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Dietary Inflammatory Index Scores, Nutrients, and Dietary Factors for Modeled 2,000kcal/d Diet Plans
Source publication
Background: Chronic inflammation is associated with a variety of chronic diseases and other conditions, and diet modulates inflammation. We developed a population-based literature-derived dietary inflammatory index (DII) to assess the inflammatory potential of an individual's overall diet, and compared DII scores across three different simulated di...
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Studies investigating the association of food and nutrient consumption with the risk of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) have produced mixed results. We used three common dietary scores, the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), the Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010), and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) to assess the evidence of an assoc...
Background
Diet is known to play a key role in atherogenesis and in the development of cardiovascular events. Dietary factors may mediate these processes acting as potential modulators of inflammation. Potential Links between inflammatory properties of diet and the occurrence of cardiovascular events have not been tested previously.
Objective
We...
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Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in European women. The major risk factors for endometrial cancer are related to the exposure of endometrium to estrogens not opposed to progestogens, that can lead to a chronic endometrial inflammation. Diet may play a role in cancer risk by modulating chronic inflammation.
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In...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in both men and women in the United States. Various a priori dietary patterns that take into account diet complexity have been associated with CRC risk. This systematic review augments the evidence for an association between CRC risk and the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and the Healthy Eatin...
Purpose:
To investigate prospectively the associations of Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) with lung cancer.
Methods:
We used data from men and women aged 40-69 years at recruitment in 1990-1994, who were participants in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (n = 35,303). A total of 403 incident lung cancer...
Citations
... Every 1-unit (equates to a full point increase, which is about 6.25% of the 16-point theoretical range from -8 to +8) increase in E-DII score was associated with a 0.70-minute higher sleep latency (p < 0.01). To put this in context, there is approximately a 9-to-10-point difference between a Standard American Diet (SAD) and a vegetable-based East Asian or Mediterranean diet [58,59]. No other statistically significant findings were observed among the total population (Table 2). ...
... The key finding was that for every one-unit higher E-DII score WASO was higher by about 3 min among European-American women. Taken in context, a 5-point difference in E-DII scores between women, which is essentially half the difference between a SAD and either classic Mediterranean or macrobiotic diet [58,59], would equate to 15 less minutes of sleep per night, or 105 min per week. That additional 105 min of sleep loss per week may lead to or exacerbate sleep debt. ...
Study Objectives
Sleep disturbances, which can worsen during pregnancy, have been linked to inflammatory processes. This study tested the hypothesis that more pro-inflammatory diets during pregnancy are associated with a decrease in sleep quality and shorter sleep duration.
Methods
The Health in Pregnancy and Postpartum study promoted a healthy lifestyle in pregnant women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (n=207). Data from <16 weeks and 32 weeks gestation were used. Sleep was measured using BodyMedia’s SenseWear® armband. Diet was assessed using two 24-hour dietary recalls. Energy-density Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII TM) scores were calculated from micro and macronutrients. Linear mixed-effects models estimated the impact of the E-DII score on sleep parameters.
Results
Women with more pro-inflammatory diets, compared to those with more anti-inflammatory diets, were more likely to be nulliparous (51% vs. 25%, p=0.03), frequent consumers of fast food (29% vs. 10% consuming on 4-6 days during the previous week, p=0.01), ever-smokers (21% vs. 6%, p=0.02), and younger (mean age 29.2 vs. 31.3 years, p=0.02). For every one-unit increase (i.e., more pro-inflammatory) in the E-DII score, sleep latency increased by 0.69 minutes (p<0.01). Among European Americans only, every one-unit higher E-DII was associated with a 2.92-minute longer wake-after-sleep-onset (p=0.02).
Conclusion
An E-DII score that is 5 points lower (i.e., more anti-inflammatory) would equate to about 105 minutes of additional sleep per week among European American women. Anti-inflammatory diets may help to counteract detriments in sleep during pregnancy, especially among European American women. Additional work is needed among African American women.
... Each component of DII was given an individual positive or negative point value. Positive values were assigned to ingredients and/or products that exhibit pro-inflammatory properties (e.g., saturated fatty acids), while negative values were assigned to ingredients and/or products with anti-inflammatory properties (e.g., vitamins, minerals) [19]. This relatively new dietary index was validated against inflammatory cytokines [20,21]. ...
... It is worth quoting here the results of the analysis by Steck et al., who showed that the DII value for fast food diets is 4.0, and for these Mediterranean diet is −4.0 [19]. Comparing this to the DII values obtained in the participants of our own research, it can be concluded that among them were people (group Q4; DII: 1.34; 4.23) with a diet that was unfavorable to their physical fitness. ...
... The anti-inflammatory nature of the students' diet was primarily determined by the higher consumption of protein, antioxidant vitamins, B vitamins, zinc, iron and magnesium. Other authors drew similar conclusions, stating that a properly composed anti-inflammatory diet should rely on a high intake of vitamins, minerals and substances of plant origin (e.g., a macrobiotic diet) [19]. Our own research also showed that insufficient fiber intake makes the diet more pro-inflammatory. ...
Background:
Chronic inflammation can lead to the development of obesity, diabetes and other chronic diseases. One of the factors causing inflammation is diet. The aim of this study was to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet, expressed by the DII index, in young physically active men.
Methods:
A total of 94 physically active students aged 19-23 participated in the study. The subjects' diets were assessed on the basis of 4-day dietary records, which were then analyzed using the computer program "Diet 5.0". The DII was calculated for each participant based on the individual consumption of the selected dietary components. The concentration of CRP protein was also determined.
Results:
Participants was divided into groups according to values of DII. Diets with different DIIs provided similar amounts of calories, but differed significantly in the content of many nutrients. Participants whose diets showed the most anti-inflammatory effects consumed significantly more protein, magnesium, iron, zinc, antioxidant vitamins, and B vitamins compared to others. The highest concentration of CRP protein was observed in men whose diet was described as the most pro-inflammatory (Q4 group). A significant relationship was found between DII and body fat (%) in men in the most anti-inflammatory (Q1 group) and neutral diet (Q2-Q3 group).
Conclusions:
The Dietary Inflammatory Index is a promising method of describing the effect of dietary intake on the risk of inflammation in young, healthy individuals engaging in regular physical activity.
... Although we controlled potential confounders, we did not observe any association between the vegetarian diet and chronic LBP. In fact, this dietary pattern contains high levels of essential antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin A, and all carotenoids [43,44]. These antioxidants have antiinflammatory effects and can reduce the pain threshold in these patients [45]. ...
Background
Chronic low back pain (LBP) is the most common musculoskeletal pain that affects a person’s daily activities. This present study aimed at evaluating the relationship between major dietary pattern and Chronic LBP.
Methods
This cross-sectional analysis was examined 7686 Kurdish adults. The RaNCD cohort study physician diagnosed chronic LBP. Dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis. The three identified dietary patterns derived were named: 1) the vegetarian diet included vegetables, whole grain, legumes, nuts, olive, vegetable oil, fruits, and fruit juice; 2) high protein diet related to higher adherence to red and white meat, legumes, nuts, and egg; and 3) energy-dense diet characterized with higher intake of salt, sweet, dessert, hydrogenated fat, soft drink, refined grain, tea, and coffee. Dietary pattern scores were divided into tertiles. Binary logistic regression in crude, adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to determine this association.
Results
Twenty-two per cent of participants had chronic LBP. Higher adherence to high protein dietary pattern was inversely associated with chronic LBP in crude (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.69–0.9) and adjusted model (for age, sex, smoking, drinking, diabetes, physical activity, body mass index, and waist circumference) (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72–0.97). In addition, after controlling for the mentioned potential confounders, participants in the highest category of energy dense diet were positively associated with chronic LBP compared with those in the lowest category (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01–1.32).
Conclusions
Higher adherence to the high protein diet was inversely related to chronic LBP prevalence. In addition, we found that following energy dense diet was positively associated with chronic LBP.
... Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the quality of feeding affects the inflammatory response of the immune system. A diet rich in fat, refined carbohydrates and protein is commonly associated with high levels of inflammation, while a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and fish is associated with low levels of inflammation or even anti-inflammatory patterns [12][13][14]. Therefore, dietary patterns exert an influence on the regulation of chronic inflammation, establishing diet as a factor that impacts inflammation in patients with obesity [11,15]. ...
... It is known that the incorporation of more vegetables, fruits, fish, omega 3 polyunsaturated fats, fiber, and whole grains in the diet (for example, the Mediterranean diet, the macrobiotic diet, etc.) drives the anti-inflammatory potential in persons for whom these foods constitute their habitual diet [12]. These characteristics are shared by the DASH diet, and the changes found in lymphocyte subpopulations could be related to the decrease in the pro-inflammatory process present in this type of person. ...
... It has been reported that diet plays a central role in the regulation of chronic inflammation [12,15]; however, these are relatively new works, and little has been studied on the pro-inflammatory effect that these interventions have on persons with overweight and obesity. In addition, it has been shown that dietary components have a much broader safety margin than habitual intake of anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals [12]. ...
The development of obesity entails a chronic low-grade inflammatory state with increased pro-inflammatory cells, mainly in visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Additionally, dietary patterns have an influence on the regulation of chronic inflammation. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) include foods with an anti-inflammatory profile and that have positive impacts on body composition (BC), suggesting improvements in inflammatory processes.
Objective:
To analyze the impact of the DASH diet on cellular immunity, anthropometric, biochemical and BC parameters in patients with overweight and obesity, who could present metabolic syndrome.
Methodology:
Lymphocyte subpopulations, biochemical parameters, anthropometric parameters, and BC before and 8 weeks after intervention with the DASH diet in persons with overweight and obesity were measured.
Results:
Fifty-nine young adults participated in the study. After the intervention, no significant changes in biochemical parameters were observed, although a significant decrease in nearly all of the anthropometric and BC variables was found: waist circumference (p < 0.001), percentage and kilograms of fat (p < 0.001 and p < 0.025, respectively), VAT (p < 0.020), and weight (p < 0.001), as well as total lymphocytes and double-positive TCD4+ cells. A relation between changes in leukocyte subpopulations (monocytes, natural killer, helper and cytotoxic lymphocytes, and naive TCD4+ cells) and metabolic improvements (glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-c) was also found.
Conclusions:
The DASH diet promotes positive changes in lymphocyte subpopulations, anthropometric parameters and BC in persons with overweight and obesity. Future studies should elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which the DASH diet produces inmunometabolic improvement.
... The consumption of healthy and diverse foods helps the body achieve optimal nutrient intake, enhancing the immune response that prevents it from becoming infected with pathogens such as influenza or coronavirus [27,57]. Other healthy diets (e.g., Mediterranean or Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diets) were identified by the high intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and fish, which are anti-inflammatory foods [69,70]. In addition, healthy diets were linked to a decreased risk of respiratory illnesses (e.g., COPD, asthma, wheezing symptoms) [71][72][73][74][75]. Adherence to a well-balanced diet was also found to be linked to a decreased likelihood of obesity [76] and chronic health conditions [77,78], which helps decrease the vulnerability to viral infections. ...
Background:
Healthy eating and physical activity are effective non-pharmacological approaches to boost immune function and contain the pandemic. We aimed to explore the associations and interactions between physical activity and healthy eating behavior with COVID-19-like symptoms (Slike-CV19S).
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3947 outpatients, from 14 February to 2 March 2020, at nine health facilities in Vietnam. Data collection included sociodemographic characteristics, healthy eating behavior (using the healthy eating score (HES) questionnaire), physical activity (using the short form international physical activity questionnaire), and Slike-CV19S. The associations and interactions were tested using logistic regression models.
Results:
Frequent intake of fruits (OR = 0.84; p = 0.016), vegetables (OR = 0.72; p = 0.036), and fish (OR = 0.43; p < 0.001) were associated with a lower Slike-CV19S likelihood, as compared with infrequent intake. Patients with higher HES levels (OR = 0.84; p = 0.033 for medium HES; OR = 0.77; p = 0.006 for high HES) or being physically active (OR = 0.69; p < 0.001) had a lower Slike-CV19S likelihood, as compared to those with low HES or physical inactivity, respectively. Patients with medium HES who were physically active (OR = 0.69; p = 0.005), or with high HES and physically active (OR = 0.58; p < 0.001), had a lower Slike-CV19S likelihood, as compared to those with low HES and physical inactivity.
Conclusions:
Healthy eating behavior and physical activity showed single and combinative impacts on protecting people from Slike-CV19S. Strategic approaches are encouraged to improve healthy behaviors, which may further contribute to containing the pandemic.
... Although we controlled potential confounders, we did not observe any association between the vegetarian diet and chronic LBP. In fact, this dietary pattern contains high level of important antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin A, and all carotenoids [41,42]. These antioxidants have antiin ammatory effects and can reduce the pain threshold in these patients [43]. ...
Background
Chronic low back pain (LBP) is the most common musculoskeletal pain that affects a person's daily activities. This present study aimed at evaluating the relationship between major dietary pattern and Chronic LBP.
Methods
This cross- sectional study was applied using data from Ravansar non- communicable diseases (RaNCD) cohort study. Chronic LBP was diagnosed by the RaNCD cohort study physician. Dietary patterns were evaluated by principal component analysis. The three identified dietary patterns included: 1) vegetarian dietary pattern which included vegetables, whole grain, legumes, nuts, olive, vegetable oil, fruits, and fruit juice; 2) high protein diet related to higher adherence to red and white meat, legumes, nuts, and egg; and 3) unhealthy dietary pattern characterized with higher intake of salt, sweet, dessert, hydrogenated fat, soft drink, refined grain, tea, and coffee.
Results
22.5% of participants had chronic LBP Higher following high protein dietary pattern was associated with lower risk of chronic LBP in crude (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.69–0.9) and adjusted model (for age, sex, smoking, drinking, diabetes, physical activity, and body mass index) (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72–0.97). In addition, after controlling for the mentioned potential confounders, participants in the highest category of unhealthy dietary pattern were higher at risk of chronic LBP compared with those in the lowest category (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01–1.32).
Conclusions
Higher adherence to high protein diet significantly the decreased risk of chronic LBP prevalence. In addition, we found that following unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with higher risk of chronic LBP.
... Our findings support those observed by Hashemi et al. [42] who found that a Mediterranean dietary pattern was associated with lower odds for EWGSOPdefined sarcopenia among community-dwelling men and women with an average age of 66 years. Given that the inflammatory potential of the Mediterranean diet is comparable to a DII score of −3.96, indicating a strong anti-inflammatory potential, in a similar way, these results are consistent with our study findings [50]. In contrast, Chan, Leung and Woo [47] found no association between Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS)-defined sarcopenia in a prospective cohort study of community-dwelling Chinese men and women aged 65 years and older. ...
Age-associated chronic, low grade systemic inflammation has been recognised as an important contributing factor in the development of sarcopenia; importantly, diet may regulate this process. This cross-sectional study examined the association of diet-related inflammation with components of sarcopenia. Participants (n = 809) aged 60–95 years from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study were studied. Body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. In this study, low appendicular lean mass (ALM/height2, kg/m2) was defined as T-score < −1 and low muscle function as Timed-Up-and-Go >10 s over 3 m (TUG > 10). Dietary inflammatory index (DII®) scores, based on specific foods and nutrients, were computed using dietary data collected from a food frequency questionnaire. Associations between DII scores and low muscle mass and low muscle function, alone and combined, were determined using linear and logistic regression. After adjusting for covariates, higher DII score was associated with lower ALM/height2 (β −0.05, standard error (SE) 0.02, p = 0.028), and higher natural log-transformed (ln) (TUG) (β 0.02, standard error 0.01, p = 0.035) and higher likelihood for these components combined (odds ratio 1.33, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.69, p = 0.015). A pro-inflammatory diet, as indicated by higher DII score, is associated with lower muscle mass, poorer muscle function and increased likelihood for the combination of low muscle mass and low muscle function. Further studies investigating whether anti-inflammatory dietary interventions could reduce the risk of sarcopenia are needed.
... Certain nutritional compounds are found to modulate mood through activating hormonal and neurotransmitter pathways [5]. Certain types of dietary patterns such as fast food diet, high cholesterol diet, and high-energy diet, are also found to be associated with inflammation that is known to contribute to symptoms of depression [6,7]. An inflammatory response is a biological defense that promotes healing processes when the body comes into contact with pathogens or other external invasion, and recently evidence suggests that this type of chronic inflammation may lead to depression [8,9]. ...
The cultural background of participants has not been considered in studies of dietary intake and depression, even though food choices are affected by culture. This study aims to examine the dietary patterns of people from diverse backgrounds and the correlation of diet and risk of depression. Relationships between depression and nutrient intake were analyzed with 4747 adult respondents from NHANES data. Multiple regressions were used with depression as dependent variable. Nutrient intake pattern differed among ethnic groups. After considering demographic factors, total fat and protein intake ratio to energy were associated with depressive symptoms among Hispanic respondents. Among White, dietary fiber and sugar were associated with depressive symptoms, and among Black, energy was associated with depressive symptoms. Total sugar and dietary fiber were associated with depressive symptoms among Asian. The relationship between depressive symptoms and nutrient intake varied based on the cultural background of participants.
... There is a large body of evidence proving that Mediterranean dietary patterns regulate inflammation in chronic disease [33][34][35] and in individuals with IBD; there is some evidence that adherence to MD is associated with lower risk of developing IBD [36,37] and decreased inflammation [38,39]. The results of our study stimulate further interest in the relationships between dietary patterns, nutrition adequacy, and disease pathogenesis in IBD. ...
Background:
Nutritional support is very important in the treatment of Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The role of the Mediterranean Diet (MD) has been understudied in children with IBD. The aims of this study were to assess the dietary intakes of IBD children in comparison with healthy controls (HCs), their adherence to MD; and the relationship between inflammation and dietary behaviors.
Methods:
Paediatric IBD patients in clinical remission and HCs were enrolled. The nutritional status and adherence to the Mediterranean Diet was evaluated through a 3-day food diary and the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Adolescents (KIDMED).
Results:
The analysis of food diaries showed a significantly higher kilocalorie intake in IBD patients compared to HCs (p = 0.012), an increase in carbohydrates (p = 0.015) and in protein intake (p = 0.024). Both IBD and HCs have an intermediate adherence to MD. The comparison between Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) patients showed significant difference in protein intake in CD patients (p = 0.047), as well as for vitamin D (p = 0.044) and iron intake (p = 0.023). Interestingly; in IBD patients we found a significant association between adherence to MD and a low level of fecal calprotectin (p = 0.027).
Conclusion:
Children with IBD in remission have a sub-optimal food intake compared to HCs. MD seems to correlate to decreased intestinal inflammation.
... The USNWR diet ratings provide for a unique and objective way to answer this research question and to compare the healthfulness of different diets. The goal of this paper was to compare the nutrient, food group servings, and diet quality (Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) [5] and Healthy Eating Index (HEI)) for each of the 40 diets rated by the USNWR for 2018 and assess differences in these outcomes among diets falling into four categories: Moderate, Plant-based, Low-carbohydrate, and Meal replacement. We chose to assess diet quality by two validated methods. ...
... In previous work, the Macrobiotic and Mediterranean diet's DII scores were found to be more anti-inflammatory than what was observed here (À5.54 vs. À4.82 and À3.98 vs. À2.92, respectively) [5]. Related to this, only one day's worth of intake was used for this study (as that was all that was provided from the USNWR). ...
Background and aims
The US News and World Report (USNWR) conducts an annual review of popular diets: Moderate (reducing energy intake from all food groups, particularly those high in fat and added sugars); Plant-based (excluding food groups, such as animal products); Low-carbohydrate (excluding/limiting carbohydrate-containing foods); and Meal-replacement diets (replacing foods with pre-made, calorie-controlled portions). The goal of this paper was to examine how these diets differ in nutrients, food groups, and diet quality.
Methods
This study examined the 40 diets rated by physicians and nutritionists for the 2018 USNWR and assessed differences among diets that were categorized by two independent reviewers: Moderate (n = 15), Plant-based (n = 12), Low-carbohydrate (n = 8), and Meal replacement (n = 5). Nutrient, food groups, and diet quality (Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), Healthy Eating Index (HEI)) were assessed from the 2018 USNWR.
Results
There were significant differences among the four diet types for energy; % energy from saturated fat, carbohydrates, and protein; trans fat; sugars; fiber; magnesium; cholesterol; HEI; fruit; total fruit and vegetables; whole grains; total grains; total meat; nuts and seeds; legumes; and total protein foods. Plant-based and Moderate diets, especially the Macrobiotic, Big Loser and Ornish diets, had strongly anti-inflammatory DII scores (−4.82, −4.85 and −4.06, respectively). Moderate (86.9 ± 7.7) and Plant-based (86.1 ± 10.7) diets had significantly higher HEI scores than Low-carbohydrate diets (70.6 ± 15.0; P = 0.01).
Conclusions
These findings provide useful information on nutrient adequacy of popular diets. Results indicate that Plant-based and Moderate diets have better dietary quality (HEI, DII) and better nutrient and food group profiles than Low carbohydrate diets.
