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Descriptive statistics, t-statistics, and Cohen’s D comparing Latino and Non-Latino participants on IES-R scales
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Violent acts on university campuses are becoming more frequent. Enrollment rates of Latinos at universities is increasing. Research has indicated that youths are more susceptible to trauma, particularly Latinos. Thus, it is imperative to evaluate the validity of commonly used posttraumatic stress measures among Latino college students. The Impact o...
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There have been large, recent increases in the number of children and families migrating from Central America to the U.S. to escape regional cartel and gang violence. The rate of trauma exposure in recently immigrated youth from Central America is therefore alarmingly high and current trauma symptom measures have not been evaluated for use in this...
Citations
... According to Ukrainian [14] and foreign specialists [26,27], early diagnosis of negative mental reactions and states [28], post-stress states, and determination of a group of increased psychological attention among personnel gave the possibility to identify servicemen with low personal adaptive potential and high probability of early and severe manifestations of combat psychological traumas [29] and its consequences [30]; also gave the possibility to create individual tactics and methods of prevention and restoration of each surveyed serviceman. To solve the problem of diagnosis of negative mental reactions and states of servicemen, it was suggested to use the following psychodiagnostic tools: "The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) ", "Brief Scale of Anxiety, Depression, and PTSD", "The Montgomery-Asberd Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)" [31], "Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)" [32], "Primary Screening for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)", "Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD" (Keane, Caddell, and Taylor) [18], "Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R)" [33], "Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9" [34], "Clinical-administered PTSD Scale" [35], "Neurotization and Psychopathization (LNP) questionnaire" [14] and others. As an additional diagnostic tool, at the request of a psychologist, there was used the method "The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R)" [36] to diagnose the suicidal inclinations of servicemen. ...
"The article shows the development of the method of psychological evaluation called “Evaluation of Negative Mental Reactions and States of Combatants”. In the study participated 1300 male servicemen (29.84% from junior lieutenant to colonel and servicemen under contract and demobilized, and 70.16% from private to senior warrant officer). The age of participants varied from 20 to 55 years. The system of evaluation developed consisted of 16 instruments that could help to determine the presence of negative psychological symptoms of servicemen related to their participation in hostilities. The results indicated that the evaluation method developed is a tool that allows determining the presence of negative psychological symptoms related to participation in combat. Likewise, it is a useful and fast method to assess the effectiveness of short-term psychological recovery programs. Unlike existing methods of diagnosing negative mental reactions and states of an individual, which arose after their participation in hostilities, the developed psychodiagnostic toolkit could consider the physical and mental fatigue of the respondents, their deterioration, and other cognitive dysfunctions."
... The scale had 22 items, each of which was divided into 5 grades ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (very severe). The total score was 88, with higher scores indicating more severe parental PTSD [25]. ...
Objectives
Cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) is an effective psychological intervention to relieve psychological and symptomatic distress. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CBSM in anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in parents of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients.
Methods
Totally, 56 pediatric AML patients and 100 parents were randomized into the CBSM group (28 patients and 49 parents) and the normal control (NC) group (28 patients and 51 parents) to receive corresponding interventions for 10 weeks. The questionnaire scores were assessed at month M0, M1, M3, and M6.
Results
In parents of pediatric AML patients, self-rating anxiety scale score at M1 (p = 0.034), M3 (p = 0.010), and M6 (p = 0.003), as well as anxiety at M3 (p = 0.036) and M6 (p = 0.012) were decreased in the CBSM group versus the NC group. Self-rating depression scale score at M3 (p = 0.022) and M6 (p = 0.002), as well as depression at M6 (p = 0.019) were declined in the CBSM group versus the NC group. Symptom checklist-90 (a psychotic status questionnaire) score at M3 (p = 0.031) and M6 (p = 0.019) were declined in the CBSM group versus the NC group. Regarding PTSD, the impact of the events scale-revised score at M3 (p = 0.044) and M6 (p = 0.010) were decreased in the CBSM group versus the NC group. By subgroup analyses CBSM (versus NC) improved all outcomes in parents with anxiety at M0 and depression at M0 (all p < 0.050), but could not affect the outcomes in parents without anxiety or depression at M0 (all p > 0.050).
Conclusion
CBSM reduces anxiety, depression, and PTSD in parents of pediatric AML patients.
... Currently based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), now the PTSD criteria not only include reexperiencing (B) and avoidance (C), but also include negative changes in cognition and mood associated with the traumatic event (D) and hyperarousal (E) (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). The IES-R remains one of the most widely used instruments to assess subclinical post-traumatic stress symptoms (Tiemensma et al., 2018). Recent studies indicate that its factorial structure encompasses a model with five factors that include: intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal, numbing, and sleep disturbance (Braule Pinto et al., 2022;Morina et al., 2010a,b). ...
Introduction
Pandemics have the potential to be considered traumatic event, increasing the risk of developing post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in HealthCare Workers (HCW). However, few longitudinal studies have evaluated the impact of prolonged exposure to the risk imposed by COVID-19. Our aim was to identify subgroups of HCW with profiles of PTSS, how this profile changed during the pandemic and which variables were related to these changes.
Methods
We evaluated the levels of PTSS and psychological distress in a Brazilian HealthCare Workers' sample (n = 1398) in three waves of assessment: from May to June 2020 (Wave 1), December 2020 to February 2021 (Wave 2) and May to August 2021 (Wave 3), using Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to identify subgroups with different profiles of symptms, and then, Latent Transition Analysis (LTA) was applied to examine changes in symptom profiles over time, including gender, psychiatric diagnosis history, and pandemic-related fears as covariates.
Results
two profiles were identified: high-PTSS profile (Wave 1–23%; Wave 2–64% and Wave 3–73%) and a low-PTSS (Wave 1–77%; Wave 2–36% and Wave 3–27%). Being female, fear of contamination, and fearing financial problems were strong predictors of changes in the profile. In addition, the participants had a high probability of being in the high-PTSS in the long run.
Conclusion
These results suggests that targeted interventions can mitigate the impact of pandemic. Providing financial support, and psychological support can be beneficial for those with psychiatric diagnoses and experiencing bereavement.
... Participants are asked to consider a specific stressful life event and how much they were bothered or distressed by each difficulty relating to that event during the past 7 days [84]. The scale has demonstrated suitable assessment invariance as a one-factor scale with both Latino and non-Latino peoples [85,86]. The items are ranked on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 ("Not at all") to 4 ("Extremely"), with a possible total score ranging from 0 to 88, and the cut-off of 33 demonstrates a high risk of PTSD. ...
Background
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are essential resources, and their health and wellbeing are key not only for offering constant and useful care facilities to clients, but also for maintaining the safety of the workforce and patients. The risk of severe mental health problems among HCWs may have increased during large outbreaks of COVID-19. To evaluate the psychosocial status and risk perception of HCWs who participated in treating COVID-19 patients in Northern Iran, we performed a web-based cross-sectional study.
Methods
The web-based cross-sectional design was applied between June 27 and September 2, 2021. Using convenience sampling, 637 HCWs were recruited from hospitals in Northern Iran (Mazandaran). The HCWs completed self-report questionnaires that included a sociodemographic information form, the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, Impact of the Event Scale-Revised, Risk Perception Questionnaire, and Anxiety Stress Scale‐21. The data were analyzed via descriptive and inferential statistics and univariate/multivariate logistic regression to assess the risk factors linked to each psychosocial consequence.
Results
The results reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic had an adverse psychosocial influence on HCWs, which was already apparent 1.5 years after the crisis began. Based on the results, 71.6%, 55.6%, and 32.3% of HCWs reported having anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms, respectively, since the outbreak of this disease. The logistic regression models displayed that marital status, having children, and working hours with patients were all risk factors of psychosocial impairment.
Conclusions
The outbreak of COVID-19 can be considered an important experience of a bio-disaster resulting in a significant rate of psychiatric problems in HCWs. There is a need for designing and promoting supportive programs to help HCWs cope and to improve their psychosocial state, and the present study has detected for whom psychosocial support may be effective and practical 1.5 years after the primary outbreak. Moreover, detecting and managing concerns and reducing infection-related embarrassment/stigma are essential for improving HCWs’ mental health.
... Moreover, in a survey of traumatic stress professionals conducted by Elhai et al. (2005), the IES-R had stood the test of time and was one of the most widely used instruments. Moreover, it holds promise as an instrument for assessing posttraumatic stress in Latinx and Spanish-speaking samples given that (a) it has been previously translated and published in Spanish by Báguena et al. (2001), (b) it has demonstrated measurement invariance across Latinx and non-Latinx participants (Tiemensma et al., 2018), and (c) it has demonstrated validity of scores both in the initial publication (Báguena et al., 2001) as well as in a second Latinx sample by Gargurevich et al. (2009). ...
... Moreover, Latinx samples have been largely excluded from psychometric research with the IES-R, and the translated Spanish version has received little attention. Indeed, measurement invariance among Latinx and non-Latinx participants was established only for the English version (Tiemensma et al., 2018) and factor analytic work done by Gargurevich et al. (2009) was limited to a Peruvian sample that is not necessarily generalizable to other Latinxs. Our aim was to address these limitations by examining the factor structure of the IES-R in a large sample of Spanish-speaking adults, thereby providing information on the factor structure and contributing to the linguistic diversity of the psychometric literature on the IES-R. ...
... Previous confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluations of the IES-R have demonstrated support for factor structures of the IES-R in the form of one to five separate factors. In addition to the original article examining the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the IES-R, two research groups specifically estimated the factor structure of the IES-R in Latinx samples (Báguena et al., 2001;Gargurevich et al., 2009;Tiemensma et al., 2018). Both a unidimensional and the traditional three-factor model of the IES-R VENTA ET AL. ...
Objective: More than 550 million people speak Spanish and, yet, psychometric data on psychological instruments in Spanish lags. Given evidence of significant traumatic exposure and distress among Spanish speakers, the aim of the current study was to examine the factor structure of the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), in a large sample of Spanish-speaking adults. Method: Participants (n = 725) were university students living in Latin America (M = 21.02; SD = 3.12). Most were born in Mexico (77.6%) and the next largest subgroup was from Ecuador (18.9%). Respondents completed the 22-item IES-R. Results: The IES-R mean score was 20.08 (SD = 21.34) and 26.6% of the sample met the cutoff score for clinically significant symptoms. Regarding factor structure, eight different factor structures that have demonstrated a good fit in the extant literature were examined. The one-factor model demonstrated an acceptable fit, χ²(209) = 839.13, p < .0001; root-mean-square error (RMSEA) = 0.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.06, 0.07]; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.91, Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = 0.90. The two-factor model demonstrated good fit, χ²(208) = 746.70, p < .0001; RMSEA = 0.06, 95% CI [0.05, 0.06]; CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.91, and nested model comparisons of the two-factor and one-factor models using the chi-square difference test supported the two-factor model. Conclusions: The most parsimonious of the multifactor models, a two-factor model with Avoidance symptoms as one factor and Intrusions and Hyperarousal combined into a second may be of greatest use for this particular version of the IES-R. The current research demonstrates strong psychometric support for Intrusion/Hyperarousal and Avoidance subscales when measuring traumatic stress in Spanish speakers and underscores the need for culturally and contextually sensitive assessment in this population, in which posttraumatic stress is prevalent.
... Among those that demonstrated good fit (i.e., equivalence in factor loadings) between the two ethnic groups, nonequivalence was detected at the item level. In contrast, in another study using a self-report measure, Tiemensma et al. (2018), assessed measurement invariance for the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (Weiss, 2007) between Latino and non-Latino undergraduate college students, finding equivalence between the two groups. Among studies measuring invariance in semistructured reports, a recent study investigated measurement equivalence of the Clinician-Administered PTSD scale for DSM-IV (CAPS-IV; Blake et al., 1995) between White and racial/ethnic minority women and found differential item functioning (DIF) across avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms clusters (Ruglass et al., 2020). ...
... While both self-report measures and semistructured interview approaches are subject to bias, clinical interview measures are frequently used to assess PTSD, so it is important to expand the research on invariance for such assessments. Although this existing research has important implications, participant samples in these prior studies have frequently been exclusive and limited (e.g., womenonly, Ruglass et al., 2020;Ullman & Long, 2008;veterans, Ceja et al., 2022;Koo et al., 2016;youth, Contractor et al., 2015or undergraduate students, Hoyt & Yeater, 2010Tiemensma et al., 2018), which limits the generalizability of such work. ...
... This instills confidence in the ability to infer past results to a number of demographic groups and that a core approach to assessment and treatment for PTSD can be developed that applies to multiple patient groups. While other studies have found varying results when it comes to bias in PTSD assessment, our use of a comprehensive and representative sample provides strong evidence that is consistent with work that has found minimal bias between groups (e.g., Tiemensma et al., 2018). Within this broad conclusion, providers can use evidencebased adaptations to consider cultural and racial identities during clinical care, which can improve patient-clinician relationships and treatment outcomes (Graham-LoPresti et al., 2017;Helms et al., 2012;Owen et al., 2011). ...
Objective: A growing body of research has emerged to characterize differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom presentations in individuals from diverse racial and ethnic groups. However, less research has examined if these observed differences can be attributed to bias within PTSD assessments. Knowledge about potential bias in PTSD assessment is essential for interpreting group differences. If PTSD assessments do not perform similarly across diverse demographic groups, then observed differences may be artificial products of inaccurate measurement, new assessments could be required for individuals from different demographic groups, and we would be unable to accurately detect PTSD treatment effects in patients from diverse groups. Method: We evaluated PTSD assessment bias through tests of measurement invariance for the semistructured, clinician-administered AUDADIS-5 diagnostic assessment of participants in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Participants included those who reported having experienced at least one potentially traumatic event in their lifetime (N = 23,936). Measurement invariance was assessed for participants who identified from several demographic groups (Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander; Hispanic; American Indian/Alaskan Native; and Black) compared to participants who identified as White (non-Hispanic). Results: Overall, PTSD assessment was largely invariant across groups, while small amounts of measurement invariance were detected that can inform future research and clinical adaptations. Conclusions: This work validates prior research that relies on a common conceptualization of PTSD, and it provides several paths for future improvement in research and clinical practice.
... The IES-R total score ranges from 0 to 88, with a score ≥26 indicating probable stress symptoms in the last week. [18,19] The scale Cronbach's alpha for the study sample was 0.87 for the total scale. ...
Background
Coronavirus outbreak severely affected the psychological health of frontline health-care workers, including nurses. Nurses relatively face many more psychological problems compared to other health-care workers. This study aimed to assess nurses' fear, stress, and anxiety status during the Omicron, a new variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, outbreak in India.
Materials and Methods
This questionnaire survey included 350 frontline nurses working at a tertiary care teaching hospital in North India. The information was collected using the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Nurses working in the hospital since COVID-19 outbreak were included in the study. Appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to compute the results.
Results
Nurses hospitalized after contracting an infection (odds ratio [OR] – 3.492, 95% confidence interval – 1.644–9.442, P < 0.002) and attended training on COVID-19 (OR – 2.644, 95% CI – 1.191–5.870, P < 0.017) reported high distress than their counterparts. Likewise, nurses hospitalized after contracting an infection (β = 3.862, P < 0.001 vs. β = 2.179, P < 0.001) and have no training exposure on COVID-19 management and care (β = 2.536, P = 0.001 vs. β = 0.670, P = 0.039) reported higher fear and anxiety, respectively. Likewise, married participants (β = 1.438, P < 0.036) who lost their friends and colleagues in the pandemic (β = 0.986, P = 0.020) reported being more frightened and anxious.
Conclusions
Participants reported experiencing psychological burdens, especially nurses hospitalized after contracting an infection and who lost their friends and colleagues to COVID-19. High psychological distress may be a potential indicator of future psychiatric morbidity. Authors recommend a variant-specific training to improve nurses' mental health to combat the pandemic.
... It should be also noted that in this situation, young residents may suffer from work-related psychological burdens because they are not well prepared to deal with the corresponding psychological stress. 2 COVID-19 had caused anxiety and fear among the public for its globally devastating effects. Due to the widespread use of social media, fake news about COVID-19 was also spreading rapidly, 4 which increased the fear. ...
Abstract To describe the psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) on young doctors and their job burnout in the Department of Anesthesiology during the initial days of the pandemic and examine their awareness and familiarity with this pneumonia. We conducted a cross‐sectional study in West China Hospital in February 2020. A self‐designed questionnaire was sent to all young doctors working in the department of anesthesiology. Impact of Event Scale‐Revised and Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey were used to evaluate the psychological impact and degree of job burnout. Another questionnaire was conducted to explore the awareness and familiarity of COVID‐19. All participants were divided into five groups according to the time of clinical practice: Postgraduate year (PGY) 0.5 (less than 0.5 year), 0.6–1 (0.6–1 year), 1–2 (1–2 years), 2–3 (2–3 years), 3 (more than 3 years) groups. The results were collected and analyzed subsequently. A total of 188 questionnaires were collected. There were significant differences in distress level between PGY 0.5 and PGY 0.6–1 (17.60 ± 12.53 vs. 12.05 ± 10.65; p = 0.029), and PGY 3 and PGY 0.6–1 (19.92 ± 11.88 vs. 12.05 ± 10.65; p = 0.031). As for job burnout, there were no differences among the five subgroups. Most participants (86.70%) were kept in good working condition, and 25 participants showed a mild level of job burnout. Although all of the respondents had high awareness of the basic elements of COVID‐19, they had little knowledge about the details, such as lab tests, release criteria, and recommended therapy, and this result had no significant difference among the five groups. COVID‐19 had caused a mild level of distress and work burnout in young anesthetists. Most of the participants were not clear about the diagnostic, release criteria, and therapeutic method, which will become key teaching points in the future.
... IES-R total score ranges from 0 to 88; a score of ≥26 indicates probable symptoms of stressful events in the last 1 week. [20,21] The experts in medicine, psychiatry, and nursing were asked to validate the scale with a scale content validity scale (S-CVI) of 0.89 for this study. The scale Cronbach's α for the study sample was 0.90 for the total scale, 0.74 for the avoidance, 0.84 for the intrusive thoughts, and 0.78 for the hyperarousal subscales. ...
Background:
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causes significant psychological distress among nursing students. College-bound nursing students might have preferred different types of coping strategies to deal with psychological distress. This study aims to measure the psychological distress and role of coping styles to mediate the stress level among the baccalaureate nursing students amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
Material and methods:
A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in December 2020 at a nursing college attached to a tertiary care teaching hospital, North India. Nearly 251 baccalaureate nursing students completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (Brief-COPE) scale to report their psychological distress and coping styles, respectively. Chi-square test, independent sample t-test followed by binary and multivariable regression were used to identify the factors associated with distress in students during the pandemic.
Results:
Students' mean age was 22.22 ± 1.24 years. The mean IES-R was 19.59 ± 12.45 in nursing students. Psychological distress found a significant association with age (P = 0.022), academic class (P = 0.016), travel history (P = 0.034), and being positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for COVID-19 status of self (P = 0.018) and family members in the medical profession (P = 0.013). In binary logistic regression, stress level found a significant association with first-year academic level (OR: 3.250, 95% CI: 1.429-7.390, P = 0.005) and family members in the medical profession (OR: 4.44, 95% CI: 1.019-19.382, P = 0.047). Adaptive coping styles were more frequently preferred than maladaptive coping styles (54% vs 41%). Adaptive (r = 0.295, P < 0.001) and maladaptive coping (r = 0.403, P < 0.001) shows a significant positive relationship with stress in students, respectively.
Conclusions:
Coronavirus pandemic causes significant distress among nursing students. Students were able to manage stress using acceptance and religious/spiritual coping strategies. During the pandemic, stress management to support mental health is highly recommended.
... The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) is an expanded version of the IES, with the addition of seven hyperarousal items, consisting of a total of 22 items (Weiss, 2004(Weiss, , 2007. It became one of the most widely used measures to assess subclinical posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS) and PTSD (Tiemensma et al., 2018). Studies with IES-R show evidence of validity in a range of trauma types such as natural disasters (Arnberg et al., 2014;Brunet et al., 2003;Wang et al., 2011), motor vehicle accidents (Beck et al., 2008), substance abuse (Mithoefer et al., 2013;Rash et al., 2008), burn injuries (Sveen et al., 2010), workspace bullying (Malinauskienė & Bernotaitė, 2016), as well as populations, like firefighters (Perrin et al., 2007;Wagner & Waters, 2014), war veterans (Weathers et al., 1993), rescue workers (Neria et al., 2008), families of cancer survivors (Kazak et al., 2004), and police officers (Marmar et al., 1996). ...
... Nonetheless, the current literature shows evidence that a threefactor solution is not the most appropriate (Creamer et al., 2003;Tiemensma et al., 2018;Wagner, 2011). In a further investigation, a sleep disturbance factor was found (Larsson, 2000) with evidence supporting a four-factor model, in which the four confirming subscales were intrusion, avoidance-numbing, hyperarousal, and sleep problems (Gargurevich et al., 2009;King et al., 2009;Wang et al., 2011). ...
... Finally, in relation to the longitudinal invariance of the IES-R five-factor model, our results indicated good model fit indices within 6 months after the first application. Usually, studies on the invariance of IES-R parameters focus on the comparison between groups (Grassi et al., 2021;Tiemensma et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2011); only one study tested for longitudinal invariance (King et al., 2009). Wang et al. (2011) tested the invariance between men and women for the four-factor model. ...
Although the Impact Event Scale–Revised is widely used, its factor structure is still controversial. In addition, its longitudinal measurement invariance (LMI) remains uninvestigated. In this sense, we carried out three studies to investigate its psychometric properties. In Study 1, we evaluated the factorial structure of the scale comparing the different models existing in the literature in Brazilian samples who responded to the instrument during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Study 2, we provide support for a five-factor model throughout convergent validity with psychological distress and sleep problems, and criterion validity between people with diagnostic of mental disorders. Finally, we evaluated the LMI over a 6-month interval. The results indicated that the five-factor model has excellent goodness of fit and holds strict longitudinal invariance. Additionally, internal consistency and stability coefficients indicate that the scale is appropriate to measure posttraumatic stress symptomatology) in nonclinical samples across multiple assessments.
