопо-литика опираются на широкий спектр концепций, известных в мировой литературе. Исследовате-ли, работающие в этих областях, оперативно откликаются на актуальные внешнеполитические и иные вызовы, в том числе пандемию коронавирусной инфекции. Особое внимание в статье уделено геополитическим публикациям о повороте российской внешней политики на восток и концепции Большой Евразии. С начала 2010-х годов в России получила более широкое распространение теория критической геополитики, оперирующая не умозрительными рассуждениями, а большими масси-вами информации, анализируемыми с помощью современных количественных методов. Растет по-ток исследований государственных границ и пограничья. Большое место в этих публикациях зани-мают работы, посвященные растущим градиентам в темпах и направлениях экономического разви-тия между странами бывшего СССР. Сдвиги в тематике исследований границ связаны с более глубоким изучением проблем безопасности. Многие работы отражают стремление в ухудшившейся обстановке сохранить позитивный опыт приграничного сотрудничества между российскими и ев-ропейскими партнерами. Наибольшее число российских публикаций по регионализации на разных пространственных уровнях посвящено Балтийскому бассейну. Множится число исследований тер-риториальных конфликтов и сепаратизма. Российские географы и представители смежных наук внесли существенный вклад в изучение проблем неконтролируемых территорий и постсоветских непризнанных (частично признанных) государств. Конфликты вокруг непризнанных (частично признанных) государств на постсоветском пространстве рассматриваются в связи с их внутренними различиями, сложным составом, перипетиями формирования и идентичностью населения, влия-нием на соседние районы России и в исторической ретроспективе. Ключевые слова: геополитика, политическая география, Россия, Большая Евразия, пограничные ис-следования, сепаратизм, непризнанные государства ВВЕДЕНИЕ Геополитика рассматривалась в СССР вплоть до последних лет его существования как реакци-онная буржуазная наука, нацеленная на обосно-вание экспансии международного империализ-ма, а политическая география оставалась перифе-рийной областью общественной географии, развивавшейся почти исключительно на матери-алах зарубежных стран. Бурные политические со-бытия периода распада Советского Союза-по-иск новыми независимыми государствами своего места на политической карте мира и строитель-ство идентичности, вспышка этнотерриториаль-ных конфликтов и острые дискуссии о проблемах границ, первые демократические выборы и про-екты реформ государственного устройства и ад-министративного деления-вызвали всплеск внимания к геополитике и политической геогра-фии. 1990-е годы были отмечены быстрым ростом числа публикаций в этих областях, их авторы бы-ли далеко не только и часто даже не столько гео-графы, сколько политологи и особенно бывшие УДК 910.1
Against the backdrop of global trends, the main directions, methodological approaches, and the most striking research results in the field of geopolitics and political geography in 2011–2021 are considered. Political geography is being widely integrated with neighboring scientific fields. Russian political geography and, to a much lesser extent, geopolitics are based on a wide range of concepts known in world literature. Researchers in these areas are promptly responding to current foreign policy and other challenges, including the coronavirus pandemic. Particular attention is paid to geopolitical publications about the pivot of Russian foreign policy to the East and the Greater Eurasia concept. Since the 2010s, the theory of critical geopolitics has become more widespread in Russia, operating not with speculative reasoning, but with large amounts of information analyzed by modern quantitative methods. The flow of studies of state borders and frontiers is growing. In such publications, a large place belongs to the works devoted to the growing gaps in the pace and directions of economic development between former USSR countries. Shifts in the topics of border studies are associated with a deeper study of security issues. Many works reflect the desire to preserve the positive experience of cross-border cooperation between Russian and European partners in a deteriorating environment. Most of Russian publications on regionalization at different spatial levels involve the Baltic Basin. The body of research on territorial conflicts and separatism is growing. Russian geographers and other scholars have made a significant contribution to studying the problems of uncontrolled territories and unrecognized (partially recognized) post-Soviet states. Conflicts around them are considered in relation to their internal differences, complex composition, intricacies of formation and identity of the population, influence on neighboring regions and in historical retrospect.
