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Diagram of the central nervous system of the fire ant adult. Photomicrographs of brain and subesophageal ganglion (A), immunoreactive neurons in thoracic ganglia [(B), arrows], and abdominal ganglia (C). Schematic drawing of fire ant adult CNS and PBAN-like immunoreactivity (D). Posterior view of an adult Br–SG complex showing somata in the SG and near the esophageal foramen [(E), arrows]. Immunoreactive neurons projecting into perisympathetic organs in abdominal ganglion [(F), arrows]. Terminal ganglion (sixth–eighth neuromeres) containing a densely stained region of varicosities [(G), arrow; Br, brain; SG, subesophageal ganglion; CC, corpora cardiaca; CA, corpora allata; PSO, perisympathetic organ; T1–3, first–third thoracic ganglia; A1–8, first–eight abdominal ganglia]. Bar = 50 μm (Choi et al., 2009).
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Neuropeptides are the largest group of insect hormones. They are produced in the central and peripheral nervous systems and affect insect development, reproduction, feeding, and behavior. A variety of neuropeptide families have been identified in insects. One of these families is the PBAN/pyrokinin family defined by a common FXPRLamide or similar a...
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Female moths employ their own pheromone blends as a communicational medium in mating behavior. The biosynthesis and release of sex pheromone in female moths are regulated by pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and the corresponding action of PBAN has been well elucidated in Bombyx mori. However, very little is known about the mole...
In most lepidopteran insects, the biosynthesis of sex pheromones is regulated by pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN). Bombyx mori PBAN (BomPBAN) consists of 33 amino acid residues and contains a C-terminus FSPRLamide motif as the active core. Among neuropeptides containing the FXPRLamide motif, the arginine (Arg, R) residue at the...
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Dioecious species are a hallmark of the animal kingdom, with opposing sexes responding differently to identical sensory cues. Here, we study the response of C. elegans to the small-molecule pheromone, ascr#8, which elicits opposing behavioral valences in each sex. We identify a novel neuropeptide-neuropeptide receptor (NP/NPR) module that is active...
In many moth species, pheromone production, correlated with female receptivity, is under neuroendocrine control due to circadian release of a neuropeptide, Pheromone-Biosynthesis-Activating Neuropeptide (PBAN), produced in the subesophageal ganglion, located near the brain. PBAN is responsible for the activation of pheromone production by adult fem...
Citations
... The PKs are a subfamily of the PRXamide family, which were found in several insect orders (Jurenka, 2015;Ahn et al., 2020). In insects, PKs have been found to regulate a variety of biophysiological processes such as myotropic activity, contraction of the oviduct, egg diapause and stimulation of sex pheromone biosynthesis (Raina et al., 1989;Raina and Kempe, 1990;Schoofs et al., 1991;Nachman et al., 1993;Suwan et al., 1994;Predel and Nachman, 2001;Choi and Vander Meer, 2012;Marciniak et al., 2012). In crustaceans, PKs were first identified in the central nervous system (CNS) of the white shrimp, P. vannamei, by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (Torfs et al., 2001). ...
Pyrokinins (PKs) are neuropeptides that have been found to regulate a variety of physiological activities including reproduction in various insect and crustacean species. However, the reproductive roles of PKs in the giant freshwater prawn have not yet been investigated. In this study, we identified the MroPK gene from next-generation sequence resources, which encodes a MroPK precursor that shares a high degree of conservation with the C-terminal sequence of FxPRLamide in other arthropods. MroPK is expressed within most tissues, except the hepatopancreas, stomach, and gill. Within developing ovarian tissue, MroPK expression was found to be significantly higher during the early stages (stages 1-2) compared with the late stages (stages 3-4), and could be localized to the oogonia, previtellogenic, and early vitellogenic oocytes. A role for PK in M. rosenbergii reproduction was supported following experimental administration of MroPK to ovarian explant cultures, showing an increase in the productions of progesterone and estradiol and upregulation of steroidogenesis-related genes (3β-HSD and 17β-HSD) and vitellogenin (Vg) expressions. Together, these results support a role for MroPK in regulating ovarian maturation via steroidogenesis.
... encoding pheromone biosynthesisactivating neuropeptide (PBAN) exhibited extremely female-biased expression. Many studies of lepidopteran species and other insect taxa have shown that pheromone biosynthesis in females is stimulated by PBAN, a brain factor [69,70]. In addition, many highly expressed genes encoding proteins in females in this study were related to sex-pheromone synthetic enzymes, such as acyl-CoA desaturase and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (Table S6). ...
Background:
Differences in the expression of genes present in both sexes are assumed to contribute to sex differences including behavioural, physiological and morphological dimorphisms. For enriching our knowledge of gender differences in an important egg parasitoid wasp, Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), sex-biased differences in gene expression were investigated using Illumina-based transcriptomic analysis.
Results:
A total of 15,812 resulting unigenes were annotated, and a large set of genes accounting for 50.09% of the total showed sex-biased expression and included 630 sex-specific genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses showed that the functional categories associated with sex-biased genes were mainly related to reproduction. In addition, the transcriptome data provided evidence that sex pheromones in A. disparis are produced by the female, and activity of Δ12-desaturases appear to have been replaced by Δ9-desaturases playing roles in sex pheromone production. The large set of sex-biased genes identified in this study provide a molecular background for sexually dimorphic traits such as flyability, longevity, and aggression in this species and suggests candidate venom proteins expressed only in females that could be used for biological control.
Conclusions:
This study provides comprehensive insight into sexually dimorphic traits of a parasitoid wasp and can inform future research into the molecular mechanisms underlying such traits and the application of parasitoids to the biological control of pest species.
... encoding pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN) exhibited extremely female-biased expression. Many studies of lepidopteran species and other insect taxa have shown that pheromone biosynthesis in females is stimulated by PBAN, a brain factor [55] [56]. In addition, many highly expressed genes encoding proteins in females in this study were related to sex-pheromone synthetic enzymes, such as acyl-CoA desaturase and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (Table S3). ...
Background
Differences in the expression of genes present in both sexes are assumed to contribute to sex differences including behavioural, physiological and morphological dimorphisms. For enriching our knowledge of gender differences in an important egg parasitoid wasp, Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), sex-biased differences in gene expression were investigated using Illumina-based transcriptomic analysis.
Results
A total of 15812 resulting unigenes were annotated, and a large set of genes accounting for 50.09% of the total showed sex-biased expression and included 630 sex-specific genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses showed that the functional categories associated with sex-biased genes were mainly related to reproduction. In addition, the transcriptome data provided evidence that sex pheromones in A. disparis are produced by the female, and activity of 12-desaturases appear to have been replaced by 9-desaturases playing roles in sex pheromone production. The large set of sex-biased genes identified in this study provide a molecular background for sexually dimorphic traits such as flyability, longevity, and aggression in this species and suggests candidate venom proteins expressed only in females that could be used for biological control.
Conclusions
This study provides comprehensive insight into sexually dimorphic traits of a parasitoid wasp and can inform future research into the molecular mechanisms underlying such traits and the application of parasitoids to the biological control of pest species.
... encoding pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN) exhibited extremely female-biased expression. Many studies of lepidopteran species and other insect taxa have shown that pheromone biosynthesis in females is stimulated by PBAN, a brain factor [55] [56]. In addition, many highly expressed genes encoding proteins in females in this study were related to sex-pheromone synthetic enzymes, such as acyl-CoA desaturase and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (Table S3). ...
Background: Differences in the expression of genes present in both sexes are assumed to contribute to sex differences including behavioural, physiological and morphological dimorphisms. For enriching our knowledge of gender differences in an important egg parasitoid wasp, Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), sex-biased differences in gene expression were investigated using Illumina-based transcriptomic analysis.
Results: A total of 15812 resulting unigenes were annotated, and a large set of genes accounting for 50.09% of the total showed sex-biased expression and included 630 sex-specific genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses showed that the functional categories associated with sex-biased genes were mainly related to reproduction. In addition, the transcriptome data provided evidence that sex pheromones in A. disparis are produced by the female, and activity of D12-desaturases appear to have been replaced by D9-desaturases playing roles in sex pheromone production. The large set of sex-biased genes identified in this study provide a molecular background for sexually dimorphic traits such as flyability, longevity, and aggression in this species and suggests candidate venom proteins expressed only in females that could be used for biological control.
Conclusions: This study provides comprehensive insight into sexually dimorphic traits of a parasitoid wasp and can inform future research into the molecular mechanisms underlying such traits and the application of parasitoids to the biological control of pest species.
... encoding pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN) exhibited extremely female-biased expression. Many studies of lepidopteran species and other insect taxa have shown that pheromone biosynthesis in females is stimulated by PBAN, a brain factor [55] [56]. In addition, many highly expressed genes encoding proteins in females in this study were related to sex-pheromone synthetic enzymes, such as acyl-CoA desaturase and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (Table S3). ...
Background
Differences in the expression of genes present in both sexes are assumed to contribute to sex differences including behavioural, physiological and morphological dimorphisms. For enriching our knowledge of gender differences in an important egg parasitoid wasp, Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), sex-biased differences in gene expression were investigated using Illumina-based transcriptomic analysis.
Results
A total of 15812 resulting unigenes were annotated, and a large set of genes accounting for 50.09% of the total showed sex-biased expression and included 630 sex-specific genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses showed that the functional categories associated with sex-biased genes were mainly related to reproduction. In addition, the transcriptome data provided evidence that sex pheromones in A. disparis are produced by the female, and activity of D12-desaturases appear to have been replaced by D9-desaturases playing roles in sex pheromone production. The large set of sex-biased genes identified in this study provide a molecular background for sexually dimorphic traits such as flyability, longevity, and aggression in this species and suggests candidate venom proteins expressed only in females that could be used for biological control.
Conclusions
This study provides comprehensive insight into sexually dimorphic traits of a parasitoid wasp and can inform future research into the molecular mechanisms underlying such traits and the application of parasitoids to the biological control of pest species.
... The Spre-PBAN gene expression during mid-and late-pupal stages implied physiological function of their role in stimulating the preparation for adult development, which was congruent with previous findings 18 , but contrary to M. sexta and A. pernyi 19,48 . In both virgin male and female moths, PBAN gene expressions were higher in head indicating the commencement of PBAN synthesis in sub-esophageal ganglion, followed by sex pheromone synthesis that attracts males for mating 5,18 (Fig. 3b). After mating, females maintain PBAN transcripts in their head and thoracic region at a high-level due to the necessity of keeping the sex pheromone biosynthesis for multiple mating, circadian regulation as it is that FXPRL peptides in conjunction with the stimulation of pheromone can engage in other bioactivities 11,49 . ...
Spoladea recurvalis is one of the most destructive insect pests of amaranth, a leafy vegetable in both Asia and Africa. The present study characterized the pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (DH-PBAN) and pheromone/odorant binding proteins in S. recurvalis. The open reading frame of 600 base pairs encodes a 200-amino acid protein possessing five neuropeptide motifs (DH, PBAN, α-, β-, and γ- subesophageal ganglion neuropeptides) and shares a characteristic conserved C-terminal pentapeptide fragment FXPRL. The full-length genome of Spre-DH-PBAN was 4,295 bp in length and comprised of six exons interspersed by five introns. Sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis of Spre-DH-PBAN have high similarity to its homologs in Crambidae of Lepidopteran order. We quantitatively measured the relative expression level (qRT_PCR) of Spre-DH-PBAN gene, the binding proteins such as odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and pheromone binding protein (PBPs) at different developmental stages. The results confirmed their role in recognition and chemoreception of sex pheromone components, and they were distinct, tissue- and sex-specific. This is the first report on the molecular analysis of PBAN gene and binding proteins, which can improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms of growth, development, and reproductive behavior of S. recurvalis, and may become effective targets for controlling this insect.
... Mating generally causes changes in attractiveness, that is correlated with pheromone levels [40,41]. Many studies of lepidopteran species [42] and other insect orders [43,44] have shown that pheromone biosynthesis in females is stimulated by a brain factor known as pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN). Therefore, we aimed to test whether a change in pheromone may result in mated females becoming less attractive by evaluating the mRNA expression of PBAN between mated female and virgin through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. ...
In many animals, mating is essential for the production ofoffspring by females; however, mating seems to not benecessary in Hymenoptera insects. Virgin females canproduce offspring, although the sex of the offspring is allmale. Usually, behavioural and physiological changes areinduced by mating in female insects, including parasitoidwasps. However, very little is known about the resultingchanges in gene expression that contribute to the post-matingresponse in females; thus, we studied this aspect in the eggparasitoid wasp speciesAnastatus disparis(Hymenoptera:Eupelmidae) by transcriptional analysis. A total of 55differentially expressed genes were identified in post-matingfemales, and most of the genes (90.9%) were downregulated.Upregulated genes encoded products that were mainlyinvolved in fatty acid synthesis and pyrimidine metabolism,while the downregulated genes were mainly involved insubstance transport and metabolism. In addition, post-matingA. disparisfemales exhibited a tendency to accelerate eggmaturation and became unreceptive to further mating. Basedon the transcriptional data, we discuss how specific genesmediate these behavioural and physiological changes. Overall,our study provided new and comprehensive insights intopost-mating changes in females and provided a basis forfuture mechanistic studies.
... The PBAN/pyrokinin family is a major group of insect and crustacean neuropeptides that have been implicated in multiple functions during development, mating and reproduction 52,82,83 . Pyrokinin has now been found in several different species across insects to crustaceans. ...
The Australian redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) has recently received attention as an emerging candidate for sustainable aquaculture production in Australia and worldwide. More importantly, C. quadricarinatus serves as a good model organism for the commercially important group of decapod crustaceans as it is distributed worldwide, easy to maintain in the laboratory and its reproductive cycle has been well documented. In order to better understand the key reproduction and development regulating mechanisms in decapod crustaceans, the molecular toolkit available for model organisms such as C. quadricarinatus must be expanded. However, there has been no study undertaken to establish the C. quadricarinatus neuropeptidome. Here we report a comprehensive study of the neuropeptide genes expressed in the eyestalk in the Australian crayfish C. quadricarinatus. We characterised 53 putative neuropeptide-encoding transcripts based on key features of neuropeptides as characterised in other species. Of those, 14 neuropeptides implicated in reproduction regulation were chosen for assessment of their tissue distribution using RT-PCR. Further insights are discussed in relation to current knowledge of neuropeptides in other species and potential follow up studies. Overall, the resulting data lays the foundation for future gene-based neuroendocrinology studies in C. quadricarinatus.
... Only IPCdirected knockdown of the receptor encoded by CG9918 (CG9918 RNAi ) produced increased adiposity, accompanied by elevated Ilp2 mRNA levels ( Figures 6B and 6C), phenotypes observed in lst 1 flies. CG9918 has been called Pyrokinin 1 receptor (PK1r), based on its reported affinity for Drosophila pyrokinin Drm-PK-1 (Cazzamali et al., 2005), but other studies failed to activate CG9918 with Drm-PK-1 or pyrokinins (Park et al., 2002), a peptide class thought to regulate sex pheromone production (Choi and Vander Meer, 2012). Consistent with a role in lst signaling, CG9918 RNAi in IPCs also increased hemolymph Ilp2HF levels and endogenous lst expression ( Figures 6D and 6E). ...
Decretins, hormones induced by fasting that suppress insulin production and secretion, have been postulated from classical human metabolic studies. From genetic screens, we identified Drosophila Limostatin (Lst), a peptide hormone that suppresses insulin secretion. Lst is induced by nutrient restriction in gut-associated endocrine cells. limostatin deficiency led to hyperinsulinemia, hypoglycemia, and excess adiposity. A conserved 15-residue polypeptide encoded by limostatin suppressed secretion by insulin-producing cells. Targeted knockdown of CG9918, a Drosophila ortholog of Neuromedin U receptors (NMURs), in insulin-producing cells phenocopied limostatin deficiency and attenuated insulin suppression by purified Lst, suggesting CG9918 encodes an Lst receptor. NMUR1 is expressed in islet β cells, and purified NMU suppresses insulin secretion from human islets. A human mutant NMU variant that co-segregates with familial early-onset obesity and hyperinsulinemia fails to suppress insulin secretion. We propose Lst as an index member of an ancient hormone class called decretins, which suppress insulin output.
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... Choi and Vander Meer (15) have also reported that each PBAN/pyrokinin peptide stimulates all physiological functions listed above in fire ants in vitro, so additional functions are likely to be discovered for this broadly conserved family of peptides in Insecta. To date, PBAN proteins have been reported for more than 30 insect species spanning four orders (see review 16). ...
... Intriguingly, Chang and Ramasamy (29) have reported that PBAN expression in M. vitrata decreased moderately in adult females but increased dramatically in adult males. The pheromonotropic function of PBAN might not be expected in male moths, so PBAN peptides may also participate in bioactivities in addition to the stimulation of pheromone biosynthesis (9,16). This finding may imply an extra need for male moths to exploit various physiological effects, modulated by PBAN neuropeptides, to locate their mating targets and/or for other mating behaviors shortly after the release of sex pheromones from females. ...
The stimulation, regulation, and detection of semiochemicals including sex pheromones is essential for
insects to select hosts, find food, evade natural enemies and harmful materials in the environment, and seek
con-specific mating targets. Female moths, for example, release sex pheromones to attract appropriate males
for mating in the field. While the biosynthesis of female sex pheromone is induced by a neuropeptide
hormone, pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN), the water-soluble pheromone binding
proteins (PBPs) play a critical role in transporting sex pheromone components through sensillar lymph to
olfactory receptor neurons in males. Lepidopteran PBAN is a polyprotein comprising five putative
neuropeptides: diapause hormone (DH), PBAN, α-subesophageal ganglion neuropeptide (SGNP), β-SGNP
and γ-SGNP. These peptides share a common FXPRLamide in the C-termini. PBAN neuropeptides are well
conserved across lepidopteran species and extend to the Insecta. PBPs are proteins of 120–150 amino acids.
Multiple-PBPs are known to occur in the same moth species. Although they display considerable diversity,
they are related in sequence. They play a vital role in discrimination of pheromone components. In this
chapter, we will review the currently available literature on structures, expression patterns, and potential
functions of both PBAN and PBP in order to gain a more comprehensive knowledge of pheromone
biosynthesis and reception in Lepidoptera.
