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Design of a quantum-like experiment (application to Benveniste's experiments). The quantumlike object (cognitive state A of the experimenter) is ''measured'' through two successive noncommuting observables (h = 0), which are mathematical operators. The first observable (''labels'') splits the state of the cognitive state A into two orthogonal (independent) states (''inactive'' and ''active'' labels). Each of these two states is split by the second observable (''concordance of pairs'') into two new orthogonal states, concordant pairs and discordant pairs. If the events inside the box are not measured or observed, the system is in a superposition of states. If the events inside the box are measured, then, classical probabilities apply because we have to take into account the information obtained on the path (consequently, there is no superposition of the initial ''path''). The probabilities for the concordance of pairs are different according to the quantum or classic probabilities. Indeed, quantum probabilities are calculated as the square of sum of the probability amplitudes of paths. Classical probabilities are calculated as the sum of squares of the probability amplitudes of paths. Interferences of the two initial paths (in area with dashed line) are possible with the probability amplitudes (quantum probabilities) but not with probabilities (classical probabilities)
Source publication
The “memory of water” was a major international controversy that remains unresolved. Taken seriously or not, this hypothesis leads to logical contradictions in both cases. Indeed, if this hypothesis is held as wrong, then we have to explain how a physiological signal emerged from the background and we have to elucidate a bulk of coherent results. I...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... calculations for the different classical and quantum probabilities are summarized in Fig. 3. Quantum probabilities are calculated as the square of the sum of probability amplitudes and classical probabilities (in case of measurement/ observation of the first observable by the type-1 observer) are obtained as the sum of the squares of all probability ...
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Citations
... The reason behind this idea failing to convince the community was that it was thought that the experiment was against our knowledge on the physics of water, and other teams failed to reproduce the same experiment. Readers are referred to [17] for insight on the counter evidences. The same paper [17] gave a new direction as to the controversy and explained why the experiments could not reproduce the results: "that the outcomes of these experiments were related to quantum-like interference of the cognitive states of the experimenter". ...
... Readers are referred to [17] for insight on the counter evidences. The same paper [17] gave a new direction as to the controversy and explained why the experiments could not reproduce the results: "that the outcomes of these experiments were related to quantum-like interference of the cognitive states of the experimenter". Therefore, a quantum-like probabilistic model would allow to describe how the experiments were carried out. ...
... The prototype was tested over a real-world dataset of large genome databases. The dataset is available at [31] and was already used in DNA-based searchable encryption techniques [17]. The dataset contains 10,000 binary DNA sequences. ...
The security of IoT devices is a major concern that needs to be addressed for their wide adoption. Users are constantly seeking devices that are faster and capable of holding large amounts of data securely. It is purported that water has memory of its own and the ability to retain memory of the substances that are dissolved into it, even after being substantially and serially diluted. It was also observed in the lab setting that the microscopic pattern of water obtained from the same vessel by different people is unique but can easily distinguish those individuals if the same experiment is executed repeatedly. Furthermore, extensive research is already underway that explores the storage of data on water and liquids. This leads to the requirement of taking the security and privacy concerns related to the storage of data on water into consideration, especially when the real-time collection of data related to water through the IoT devices is of interest. Otherwise, the water memory aspect may lead to leakage of the data and, consequently, the data owners identity. Therefore, this article for the first time highlights the security and privacy implications related to water memory and discusses the possible countermeasures to effectively handle these potential threats. This article also presents a framework to securely store sensitive data on water. The proof-of-concept prototype is implemented and tested over a real-world dataset to analyze the feasibility of the proposed framework. The performance analysis yields that the proposed framework can be deployed once data storage on water is widely used.
... From the actual quantities of the BUILD 34 nuclear humane genome it has been shown , following Pérez's studies (Pérez, 2009;, that indeed these supradual logophysics is the case (Rapoport, 2016c), thus providing numerical evidence of their primeval role. This logophysics may be underlying the phenomena of Pavlovian classical conditioned cognition manifesting as reality through the fulfillment of expectations which is attributed to extraordinary discoveries or manifestations that the usual cognitive framework does not allow for but are selfreferentially relived, but however do not allow for a clearcut division of Outside and Inside cognizers and thus an establishment of objectivity if not by infinite regress, a subject of faith which no measurement system can delimit its objective character due to the indivisibility of world and experiencer; for a discussion in terms of empiricsand quantum cognition (Beauvais, 2014). ...
Abstract : We present 1) a novel unified conception of science, cognition and
phenomenology in terms of the Klein Bottle logophysics, 2) as a supradual creative
agency based on self and hetero-reference and multistate logic associated to the
non-orientable topologies of the Möbius strip and Klein Bottle surfaces, 3) related
to the Golden ratio in several areas of biology (particularly genomics), cognition,
perception, physics and music, and the multiple biochemical codes of life , 4)
semiosis and topological folding in the genesis of life , 5) the torsion geometries
and non-orientable topologies, their relation to active time and chronomes,
standing waves and cyclical process, providing an ontology for “chance” and apply
them to 6) human-bodyplan, neurosciences, music cognition, structure and
processes of thinking, particularly Quantum Mechanics, creativity and the logics
of the psyche; 7) a universal principle of self-organization and the genesis of life,
the π-related visual cortex and holography; 8) as an harmonic principle in the
brain’s pattern formation, pattern recognition and morphogenesis, and the
topological paradigm to neuroscience proposing an explanation for the higher
dimensional organization of brain connectomes based on the Klein Bottle as the
metaform for patterns; 9) higher-order cybernetics, ontopoiesis and autopoiesis
in Systems Biology,the psyche’s bi-logic; 10) the supradual nature of
phenomenology, its relation to cosmological cycles, and an examination of the
forceful omission of supraduality in academic philosophy vis-à-vis the foundations
of science and philosophy in ancient Greece; 11) a rebuttal of Dr. Liu et all’s PLOS
article claiming the appearance of Phi in genomes as accidental, in terms of the
supradual ontopoiesis hereby presented and by reviewing several codes of life
discovered by Pérez, which elicit their unity already starting at the level of the periodic table of elements and Life compounds atomic mass; and 12) the Golden
mean in the rituals of whales and the supradual logophysics of social organization
... From the actual quantities of the BUILD 34 nuclear humane genome it has been shown , following Pérez's studies (Pérez, 2009(Pérez, ,2010, that indeed these supradual logophysics is the case (Rapoport, 2016c), thus providing numerical evidence of their primeval role. (This logophysics may be underlying the phenomena of Pavlovian classical conditioned cognition manifesting as reality through the fulfillment of expectations which is attributed to extraordinary discoveries or manifestations that the usual cognitive framework does not allow for but are self-referentially relived, but however do not allow for a clearcut division of Outside and Inside cognizers and thus an establishment of objectivity if not by infinite regress, a subject of faith which no measurement system can delimit its objective character due to the indivisibility of world and experiencer; for a discussion in terms of empiricsand quantum cognition see (Beauvais, 2014). As already said, the logic of creativity is selfreferential and supradual at that. ...
Abstract : We present 1) a novel unified conception of science, cognition and phenomenology in terms of the Klein Bottle logophysics, 2) as a supradual creative agency based on self and hetero-reference and multistate logic associated to the non-orientable topologies of the Moebius strip and Klein Bottle surfaces, 3) the Golden ratio in several areas of biology (particularly genomics), cognition, perception, physics and music, and the multiple biochemical codes of life ; 4) semiosis and topological folding in the génesis of life ; 5) the torsion geometries and non-orientable topologies, and apply them to 6) human-bodyplan, neurosciences, music cognition, structure and processes of thinking, particularly Quantum Mechanics, creativity and the logics of the psyche; 7) a universal principle of self-organization and the genesis of life, the π-related visual cortex and holography; 8) as an harmonic principle in the brain’s pattern formation, pattern recognition and morphogenesis, and the topological paradigm to neuroscience; 9) higher-order cybernetics, ontopoiesis and autopoiesis in Systems Biology,the psyche’s bi-logic; 10) a rebuttal of Dr. Liu et all’s PLOS article claiming the appearance of Phi in genomes as accidental, in terms of the supradual ontopoiesis hereby presented and by reviewing several codes of life discovered by Pérez, which elicit their unity already starting at the level of the periodic table of elements and Life compounds atomic mass; and 11) the Golden mean in the rituals of whales.
... I described these experiments in details in a book [23] (now translated into English [10]), more particularly the experiments that were designed as proofs of concept. Then I tempted to decipher the logic of these experiments in a series of articles [21,[24][25][26][27]. The purpose of these articles was also to show that these results were consistent and deserved to be considered from a fresh point of view, even though the price to pay was an abandon of the initial hypothesis (namely, a molecular-like effect without molecules). ...
Background:
Benveniste's biology experiments suggested the existence of molecular-like effects without molecules ("memory of water"). In this article, it is proposed that these disputed experiments could have been the consequence of a previously unnoticed and non-conventional experimenter effect.Methods:A probabilistic modelling is built in order to describe an elementary laboratory experiment. A biological system is modelled with two possible states ("resting" and "activated") and exposed to two experimental conditions labelled "control" and "test", but both are biologically inactive. The modelling takes into account not only the biological system, but also the experimenters. In addition, an outsider standpoint is adopted to describe the experimental situation.Results:A classical approach suggests that, after experiment completion, the "control" and "test" labels of biologically-inactive conditions should both be associated with the "resting" state (i.e., no significant relationship between labels and system states). However, if the fluctuations of the biological system are also considered, a quantum-like relationship emerges and connects labels and system states (analogous to a biological "effect" without molecules).Conclusions:No hypotheses about water properties or other exotic explanations are needed to describe Benveniste's experiments, including their unusual features. This modelling could be extended to other experimental situations in biology, medicine, and psychology.
... I described these experiments in details in a book [23] (now translated in English [10]), more particularly the experiments that were designed as proofs of concept. Then I tempted to decipher the logic of these experiments in a series of articles [21,[24][25][26][27]. The purpose of these articles was also to show that these results were consistent and deserved to be considered from a fresh point of view, even though the price to pay was an abandon of the initial hypothesis (namely, a molecular-like effect without molecules). ...
Background: Benveniste’s biology experiments suggested the existence of molecular-like effects without molecules (“memory of water”). In this article, it is proposed that these disputed experiments could have been the consequence of a previously unnoticed and non-conventional experimenter effect. Methods: A probabilistic modelling is built in order to describe an elementary laboratory experiment. A biological system is modelled with two possible states (“resting” and “activated”) and exposed to two experimental conditions labelled “control” and “test”, but both biologically inactive. The modelling takes into account not only the biological system, but also the experimenters. In addition, an outsider standpoint is adopted to describe the experimental situation. Results: A classical approach suggests that, after experiment completion, the “control” and “test” labels of biologically-inactive conditions should be both associated with “resting” state (i.e. no significant relationship between labels and system states). However, if the fluctuations of the biological system are also considered, a quantum-like relationship emerges and connects labels and system states (analogous to a biological “effect” without molecules). Conclusions: No hypotheses about water properties or other exotic explanations are needed to describe Benveniste’s experiments, including their unusual features. This modelling could be extended to other experimental situations in biology, medicine and psychology.
... 1 This type of resonance between electromagnetic signals (EMSs) and water molecules is theorized to induce arranged structure in water that is then referred as coherence domain (CD). 2 In addition, it was already reported that the quantum electrodynamic concept of living matter may explain how water resonance enables the aqueous system to ''record'' information in an efficient and long-lasting manner. 3 Basically, this peculiar property of ''structured water,'' or in some literature called ''memory of water,'' remained a major international controversy because of the difficulties to reproduce the results by other teams. 3 For example, it was found that the emitting EMSs are transmissible from a tube that contains an emitter DNA dilution to another tube that is filled with ''naive'' water. ...
... 3 Basically, this peculiar property of ''structured water,'' or in some literature called ''memory of water,'' remained a major international controversy because of the difficulties to reproduce the results by other teams. 3 For example, it was found that the emitting EMSs are transmissible from a tube that contains an emitter DNA dilution to another tube that is filled with ''naive'' water. 4 Very weak natural EMSs at extremely low frequency (ELF) range are generated in the earth ionosphere cavity. ...
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of transmitting the "ampicillin" growth inhibitory property to pure sterile water.
Design:
Three control groups were designed as references of bacterial maximal growth (MG). Different concentrations of ampicillin and pure sterile water used as "positive" and "negative" controls, respectively, and the bacterial cultures supplemented with water that merely exposed to the background carrier waves were set as "sham control".
Settings:
The electronic characteristic of the ampicillin solution relayed to the water and then it was added to the bacterial culture medium. By this treatment, water received both the carrier wave and ampicillin electronic properties at 1-105 Hz range.
Results:
When the MG of the "treated water" and "positive control" dilutions is getting normalized against either sham or negative control, the treated water competently imitates ampicillin in a way that there is no significant difference with the positive control. These results will be affected to some extent by the time of electronic transmission and the inoculation concentration of bacterial culture. Comparison of electromagnetic signal patterns of "treated water" with the "positive control" shows that they are more similar to each other rather than negative control.
Conclusion:
It is believed that the extremely low frequencies can facilitate electronic transmission of ampicillin supramolecular chemistry into water. Imprinting such a property in water could be the result of durable structural configuration in treated water.
... Das war der direkte Versuch, die Hypothese von Francis Beauvais umzusetzen [34][35][36]. Francis Beauvais war ein Mitarbeiter und Kollege von Jacques Benveniste. In seinen Publikationen analysiert er das Scheitern des Benveniste'schen Programms, das «Gedächtnis des Wassers» oder später der «digital biology» zu beweisen. ...
... In the modeling of Benveniste's experiments, the role of the slits A and B is played by the labels IN and AC. In a previous article, this analogy with the self-interference of a single photon has been depicted in detail [26]. ...
... success A success AC (26) The "paths" IN and AC are distinguishable in the initial position; indeed, if "success" is observed, then the probability of "path" IN is equal to one and the probability of "path" AC is equal to zero. In contrast, in a stable position, the "paths" become indistinguishable with probability equal to 1/2 for each label. ...
The case of the “memory of water” was an outstanding scientific controversy of the end of the twentieth century which has not been satisfactorily resolved. Although an experimenter effect has been proposed to explain Benveniste’s experiments, no evidence or convincing explanation supporting this assumption have been reported. One of the unexplained characteristics of these experiments was the different outcomes according to the conditions of blinding. In this article, an original probabilistic modeling of these experiments is described that rests on a limited set of hypotheses and takes into account measurement fluctuations. All characteristics of these disputed results can be described, including their “paradoxical” aspects; no hypothesis on changes of water structure is necessary. The results of the disputed Benveniste’s experiments appear to be a misinterpreted epiphenomenon of a more general phenomenon. Therefore, this reappraisal of Benveniste’s experiments suggests that these results deserved attention even though the hypothesis of “memory of water” was not supported. The experimenter effect remains largely unexplored in biosciences and this modeling could give a theoretical framework for some improbable, unexplained or poorly reproducible results.
... Indeed, the important issue is to decipher the logic of these experiments that tell us a coherentbut paradoxicalstory. The thesis that we defend is that water does not play any role in these experiments [14]. First, there was a circular reasoning in the usual description of these experiments: 1) modifications of water induced changes of a biological model and 2) biological changes were the consequence of modifications in water structure. ...
... This first step has been previously described and will be briefly summarized [14]. Appendix 1 provides details of the calculations. ...
Benveniste’s experiments have been the subject of an international scientific controversy (known as the case of the “memory of water”). We recently proposed to describe these results in a modeling in which the outcome of an experiment is considered personal property (named cognitive state) of the observer and not an objective property of the observed system. As a consequence, the correlations between “expected” results and observed results in Benveniste’s experiments could be considered the consequence of quantum-like interferences of the possible cognitive states of the experimenters/observers.
In the present paper, we evidence that small random fluctuations from the environment together with intersubjective agreement force the “expected” results and the observed results experienced by the observers into a noncommuting relationship. The modeling also suggests that experimental systems with enough compliance (e.g., biological systems) are more suitable to evidence quantum-like correlations. No hypothesis related to “memory of water” or other elusive modifications of water structure is necessary.
In conclusion, a quantum-like interpretation of Benveniste’s experiments offers a logical framework for these experiments that have remained paradoxical to now. This quantum-like modeling could be adapted to other areas of research for which there are issues of reproducibility of results by other research teams and/or suspicion of nontrivial experimenter effect.
Introduction
Fundamental research into the scientific basis of the manufacture of ultra-high dilutions and their working in applications has evolved over the past twenty years since our last critical analysis of the field was published in 1994 [1]. New contenders from the realm of physics (entanglement, non-locality) have entered the scene. The vast majority within the community of the application of ultra-high dilutions are not physicists. This paper attempts to elucidate the concepts of entanglement, non-locality and their application in ultra-high dilution research (UHD).
Method
A selected study on the activity of fundamental research into UHD is performed to gain insight into trends of development activity of fundamental research in this area. In an attempt to nurture further development of theoretical models in fundamental research in UHD, an attempt is made to made recent theoretical concepts more accessible to the larger community including practitioners, policy makers and beneficiaries of UHD.
Results
Fundamental research in UHD had a period of prolific activity and recognition at the turn of the millennium until about ten years ago. Since then, research output as well as its recognition receded sharply suggesting that a period of reflection and consolidation may be in progress.
Conclusion
The study and the knowledge gained from more recent theoretical models in UHD and entanglement suggest that there may be some benefit in stocktaking of what we really know about the fundamental workings of UHD as well as identifying or developing models that include measurable predictors that go beyond metaphorical descriptors.
