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Roughness of paper surface is an important parameter in paper manufacturing. Surface roughness measurement is one of the central measurement problems in paper industry. Surfaces are often coated and the amount of coating and method of application used depends on the roughness of the base paper [1], [2]. At the moment, air leak methods are standardi...
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Citations
... Paper surface roughness is an important parameter for coated/barrier packaging as it impacts the amount of coating and the choice of coating technology to be used [42]. The result shows the air volume per minute (ml/min) which has leaked out between the probe and the surface. ...
Renewable materials and material circularity are key priorities for the coming decades. While paper is the most utilized material in the packaging sector, its applications in food packaging are limited due to low barrier properties. Coating it with petroleum-based polymer barrier coatings renders it unrecyclable both mechanically and biologically. Bio-coated paper packaging, made from agricultural waste or by-products, presents environmentally favorable solutions that can benefit the biological cycle of the circular economy. The main objective of this study is to assess the applicability of grain and beer production by-products in wood pulp food packaging materials. It examines the effects of different grain by-products (industrial wheat grain processing residues and wheat bran) particles and concentrations (15 wt% and 40 wt%), as well as the impact of brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at a concentration of 10 wt%, on the physical–mechanical and barrier properties of Northern bleached softwood kraft (NBSK) and chemithermomechanical (CTMP) pulps. Material composites were fabricated using a standard sheet forming method. Physical–mechanical properties were analyzed through tensile strength, strain at break, tear resistance, and bending stiffness tests. Barrier-related properties were analyzed through roughness, air permeance, and water contact angle tests. Results revealed that the vast majority of physical–mechanical properties decreased with the increase of both types of grain production fillers. Industrial wheat grain processing residues had a lower impact on physical–mechanical properties than wheat bran filler. A higher percentage of property decrease was absorbed in NBSK pulp than in CTMP. Roughness of CTMP can be improved by adding both industrial wheat grain processing residues and wheat bran. Wheat bran particles can increase hydrophobicity. CTMP pulp strength properties can be increased with the addition of yeast; however, the yeast additive’s effect on air permeance demonstrated a negative impact. In the case of NBSK pulp, which has higher primary strength properties, the addition of yeast does not make any significant changes. The conducted experiments demonstrated that, overall, the addition of these fillers resulted in a decline in physical–mechanical properties such as tensile strength, strain at break, tear resistance, and bending stiffness. This decline was more pronounced with higher concentrations of fillers. In the case of CTMP pulp, both types of fillers exhibited similar trends in affecting properties, whereas for NBSK pulp, wheat bran had a more significant impact compared to wheat grain processing residues. The addition of yeast generally led to a reduction in physical–mechanical properties, particularly in tensile strength and tear resistance. However, samples containing yeast displayed increased flexibility compared to controls. The influence on barrier properties varied: while yeast increased air permeability, it also enhanced surface hydrophobicity, thereby reducing the paper’s receptivity to liquids.
... Since the notion of BRDF was first raised by Nicodemus [1] in 1970, it has been treated as the ultimate quantity for non-translucent materials under uniform lighting conditions. Given that the reflectance distribution determines the surface appearance of reflective materials and plays a key role in material discrimination, BRDF finds applications in various domains including computer graphics [2][3][4][5][6], remote sensing [7][8][9][10][11], color science [12][13][14][15][16], and many other fields [17][18][19][20]. Given its wide usage, the measurement methodology for rapidly obtaining high-accuracy BRDF data has been explored over the past few decades. ...
By utilizing a catadioptric system and a calibration Lambertian sample, a compact measurement method of bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) has been proposed for rapid and accurate measurement. With the help of an ellipsoidal dome mirror, a hyperboloid mirror, and a high-resolution camera, spatial reflectance distributions from reflected directions with a large field of view (FOV) can be obtained. The built-in Lambertian standard allows for real-time calibration to account for fluctuations in the illumination spectrum, effectively reducing the measurement drift and achieving a high accuracy. Moreover, a multispectral camera captures images at 8 spectral bands for accurate spectral color reconstruction from different directions. To verify the method, a prototype capable of fast, high-resolution measurements with a large FOV has been developed for characterizing the scattering properties of objects. It achieves a measured angular range up to 160°. Multispectral BRDF data for each sample can be obtained within 5 minutes with an angular resolution of less than 0.6°. Eight ceramic samples with different colors were selected for the verification of measurement accuracy, and their mean relative bias of BRDF measurement was found to be as low as 2.5%.
... In addition, in the paper industry, the main properties of the paper, such as consumption and visibility of inks, smoothness, and printability, are closely related to the topography of the paper surface (Reis & Saraiva, 2010). Thus, it is critical to monitor surface variations during the manufacturing process to assure the quality of products and detect process shifts as soon as they occur in order to save unnecessary manufacturing costs (Pino et al., 2010). ...
Anomaly detection of three-dimensional (3D) topographic data is a challenging problem in spatial data analysis. In this paper, we investigate spatial patterns of 3D surface data that exhibit multiple in-control modes. In complex manufacturing processes, surfaces of final products could contain different topographic features from one in-control surface to another, thus making it difficult to monitor the surface with existing approaches, which rely on the assumption of the presence of single mode surface topography. We propose a novel anomaly detection approach for monitoring local topographic variations in the presence of multimode surface topography. We present a binarization model to capture the generic behavior of the multimode surfaces and enhance the representation of the surface. To systematically monitor the surface, we introduce a new probabilistic distance measure (PDM) that quantifies the similarity of spatial patterns between two binarized surfaces. The proposed PDM takes advantage of identifying local variations by utilizing the order neighbor statistics, which captures the local property on the surface. Experimental results with numerical simulation data and real-life paper surface data are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
... Prawito [10] calculated the speckle pattern's texture features using the GLCM and found a significant relationship between the contrast and uniformity and the Ra. Ra is the arithmetic average of all surface heights measured over a surface [15]. It is one of the most commonly used parameters for describing surface roughness. ...
In this study, a texture mask (TM) machine learning method for predicting metal surface roughness produced by different machining methods is proposed. The problems caused by angle deviation in the image acquisition process can be effectively improved, and the training time of the model can be reduced. The surface roughness, with a roughness average (Ra) below 1 um, produced by two similar processing methods, flat lapping and grinding, is examined for prediction and verification. The performances of TM and other feature extraction methods, under different irradiation system conditions and different angle deviations, are also evaluated and compared. The results show that the proposed TM method is more accurate than other methods when the problem of angle deviation occurs. We also compare TM with the convolutional neural network (CNN) method. The accuracy of both methods exceeds 91%, but the training time for TM is significantly less than that of the CNN method. The results show the texture mask method to be an accurate and efficient texture extraction method suitable for use in an automatic system.
... Gloss, among other factors, depends on surface roughness (Wang et al., 2009). Surface roughness is an important parameter in determining the amount of coating applied (Pino, Pladellorens & Colom, 2010;Alam et al., 2012), as well as the method of application (Pino, Pladellorens & Colom, 2010). As applying coating layers also changes surface properties of paper, we measured average roughness (R a ) of the samples using a MarSurf PS 10 device (Mahr Federal Inc.). ...
... Gloss, among other factors, depends on surface roughness (Wang et al., 2009). Surface roughness is an important parameter in determining the amount of coating applied (Pino, Pladellorens & Colom, 2010;Alam et al., 2012), as well as the method of application (Pino, Pladellorens & Colom, 2010). As applying coating layers also changes surface properties of paper, we measured average roughness (R a ) of the samples using a MarSurf PS 10 device (Mahr Federal Inc.). ...
Cultural heritage objects are precious witnesses of the past, so our mission is not only to preserve them for future generations, but also make them available or open to the public. Among most fragile historic materials are paper-based materials. They are susceptible to various forms of damage and deterioration, and their preservation presents a challenging task for conservators. In recent years, the use of advanced materials with unique properties has been growing at an increasing rate, even in the traditionally slow-changing cultural heritage sector. This study models how historic paper would be affected by application of multiple coating layers containing different quantities of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). In our study, a 4 % CNCs aqueous suspension was used to treat the samples. In order to form a uniform layer, bar-coating method was used, and in addition, a specific layer thickness was formed in both single and multiple passes. The prepared samples were analysed for their optical properties (colour coordinates, yellowness, opacity, gloss), physical properties (Taber stiffness, weight, thickness) and surface properties (roughness). An increase of wet film deposit thickness (single layer applications) resulted in an increase of paper thickness, grammage, gloss, opacity, yellowness, the ΔE value and Taber stiffness, while its average surface roughness decreased. Multi-layer applications have gradually decreased paper thickness, while Taber stiffness remained unchanged.
... The former is static and describes the topography while the latter is dynamic or mechanical and determines the interaction between two objects. An interest in a stylus-type contact surface profilometric technique is continuously growing for the paper industry because the technique resembles papermaking processes such as creping, coating, printing, lamination, calendaring, and embossing (Pino et al. 2010;Samyn et al. 2011;Schlegel et al. 2011). It also is similar to the method used for evaluating the quality attributes of paper products such as softness, wettability, printability, and absorption (Ko et al. 1981;Hollmark 1983aHollmark , 1983bHodgson and Berg 1988;Ampulski et al. 1991;Modaressi and Garnier 2002;Kuilenburg et al. 2013;van Wang et al. 2018;Ko et al. 2020). ...
Friction profilometry is a powerful technique that is suitable for the surface characterization of paper products. In this technique, a stylus-type contact method that resembles papermaking processes is used for evaluating the quality attributes of products. The surface characterization requires both surface roughness and friction measurements. At present, however, few reports have been available regarding characterization of the friction by the surface profilometric method. The objective of this study was to provide guiding principles of a stylus-type contact surface profilometry for determining the friction properties of paper. Another objective was to introduce the concept of the mean absolute deviation (MAD) from the average coefficient of friction as a new friction parameter.
... The ceramic surface is chemically treated to give a matte finish with 0.4-0.7-μm surface roughness (Ra) (compared with paper's 3-10-μm Ra [29]). The final calibration target used in our proposed 3D scanner is shown in Figure 7b. ...
Digital three-dimensional (3D) scanning is a cutting-edge metrology method that can digitally reconstruct surface topography with high precision and accuracy. Such metrology can help traditional manufacturing processes evolve into a smart manufacturing paradigm, which can ensure product quality by automated sensing and control. However, due to limitations with the spatial resolution, scanning speed, and size of the focusing area, commercially available systems cannot be directly used for in-process monitoring in smart manufacturing. For example, a metal 3D printer requires a scanner with second-level sensing, micron-level spatial resolution, and a centimeter-scale scanning region. Among the 3D scanning technologies, structured light 3D scanning can meet the scanning speed criteria but not the spatial resolution and scanning region criteria. This work addresses these challenges by reducing the field of view of a structured light scanner system while increasing the image sensor pixel resolution. Improvements to spatial resolution and accuracy are achieved by establishing hardware selection criteria, integrating the proper hardware, designing a scale-appropriate calibration target, and developing noise reduction procedures during calibration. An additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V part was used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed 3D scanner. The scanning result shows that both melt pool geometry and overall shape can be clearly captured. In the end, the scanning accuracies of the proposed scanner and a professional-grade commercial scanner are validated with a nanometer-level accuracy white light interferometer using high-density point cloud data. Compared to the commercial scanner, the proposed scanner improves the spatial resolution from 48 µm to 5 µm and the accuracy from 108.5 µm to 0.5 µm. Compared to the white light interferometer, the proposed scanner improves the scanning and processing speed from 2 hours to 20 seconds.
... Surface characterization is important and has many applications in the paper industry. As such, surface characterization is necessary in developing a papermaking process, e.g., wet-end chemistry, drying, coating, printing, embossing, and laminating (Pino et al. 2010;Samyn et al. 2011;Schlegel et al. 2011). All these processes involve contact between at least two surfaces; therefore, their surface characterization is important. ...
Surface properties include both surface roughness and friction. With a stylus-type contact method, it is necessary to obtain either a surface roughness profile or a friction profile that is affected by stylus shape and size, its contact force on the sample, the scan speed, and the data acquisition rate. As a new surface parameter, the mean absolute deviation (MAD) from an average property has been introduced. It represents the deviation from either the roughness average (Ra) and the average coefficient of friction (COF), respectively. While Ra or average COF depends on the instrument and its operating conditions, the MAD should not depend on them because it represents the variations within the sample.
... that the improved target shows in Fig. 6(d) has the most uniform surface and sharpest reference point intersections at this measuring scale. The ceramic surface is chemically treated to give a matt nish with 0.4-0.7 µm surface roughness (Ra) (compared with paper's 3-10 µm Ra [29]). A real sample used in our proposed 3D scanner is shown in Fig. 7(b). ...
Digital three-dimensional (3D) scanning is a cutting-edge metrology method that can digitally reconstruct surface topography with high precision and accuracy. Such metrology can help traditional manufacturing processes evolve into a smart manufacturing paradigm, which can ensure product quality by automated sensing and control. However, due to limitations with the spatial resolution, scanning speed, and size of the focusing area, commercially available systems cannot be directly used for in-process monitoring in smart manufacturing. For example, a metal 3D printer requires a scanner with second-level sensing, micron-level spatial resolution, and a centimeter-scale scanning region. Among the 3D scanning technologies, structured light 3D scanning can meet the scanning speed criteria but not the spatial resolution and scanning region criteria. This work addresses these challenges by reducing the field of view of a structured light scanner system while increasing the image sensor pixel resolution. Improvements to spatial resolution and accuracy are achieved by establishing hardware selection criteria, integrating the proper hardware, designing a scale-appropriate calibration target, and developing noise reduction procedures during calibration. An additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V part was used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed 3D scanner. The scanning result shows that both melt pool geometry and overall shape can be clearly captured. In the end, the scanning accuracies of the proposed scanner and a professional-grade commercial scanner are validated with a nanometer-level accuracy white light interferometer using high-density point cloud data. Compared to the commercial scanner, the proposed scanner improves the spatial resolution from 48 µm to 5 µm and the accuracy from 108.5 µm to 0.5 µm .
... The surface of decorative paper presents some roughness at nano, micro, and macro level (Pino et al. 2010), which is in part due to the nature of the paper and in part due to the uneven distribution of resin in the paper during impregnation. To test to which degree this would impact the NIR spectra on the paper surface, the gantry was used to collect the NIR spectra of the surface of the impregnated paper in a straight line with each spectrum separated by 200 μm. Figure 5 shows the NIR profile obtained by distance travelled (a) and the spectra all layered in the same plot (b) for easier observation of the changes in baseline. ...
Melamine-impregnated paper is an important component in the production of high pressure laminates and melamine faced boards. The two most vital quality control parameters assessed during the production of impregnated paper are resin content and volatile content. This work explored the creation of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance models to assess these parameters. A laboratory scale computer-controlled high-precision table gantry was also tested for two reasons: to create an NIR profile of an impregnated paper sample, and to calibrate NIR models by moving the probe using the gantry while taking a spectrum. The NIR profile obtained using the gantry reveals that distinct spots on the surface of the paper have different NIR spectra. The use of the gantry for model creation shows similar or improved performance when compared to taking triplicate spectra of a sample on discrete areas. The time taken for sample analysis also was lower with the use of the gantry because only one spectrum was needed, instead of three. The gantry also enables the creation of models to be used at an industrial scale, allowing an increased range of reference values while not depending on the industrial process. The method can be used to improve reflectance NIR models of samples with heterogeneous or rough surfaces.
