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Descriptive statistics.

Descriptive statistics.

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This paper shows that railroad building in Russia, as in Europe and the US in the nineteenth century, improved the value of land, a classic benefit of transportation investment in largely agrarian countries. From a database constructed for this paper, we use cross-sectional data for the fifty European Russian regions to show the association of the...

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Context 1
... report descriptive statistics for the key variables used in Table 1. The sales price of one desiatina of land in the Western part of Russia in 1900 was about 81 rubles. ...
Context 2
... report descriptive statistics for the key variables used in Table 1. The sales price of one desiatina of land in the Western part of Russia in 1900 was about 81 rubles. ...

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Citations

... The two main elements of this system are a food surplus in the plains surrounding the Black Sea Basin and food demand in the Mediterranean Region. This structure was discovered and developed by the ancient Greeks and it lasted, with some interruptions, until the end of the empire of the Russian Tsars 13,66,67 . With the collapse of Romanov Russia, food exports from Eastern Europe disappeared from the market, and the Soviet regime was not able to achieve a stable and lasting self-sufficiency in food. ...
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Charting the long-term trends in European wheat and maize yields and harvested areas and the relation of yields to climatic and economic drivers, two profound spatial processes become apparent. One consequence of the relatively late modernization of Eastern Europe has been to shift the focus of grain production from West to East. The warming trend prevailing over the past decades in the summer and winter seasons has been accompanied by a South to North shift in the harvested areas. The combination of these two processes has meant that the north-eastern sector of the European grain chessboard has emerged as the main benefciary. There, the relatively low sensitivity of cereals to climatic change plus high economic growth rates have been accompanied by the most dynamic increases in cereal yields on the continent. As a result, a modern version of the 3000-year-old grain distribution system of the Ancient World is being restored before our eyes. One noteworthy finding is that increasing January–March temperatures have had a significant positive impact on wheat yields from Northern to South-Eastern Europe, and this is, at least in part, compensating for the negative impact of summer warming.