Design of the light box that was tailored to measure bio eld therapy from the hands of practitioners. The practitioner placed their hands through the cutouts, within the elevated wooden tray and underneath the cell plate tray. The cells lay on the cell plate tray. The PMT box houses the PMT (not shown); the cables thread through the upper window aps. The schematic details the connection of the PMT via the counting unit to the laptop PC. All measurements are in millimeters.

Contexts in source publication

Context 1

... conical encased the cell plates lying on the mesh and aligned them directly under the PMT separated by a distance of 76 mm. Figure 1 is a photograph and a schematic of the light box. The practitioner placed their hands through the sleeve and the two box cutouts, positioning their hands under the nylon mesh of the tray, palms up, facing the cells. ...

Context 2

... rst scienti c engineer, Archimedes of Syracuse (born in 287 ), described his method of approximating ! in his treatise On the Measurement of a Circle. In this he demonstrated that a circle can be closely approximated arbitrarily by an inscribed or circumscribed regular polygon, as in Figure 1 below with inscribed and circumscribed hexagons. ...

Context 3

... perimeter (as calculated above) is 12 sin "6. By comparison of the perimeter of the hexagon with the circumference of the interpolating circle we have or Figure 1. The Greek method of calculating . ...

Context 4

... itself does not undermine the second lawó in fact, it relies upon itó but when two or more epicatalysts operate upon the same gas in the same closed vessel, thermodynamic paradoxes can arise. Consider Figure 1, which depicts a cavity within which dimer gas A 2 circulates between two epicatalytic surfaces (S1 and S2). The gas A 2 preferentially dissociates on S1 (A 2 + ∆E −→ 2A, where ∆E is the dissociation energy for A 2 ), and then desorbs as two A atoms into the gas phase. ...

Context 5

... and most critical to this study, the temperatures of S1 and S2 can be distinct. For the scenario pictured in Figure 1, one has T 2 > T 1 because S1 preferentially dissociates A 2 , thereby cooling, while S2 preferentially recombines 2A into A 2 , garnering thermal energy, and therefore heats. This ëequilibrium' is peculiar from the viewpoint of standard thermodynamics, which demands that closed systems like this settle down to a single temperature. ...

Context 6

... The opportunities for lasing are so ubiquitous that it is said that strawberry jam (or a solution of it) could be made to lase. For example, in the ETD (Figure 1), the second law guarantees the operation of the heat engine by which its violation is consummated. ...

Context 7

... of them was of a medical student who, in addition to having seen a patient, played the piano, played cards, and did anatomical drawings while he was in his somnambulistic state (A, 1869). Many cases of somnambulistic behavior became well-known, such as that of American Rachel Baker (born 1794) (Figure 1), who preached to audiences about moral and religious topics with no recollection of her actions Figure 1). "This modest damsel," wrote a commentator about her case, "falls into a devotional exercise as soon as she loses her consciousness" (Mais, 1814, p. 6). ...

Context 8

... of them was of a medical student who, in addition to having seen a patient, played the piano, played cards, and did anatomical drawings while he was in his somnambulistic state (A, 1869). Many cases of somnambulistic behavior became well-known, such as that of American Rachel Baker (born 1794) (Figure 1), who preached to audiences about moral and religious topics with no recollection of her actions Figure 1). "This modest damsel," wrote a commentator about her case, "falls into a devotional exercise as soon as she loses her consciousness" (Mais, 1814, p. 6). ...

Context 9

... mesmerist reported the case of a "magnetized" woman who referred to herself using a di erent name than usual, saying she was a di erent individual (Lang, 1843, pp. 95ñ96, 108). In addition, there were occasional reports of communications from the deceased (e.g., Lausanne, 1816, pp. 12ñ14). Louis Alphonse Cahagnet (1809ñ1885) presented many accounts of the spiritual world and of encounters with spiritual entities narrated by his mesmerized subjects in his MagnÈ tisme: Arcanes de la Vie Future DÈ voilÈ s ...

Context 10

... his view some mediums, in the state of trance, completely have the appearance of somnambules or of hypnotized subjects; and, 560 Carlos S. Alvarado in fact, one can observe in them all the degrees between a kind of hemisomnambulism, as Mr. Richet well named the state of mediums who were awake, and the state of complete somnambulism. (HÈ ricourt, 1889, p. 265) Conscious mediums feel, wrote HÈ ricourt, that the medium's writing is produced by a deceased spirit. It is a real foreign personality to the conscious medium, but one in which the unconscious mind communicates to the conscious mind without the latter's awareness. ...

Context 11

... French physician who contributed to ideas about mediumship and dissociation was Ambroise August LiÈ beault (1823ñ1904) (Figure 10), well-known for his in uence on the Nancy school of hypnosis through his psychotherapeutic use of suggestion (on LiÈ beault, see Carrer, 2002, andGauld, 1992, pp. 319ñ324). ...

Context 12

... psychologist Alfred Binet (1857ñ1911) (Figure 11), is well-known for his studies of hypnosis, intelligence, and other topics (on Binet, see Alvarado, 2010;Nicolas & Ferrand, 2002;T. H. Wolf, 1973). ...

Context 13

... philosopher Julian Ochorowicz (1850ñ1917) (Figure 12) was a philosopher and psychologist of many interests, including hypnotism and psychical research (Hess, 2018;Weaver, 2019). Among other things, he was an inventor, published on mental suggestion and physical mediumship (e.g., Ochorowicz, 1887Ochorowicz, , 1910, and was also interested in unusual mental states, such as dissociation. ...

Context 14

... psychologist Th!odore Flournoy (1854ñ 1920) ( Figure 13) became well-known for his studies of mediumship and various psychological phenomena (see Alvarado et al., 2014;ClaparË de, 1921). In an early paper, "GenË se de Quelques PrÈ tendus Messages Spirites," Flournoy (1899) explained cases of mediumship via the "medium's subconscious imagination, working on recollections or latent concerns" (Flournoy, 1899, p. 144). ...

Context 15

... an early paper, "GenË se de Quelques PrÈ tendus Messages Spirites," Flournoy (1899) explained cases of mediumship via the "medium's subconscious imagination, working on recollections or latent concerns" (Flournoy, 1899, p. 144). Flournoy concluded the paper stating that in healthy and normal persons the psychological state may be a ected by mediumship, producing simulations of communications from spirits, being instead "the results of the subliminal operation of the ordinary faculties of the subject" (Flournoy, 1899, p. 158). The powers of this subconscious imagination, he wrote in a di erent paper, were able to "attain a degree of complexity and extension in no way di erent from the compositions and re exions of the thinker and the novelist" (Flournoy, 1897, p. 419). ...

Context 16

... concluded the paper stating that in healthy and normal persons the psychological state may be a ected by mediumship, producing simulations of communications from spirits, being instead "the results of the subliminal operation of the ordinary faculties of the subject" (Flournoy, 1899, p. 158). The powers of this subconscious imagination, he wrote in a di erent paper, were able to "attain a degree of complexity and extension in no way di erent from the compositions and re exions of the thinker and the novelist" (Flournoy, 1897, p. 419). ...

Context 17

... the now classic study From India to the Planet Mars: A Study of a Case of Somnambulism, Flournoy (1900) focused on HÈ lË ne Smith (pseudonym for Catherine … li se M¸llerM¸ller [1861ñ1929]), a medium who showed various automatisms and who became well-known about her communications involving planet Mars, including a Martian language, and previous lives in India and in France. 21 Various communicators manifested through Smith, among them Victor Hugo, Marie Antoinette, and Leopold, who claimed to be Giuseppe Balsamo, the famous Cagliostro. ...

Context 18

... years of puberty showed a "wildness of . . . dreams and automatisms, which were symptoms of a tendency to mental disintegration" (Flournoy, 1900, p. 33). ...

Context 19

... spirit personalities and "romances" by the medium were considered to be produced via the enormous suggestibility and auto-suggestibility of mediums, which render them so sensitive to all the in uences of spiritistic reunions, and are so favorable to the play of those brilliant subliminal creations in which, occasionally, the doctrinal ideas of the surrounding environment are re ected together with the latent emotional tendencies of the medium herself. (Flournoy, 1900, p. 443) One of the communicators, Leopold, was seen by the medium, but also wrote automatically, producing di erent calligraphy than the medium (Figure 14), a phenomenon recorded from the early days of Spiritualism (e.g., Edmonds & Dexter, 1853, Appendix A). Leopold's communications, considered by Flournoy to originate from "that deep and delicate sphere in which we so o en encounter the roots of hypnoid phenomena" (Flournoy, 1900, p. 91), were seen as a function of the interaction between the spiritistic context of the sÈ ance and the medium's suggestibility. ...

Context 20

... spirit personalities and "romances" by the medium were considered to be produced via the enormous suggestibility and auto-suggestibility of mediums, which render them so sensitive to all the in uences of spiritistic reunions, and are so favorable to the play of those brilliant subliminal creations in which, occasionally, the doctrinal ideas of the surrounding environment are re ected together with the latent emotional tendencies of the medium herself. (Flournoy, 1900, p. 443) One of the communicators, Leopold, was seen by the medium, but also wrote automatically, producing di erent calligraphy than the medium (Figure 14), a phenomenon recorded from the early days of Spiritualism (e.g., Edmonds & Dexter, 1853, Appendix A). Leopold's communications, considered by Flournoy to originate from "that deep and delicate sphere in which we so o en encounter the roots of hypnoid phenomena" (Flournoy, 1900, p. 91), were seen as a function of the interaction between the spiritistic context of the sÈ ance and the medium's suggestibility. ...

Context 21

... theorist stated: "It is undeniable that the tendency of mediumship is to unhinge the mind, to destroy the mental balance, and o en to produce the worst forms of insanity" (Hudson, 1893, p. 329). For overviews of pathological ideas about mediumship, see Alvarado (2018a), Alvarado and Zingrone (2012), and Le MalÈ fan (1999). ...