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Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are integrations of computational and physical processes. They represent a new generation of systems that interact with humans and expand the capabilities of the physical world through computation, communication, and control. At the same time, actions and interventions associated with this complex systems can have highl...
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... Test: The test mode is when a design thinker solicits feedback from the users about the prototypes that have been created and offers another opportunity to gain empathy for the people the design thinker is designing for. During the DT process, design thinkers are expected to be open-minded, creative and innovative especially during the empathize and ideate stages. Figure 2 illustrates the design thinker's diverge-converge patterns. During the DT process, iteration is fundamental to produce a good design, by cycling through the whole process multiple times but also within each step. It is generally a good idea to create multiple prototypes or try variations of brainstorming topics with multiple stakeholders (Plattner, ...
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In the course of the ongoing era of digitization, cyber-physical systems and complex event processing belong to the most discussed technologies nowadays. The huge challenge that digitization is forming to the transportation and logistics sector is largely accepted by the responsible organizations. Despite initial steps being taken towards digitized...
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... Complex systems, such as those involved with innovations, require a framework to investigate their structural, dynamic, and sociopolitical complexity (Gürdür & Törngren, 2018). A hybrid approach combining design thinking, systems thinking, and regenerative thinking, along with their associated tools, is required to explore these complex innovation systems, as seen in Figure 1. ...
... Achieving this will require a nuanced and whole systems understanding of innovation processes and systems. Innovation is increasingly becoming a more important concept within business organisations, governmental bodies, and academia as marketplaces become more dynamic (Gürdür & Törngren, 2018;Ketonen-Oksi & Valkokari, 2019;Singh & Vidhya, 2011;Smorodinskaya et al., 2017). The need to innovate is a response to the changes in consumers' desires and lifestyles and the discovery of new opportunities in technology. ...
New Zealand’s red meat industry faces challenges of the evolving alternative proteins sector, emerging consumer trends, and environmental concerns, all of which drive innovation. A hybridised lens of design thinking, systems thinking, and regenerative thinking was used to investigate the innovation processes and systems within New Zealand’s red meat industry. The case studies selected centred on the emerging relationship between Silver Fern Farms (a meat processor) and the Food Design Institute at Otago Polytechnic (a culinary educational institute that undertakes new product development as part of their curriculum) in the innovation space. Incremental innovations were found to be the primary output of the Silver Fern Farms’ stage-gate innovation process. Meanwhile, the Food Design Institute’s design thinking innovation process leads to more creative and radical innovations. Maintaining a competitive advantage requires the proactive response to the drivers listed above and the consideration for designing radical innovations. Several opportunities were identified for Silver Fern Farms and New Zealand’s red meat industry in general to maximise the co-creation of value for themselves, consumers, and socio-ecological systems. The majority of opportunities identified employ collaboration with other industries and organisations, especially those that utilise different frameworks and have expertise in niche markets. Opportunities include pathways for creating radical innovations and strategies for responding to the challenges.
... The products of the fifth industrial revolution, cyber-physical systems, cannot be designed and developed without transdisciplinary environments. These environmentswhere societal, engineering and sustainability-related decisions are discussed together rather than separately in different divisions or groupscombined with new frameworks, methods, and methodologies; such as blending systems thinking, design thinking, future thinking [89,90]; should be introduced and encouraged by higher education institutions. ...
During the last two decades, profound technological changes have taken place around us, supported by disruptive advances, both on the software and hardware sides. An amalgamation of information, communication, and artificial intelligence is taking place, as well as the cross-fertilization of a wide range of concepts, referred to as the digital transformation. While the discussion on how to operationalize the new intelligent systems of the fourth industrial revolution, Industry 4.0, is still going on; the dominant characteristics of the fifth industrial revolution, Industry 5.0 – going beyond producing goods and services for profit – requires all to think and act differently. As a result of the convergence phenomenon, the boundaries between different disciplines are eroding, necessitating a thorough discussion on what engineering education should be like in the future. In this paper, after presenting a brief history of engineering education, the recent paradigm changes are discussed, which essentially stress that skills must prevail over degrees to deal with challenges posed by the trends of the fifth industrial revolution. Later, before concluding the paper four strategies are presented such as lifelong learning and transdisciplinary education (1), sustainability, resilience, and human-centric design modules (2), hands-on data fluency and management courses (3) and human-agent/machine/robot/computer interaction experiences (4).
... In other words, systems thinking studies various elements within a system, their relationships to other activities within the system, looks for patterns over time and seeks root causes. Interdependency and complexity demands systems thinking [47][48][49][50][51] and, as discussed before, sustainability challenges of today are nothing less than interdependent and complex. ...
Cyber-physical systems (CPS), such as collaborative robots, smart cities, and autonomous vehicles, are seen as decisive contributions to addressing many societal challenges. These systems have the power to provide solutions to cope with an aging population, address climate change, and improve issues of health, public safety and mobility. As a product of the fourth industrial revolution, these systems are currently inviting much interest. However, there are barriers that need to be considered and understood to be able to optimise the potential of these systems to support a more sustainable future. To this end, transdisciplinary skills and a combination of different mindsets are needed to be able to ask the right questions at the right time.
There are several approaches that can help us to initiate constructing innovative, transformative, future-oriented and systematic ideas and questions. The three important approaches that are suggested in this article are systems mindset, design mindset and futuristic mindset. These mindsets combined with the transdisciplinary perspective – where different disciplines work jointly to create sustainable solutions not only for today but also for tomorrow – have the power to change the world. This article underlines the importance of transdisciplinarity, presents the three mindsets and illustrates a hypothetical use case on how to blend these three mindsets to enable creative work in the future's transdisciplinary world for human-centred and sustainable future.
... Online assessment also available, as well as a report provided. Gurdur & Torngren (2018) define the Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) systems as a new generation of systems that interact with humans and expand the capability of the physical world through computation, communication and control. Many modern industries and organisations already utilize CPS machines to achieve specified needs and outputs. ...
... Many modern industries and organisations already utilize CPS machines to achieve specified needs and outputs. These systems integrate computational capability and physical processes that need a human interface for specific results and meet particular requirements that users have stipulated during their design (Gurdur & Torngren 2018). The CPS can be complex and present challenges of integration and increased uncertainty resulting in unintended consequences. ...
... CPS systems design and implementation are challenged to support complexity, scalability security, safety, interoperability, and flexible design and operations to meet future needs. These complexity challenges cannot be handled without applying the Systems thinking approach to resolve (Gurdur & Torngren 2018). ...
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has brought about opportunities and challenges to all sectors of the economy. The accelerated changes in the digital technology space drive most organisations and industries to adopt technology to increase competitiveness. In this paper, the exploratory research reviews preliminary literature of current 4IR readiness models to understand the landscape of the relevant knowledge. The aim is to provide a foundation for developing a 4IR readiness model for the services sector. This paper also proposes a conceptual model based systems thinking to guide developing a 4IR readiness model. The preliminary literature review has also revealed that opportunities exist in developing fresh new readiness measurement models for the services industry, including the banking sector.
... The objective is similar to the requirements analysis used in systems engineering(Defense Acquisition University, 2001). Plausible starting points for the step are news stories, interviews with experts, literature, discussions (Fisher, 2020) and using them to identify patterns and structures(Gurdur & Torngren, 2018).Sub Steps:1. Word Model (1.1): Define the problem in one paragraph story(Meadows, 1977) 2. Behaviour (1.2): Identify patterns of behaviour over time(Kim, 1992) or reference modes(Richardson & Pugh, 1981).Pugh, 1981) (Forrester, 1999. ...
The field of system dynamics and its simulations are criticised for the lack of validation, verification testing and model construction guidance. In contrast, the field of systems engineering specialises in those areas. The thesis aims to develop one general system dynamics approach which guides new system dynamists during simulation construction, with appropriate verification and validation tests. The approach is referred to as the Loop Stock Transform (LST) and used to translate conceptual system archetype models into mathematical simulations. A mixed research method approach is used to develop the LST consisting of a literature review on model formulation, systems engineering Vee Diagram, two rounds of the Delphi research method and simulations of the four system archetype case studies. The Delphi participant group consists of nine field experts with more than 100 years of combined system dynamics experience. The LST is iteratively evaluated in each Delphi round to improve group agreement levels and the LST method. The Delphi consisted of five Likert scale questions tested for agreement using the statistical Cohen’s Kappa technique. Additional open-ended questions provide more insight into the review, while the content analysis is used to interpret the open questions.
The Cohen’s Kappa value increased from 0.32 to 0.62 (substantial agreement). Only two of five Likert scale question results show support for the method in round one, while in round two, all five question results support the LST. The final LST uniquely adopts the Vee Diagram as a foundational paradigm with 18 different validation and verification testing points. Thereafter, the LST is applied to the Fixes that Fail, Limits to Growth, Eroding Goals and Escalation archetypes. All four simulations verified the unique behaviours and recommendations made by the system archetype literature. Delphi participants especially found the simulations valuable to generate deeper insight and understanding into the different archetypes. However, the participant's concerns relate to the number of steps that the LST has, which can prevent future adoption in the absence of comprehensive learning material. The simulation results show that the adopted systems engineering validation and verification paradigm can reproduce the literature behaviours and insights. The Delphi results reveal overall support of the LST and that the LST can transform conceptual models into mathematical simulations. Future research opportunities include developing learning material, evaluating students’ appetite for the LST, and more practical LST applications.
... Digital fluency, the ability to leverage rapidly changing and evolving technologies, requires competencies beyond what higher education offers today. New topics, blending different teaching and thinking methodologies should be consideredfor instance blending systems thinking, design thinking, future thinking (Gürdür & Törngren, 2018). We have already seen the effect of lacking data privacy, management and quality on a personal/individual level through several scandals and court cases. ...
Future cyber-physical systems (CPS), such as smart cities, collaborative robots, autonomous vehicles or intelligent transport systems, are expected to be highly intelligent, electrified, and connected. This study explores a focal question about how these new characteristics may affect the education and research related to CPS in 2030, the date identified by the United Nations to achieve the Agenda for Sustainable Development. To this end, first, we have conducted a trend spotting activity, seeking to identify possible influencing factors that may have a great impact on the future of CPS education and research.
These factors were clustered in a total of 12 trends – four certainties; namely connectivity, electrification, data and automation – and eight uncertainties; namely intelligence, data ethics, labour market, lifelong learning, higher education, trust in technology, technological development speed, and sustainable development goals.
After that, two of the eight uncertainties are identified and used to construct a scenario matrix, which includes four scenarios. These two uncertainties – the so-called strategic uncertainties – are: fulfilment of sustainable development goals and the nature of the technological development, respectively. These two important uncertainties are considered to build the scenarios due to their potential impact on the research and education of CPS. For instance, sustainable development goals are significant targets for many initiatives, organisations and countries. While 2030 is the deadline to achieve these goals, the relationship between the sustainable development goals related to CPS research and education is not studied well. Similarly, the speed of technological development is seen as a driving force behind future CPS. However, the effect of this speed to CPS research and education environment is not known.
Different outcomes of the chosen two uncertainties are, then, combined with the remaining trends and uncertainties. Consequently, four scenarios are derived. The Terminator scenario illustrates a dystopian future where profit is the driving force behind technological progress and sustainable development goals are not accomplished. In contrast, The Iron Giant scenario represents the successful implementation of the sustainable development goals where technological development is the force behind the accomplishment of these goals. The scenario called Slow Progress represents a future where gradual technological improvements are present, but sustainability is still not seen as concerning the issue. The Humanist scenario illustrates a future where slow technological development is happening yet sustainable development goals are successfully implemented.
Finally, the scenarios are used to initiate discussions by illustrating what the future of research and education could look like and a list of strategies for future CPS research and education environments is proposed. To this end, we invite educators, researchers, institutions and governments to develop the necessary strategies to enable data-orientated, continuous, interdisciplinary, collaborative, ethical, and sustainable research and education by improving digital fluency, advancing digital equality, contributing to new ways of teaching complex thinking, expanding access to learning platforms and preparing next generations to adapt for a rapidly changing future of work conditions.
... ideas based on what they see. However, below the sea level, there is a hidden concept with different levels (root of the iceberg) that can provide an explanation on the reasons of the event (Gürdür and Törngren, 2018). Translating the metaphor into the SD language, the patterns of the system over time is the visible event that usually has a more complex behaviour over time (first level). ...
... Then, the mental model is the third and deeper level of the system understanding, or else the idea (conscious or more often unconscious) through which the actors approach the system. (Gürdür and Törngren, 2018). ...
The scope of the Deliverable 6.3 is to provide a concrete analysis of the behaviour of the System Dynamics (SD) model on the European Cohesion Policy (CP) system in the context of the PERCEIVE project. The model was already presented in the Deliverables 6.1 (qualitative model) and 6.2 (quantitative model). Focusing on the two subsystems under study, namely the funds’ absorption and general public awareness, the behavioural analysis includes both: (i) quantitative sensitivity analyses of the model’s parameters on the simulation results, (ii) and qualitative insights based on real data, the model’s structure and the outcomes of the quantitative analysis.
Software companies have been using Design Thinking (DT) as a user-centered design approach, putting the user at the center of the software development process. In this article, we report a Systematic Mapping Study to investigate the use of DT in software development. We evaluated 127 papers from 2010 to 2021. We analyzed how DT is integrated in software development, what are the models and techniques, what are the criteria used for selecting DT techniques, and what are the key points that DT practitioners should be aware of when using DT. As a result, we identified 3 strategies to integrate DT in software development, 16 models, and 85 techniques. We also found that the selection of techniques is related to the models’ working spaces being performed, and identified 7 criteria used for selecting DT techniques. Furthermore, we summarized 16 key points that DT practitioners should pay attention when using DT, and we proposed 4 takeaways for applying DT in software development Thus, our study contributes to DT practitioners by providing information to be used either as a starting point, or to integrate it into activities already performed by teams, or as a strategy to foster changes in the entire organization’s mindset.
When combined with information and communication technologies and powerful data analytic algorithms such as artificial intelligence, digital twins enable organisations to conserve physical resources. This applies both during the design phase and when performing diagnostic and predictive analyses during operations. These abilities bring significant opportunities to the infrastructure industry to develop new ways of designing, constructing, operating and monitoring infrastructure at a time when much of the world’s civil infrastructure is ageing and showing signs of deterioration. This study aims to find out how digital twins can help the infrastructure industry to deliver and operate sustainable and smart infrastructure assets. This paper presents an overview of digital twin definitions, current practices, benefits and challenges through a series of semi-structured expert interviews with executives from the UK infrastructure industry. Additionally, it suggests a series of strategies to aid digital transformation and digital twin adoption in the industry. Results from the interviews illustrated that the executives involved in digital transformation in the infrastructure industry are very well aware of the definitions, benefits and challenges of digital twins. In general, they understand the value of digital transformation and specifically digital twins. They know the reasons behind the need for transforming the industry and adopting data-driven concepts such as digital twins. Moreover, the executives interviewed as part of this study mentioned common challenges across different infrastructure domains. The strategies presented are focused on addressing these three main challenges identified and agreed upon by the participants – culture, technology adoption and lack of a skilled workforce. The three main strategies, addressing digital transformation (1), cultural transformation (2) and bridging the skills gap (3), are explained later in this paper. The article concludes by underlining the importance of creating equal opportunities for the current workforce to improve their digital fluency and skillset by providing information about the benefits of digital twins throughout the sector and organisations to improve adoption and the realisation of benefits.
