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In recent years, the use of visualizations or infographics in the news has become increasingly popular. We know, however, surprisingly little about how news consumers use and appreciate news visualizations. We apply a mixed-method approach to answer these two questions. First, we conduct an eye-tracking study that measures use, by means of direct a...
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Context 1
... the survey also shows that aesthetics do play a role. When participants believe the data visualization is more beautiful and interesting, they are also more likely to look at the visualization (see Table 4; r = 0.627, p < 0.001 and r = 0.771, p < 0.001, respectively). ...
Context 2
... who found the visualization attractive also believe that the article and the visualization are easier to understand. Participants who believe that the visual is beautiful and interesting also note that the visual is easy to understand (for correlations, see Table 4). In other words, the form plays a role in the perceived understanding and therefore appreciation of the visualization. ...
Context 3
... the form, the survey data also support the findings that the function of the visualization influences the appreciation of the visualization. The survey shows that people feel they understand the text and visual better when the visual and text are also in accord- ance with each other (see Table 4). ...
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Citations
... The 2024 Presidential Election in Indonesia saw a marked increase in political advertising on social media, with campaigns leveraging these platforms' reach and targeting capabilities to influence voters. However, this has also blurred the lines between political advertisements and news content, complicating users' ability to distinguish between the two [9]. ...
The rise of social media has reshaped political communication, especially on platforms like Instagram, where the distinction between political news and advertisements is increasingly blurred. This study examines the ability of first-time voters in Indonesia to distinguish between these content types and explores the implications for democratic participation using agenda-setting theory. A survey of 100 respondents aged 19-21 revealed significant confusion, with only 39% recognizing that political news should be impartial, and just 19% correctly identifying political advertisements. These findings underscore the risks of misinformed voting due to the blending of editorial content and marketing. The study highlights the need for improved media literacy programs to help young voters critically assess social media content. The research offers novel insights into how agenda-setting theory applies to social media, showing how these platforms not only set the political agenda but also blur content lines, influencing voter perceptions and behaviors.
... Visualization in news communication refers to the production mechanism of organizing news content through organic visual presentation of various data and information based on specific computer-aided functions and artistic design principles [12][13]. Visualization explorations in the pre-digital era were instrumental rather than cultural, and the image elements existed to provide support or evidence for textual information, with visuality taking a secondary role [14][15][16]. ...
The development of artificial intelligence and the rise of online education have accelerated the process of intelligent education, and knowledge tracking is one of the most basic and important tasks. The study introduces the knowledge tracking model into journalism and communication teaching to innovate journalism and communication teaching. A personalized, in-depth knowledge tracking model PKT integrating students’ differences is established, which fully considers the continuous change of students’ abilities in the process of learning and the variability among different individuals and uses the K-means clustering algorithm for dynamic grouping. Based on this model, a smart-adaptive journalism and communication auxiliary teaching system is designed to visualize and analyze students’ learning status of journalism and communication knowledge. The results of the model application show the effectiveness of explicit modeling of students’ abilities in the proposed PKT model, which can better ensure the rationality and interpretability of personalized news communication teaching. In addition, the mean values of students’ satisfaction with the three dimensions of the effectiveness of smart digital news communication teaching, the efficiency of remedial teaching, and satisfaction with the teaching effect are all above 4 points, which can realize the diversity of news communication teaching methods.
... • Accuracy refers to readers having a more correct understanding after viewing the visualization [204] • Aesthetics refers to stronger perceptions regarding aesthetics [101,192] • Attention refers to the brain's process of selecting (visual) information for processing, measured using eyetracking [53]. Yet, attention in the psychological sense would require a more extensive experimental paradigm. ...
... [63] • Recall refers to the amount of correctly recalled information from a visualization. [30,142,204,218] • Reading Experience refers to the reported quality of experience while reading data [112,226] • Usability refers the overall improvement in usability when using storytelling [120,192] • Value refers to the perceived value of the reported data in journalistic contexts [53] 2) Evaluation methods used: Among all the eligible studies we found a variety of different approaches being used to understand storytelling in empirical research. Mixed-method designs are frequently used to better understand the impact of storytelling [53,204]. ...
... [30,142,204,218] • Reading Experience refers to the reported quality of experience while reading data [112,226] • Usability refers the overall improvement in usability when using storytelling [120,192] • Value refers to the perceived value of the reported data in journalistic contexts [53] 2) Evaluation methods used: Among all the eligible studies we found a variety of different approaches being used to understand storytelling in empirical research. Mixed-method designs are frequently used to better understand the impact of storytelling [53,204]. To investigate the impact of storytelling on the user, most studies use lab or field experiments [64,95,204]. ...
... They also reinforce findings in the study by Suraj and Timiyu [2] that readers preferred publications with pictorial rather than textual information. Furthermore, the findings support the results of De Haan, Kruikemeier, Lecheler, Smit, and van der Nat's [1] eye-tracking study that measured the use of direct attention to visualisations on three different news platforms: print newspapers, e-newspapers on tablets, and news websites. Those results showed that news consumers do indeed read news visualisations, regardless of the platforms on which the visuals were published. ...
Nigerian newspapers are consciously adapting to visual design formats in their bid to appeal to consumers. These visual design methods involve the arrangement of page furniture, such as headlines, colour, and nameplates, in a way that is visually attractive and perceptive to the reader. This study sought to discover the current application of colour, headline typefaces, and point sizes, as well as nameplate designs, on four of the nation’s leading daily newspapers: Vanguard, The Punch, Daily Sun, and Leadership, from September 2014 to August 2015. Twenty-four issues of each of these titles were sampled for the study over a period of 12 months, from September 2014 to August 2015. These resulted in a sample frame of 96 issues of the selected newspapers. The population of the four daily newspapers during the period was 1,048, made up of 261 daily issues of Vanguard , 261 issues of The Punch , 263 issues of the Daily Sun, and 263 issues of Leadership . The study which was anchored in the Gestalt theory of visual perception adopted the visual analysis method of research. The methodology was chosen because it addresses a designer’s formal elements, such as visual attributes best explained in the form of colour, line, texture, and size. Data obtained from the sampled newspapers was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20.0. The findings were that each of these newspapers paid attention to the design of its nameplate, printed the front and back pages in colour and applied bold headlines to attract the attention of readers during the period of the study.
... Over the past 10 years, communication science scholars have also used eye-tracking techniques more frequently, experimenting with a variety of eye-tracking indicators (see King et al., 2019 for a thorough discussion). However, hardly any studies have meaningfully used eye-tracking techniques to examine infographics (e.g., de Haan et al., 2018;Majooni et al., 2018), despite the fact that the materials ought to be widely employed in communications literature. More eye-tracking studies are required to deepen and expand our understanding of the fundamental processes involved in reading infographics, for they are the basis for creating effective infographic designs and interventions to help people understand infographics. ...
... A few studies have used eye tracking to explore individuals' infographic reading behaviors (de Haan et al., 2018;Majooni et al., 2018). De Haan et al. (2018 investigated whether news readers employed and appreciated news incorporated with infographics using three approaches: eye tracking, focus groups, and surveys. ...
... A few studies have used eye tracking to explore individuals' infographic reading behaviors (de Haan et al., 2018;Majooni et al., 2018). De Haan et al. (2018 investigated whether news readers employed and appreciated news incorporated with infographics using three approaches: eye tracking, focus groups, and surveys. They found that readers spent far less time on infographics than on text under all conditions. Consequently, they may have acquired only an overall impression rather than detaile ...
We know little about how readers, especially readers with various characteristics, incorporate materials with highly synthesized words and graphs like infographics. We collected eye movements from 95 college students as they read infographics and categorized them into high-/low-score groups based on comprehension scores. Participants initially inspected the word areas that corresponded to the graph areas with the highest perceptual salience. The high-score group showed greater total fixation duration (TFD), TFD ratios of graphs, and transition numbers between words and graphs, indicating more processing of infographics. The low-score group showed greater TFD ratios of words and saccade amplitudes, indicating information-searching behavior.
... Another factor that can determine the success of a data visualization in news reporting is the convenience given to the audience in navigating it through data visualization (de Haan et al., 2018). Although mostly publishing infographics on vaccine and vaccination issues, Katadata.co.id also involved the audience through 23 diagrams/graphs as an interactive dynamic data visualization in 12 'Data Analysis' articles. ...
... The presence of signs such as arrows, changes marked by color, text descriptions, and other cues can also be a factor in the success of a data visualization in news reporting (de Haan et al., 2018). Espeland & Sauder mention the importance of explanatory text in visualization so that it is not multi-interpreted and free-floating from the original context as a combination of numbers and images "in the wild" (Bounegru & Gray, 2021). ...
Data journalism is a new genre in journalism that utilizes data visualization to engage the audience in news reporting. This engagement also provides certainty and minimizes the spread of misinformation regarding the COVID-19 vaccination policy in Indonesia. This study aims to explain how data journalism-based media, which is Katadata.co.id, communicates their news and embodies audience engagement through data visualization. The type of research is content analysis with quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. In quantitative data collection, 49 news titles were searched, which were the results of keyword discovery in January-March 2021 in the “Data Journalism” rubric of Katadata.co.id. The data were coded according to indicators from a multimodal perspective in the concept of ergodic work, which are static information graphs, non-interactive dynamic data visualizations, and interactive dynamic data visualizations. Furthermore, in the qualitative step, the data was analyzed in-depth to explore how Katadata.co.id communicated news about COVID-19 vaccination with the showing and telling models. As a result, the COVID-19 vaccination news on Katadata.co.id also involved the audience in communicating it. In reporting the news, Katadata.co.id uses narrative techniques, which is the instance of narrators technique to characterize the narrative through the presence of news writers, the sequentiality technique to show the movement from one event to another by sliding the pages, the temporal dimension technique to describe the changes over the time with the help of dynamic elements, and tellability techniques to describe the worth-presenting COVID-19 vaccination news.
... Areas of research include, for example, political advertisements (Binford et al., 2021;Marquart, Matthes, & Rapp, 2016;Matthes et al., 2016;Schmuck et al., 2020) and political news in print and on social media (Bode et al., 2017;Dutceac Segesten et al., 2020;Dvir-Gvirsman, 2019;Geise, Heck, & Panke, 2021a;Keib et al., 2018;Leckner, 2012;Sülflow, Schäfer, & Winter, 2019). Studies also assess engagement with protest (Geise, Panke, & Heck, 2021b) and climate change visuals (Sollberger, Bernauer, & Ehlert, 2017) and investigate citizens' visual attention to infographics (Cummins, Gong, & Kim, 2016;de Haan et al., 2018), data visualizations (Greussing, Kessler, & Boomgaarden, 2020), presidential debates (Gong & Bucy, 2016;Sülflow & Maurer, 2019), and candidate images (Coronel & Federmeier, 2016;Coronel, Moore, & deBuys, 2021;Lindholm et al., 2021). Furthermore, a growing body of research addresses readers' perception of multimedia elements on news websites (Haßler, Maurer, & Oschatz, 2019; see also Holsanova, 2014;Scherer et al., 2012), and some studies have explored the usability of eye-tracking in the context of stereotype activation and suppression (Coronel et al., 2021;Matthes et al., 2016). ...
... Relatively few studies have examined how learners process infographics using eye-tracking methodologies (Wu & Liu, submitted;De Haan et al., 2018;Liu et al., 2019). Liu et al. (2019) examined how 52 advanced second-language English learners read an e-book for vocabulary acquisition and comprehension. ...
... They speculated that these learners might consciously avoid attending to the infographics, which would require much more cognitive effort than a sketchy illustration. De Haan et al. (2018) explored how news consumers used and perceived Dutch newspapers, which consisted of articles and infographics on news websites, e-newspapers on tablets, and print newspapers, using eye-tracking, focus groups, and surveys. The results showed that the participants used infographics, but their reading time was much less than that of the articles. ...
Infographics are a new type of reading material comprising textual and visual information that has been used worldwide. Nonetheless, there has been limited research investigating people’s infographic-reading performance and the characteristics of superior readers. This study adopted Chinese texts and infographics as materials and employed eye-tracking technology to assess how working memory and relevant knowledge affected 137 college students’ reading comprehension, as indicated by reading accuracy (ACC), and reading efficiency, which in turn was indicated by reading time (RT) and total fixation duration (TFD). For texts, verbal working memory (VWM) exhibited no effects on individuals’ reading performance; visuospatial working memory (VSWM) exerted positive effects on both ACC and TFD, and participants with higher knowledge demonstrated better ACC. For infographics, higher-VWM participants showed greater ACC, and higher-VSWM participants displayed a longer RT and TFD, though the effect of knowledge was limited. Moreover, a significant interaction effect of VWM and relevant knowledge on the TFD of infographics was observed, indicating that individuals’ prior knowledge or experience might structure schemas in an infographic and then act with VWM to accelerate reading speed. This study improves our understanding of how working memory and relevant knowledge impact the processing of materials with different synthesized levels, and its implications for instruction and research are discussed.
... Eye-tracking glasses are fitted close to the eyes, and users can move their heads as freely as they would like. SMI Eye-tracking Glasses have been used in three reported studies [17,63,68]. There are many commercial eye-trackers available, and Figure 4 illustrates screen-based and glass wear commercial eye-trackers. ...
... Static visual stimuli present image type data that are fixed and do not change rapidly. Static visual stimuli types, such as images [45,67,77,83], static web pages [7,70], mobile key-board [50,58,91,98], google search result [19], news articles [17,20,47,87], and static objects [38,93] have been used in the mobile device eye-tracking studies represented in this corpus. Dynamic visual stimuli represent frequently changing visual data, such as videos and moving objects on the mobile screen. ...
... Dunaway et al. [20] have used eye-tracking to capture the human attention for news when reading on a mobile device and proved that mobile applications related news readings have considerably higher attention compared to mobile browser-related news readings. De Haan et al. [17] have conducted a mobile-device eye-tracking study to obtain accurate information on how people use data visualization on e-newspapers. ...
Eye-tracking provides invaluable insight into the cognitive activities underlying a wide range of human behaviours. Identifying cognitive activities provide valuable perceptions of human learning patterns and signs of cognitive diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, autism. Also, mobile devices have changed the way that we experience daily life and become a pervasive part. This systematic review provides a detailed analysis of mobile device eye-tracking technology reported in 36 studies published in high ranked scientific journals from 2010 to 2020 (September), along with several reports from grey literature. The review provides in-depth analysis on algorithms, additional apparatus, calibration methods, computational systems, and metrics applied to measure the performance of the proposed solutions. Also, the review presents a comprehensive classification of mobile device eye-tracking applications used across various domains such as healthcare, education, road safety, news and human authentication. We have outlined the shortcomings identified in the literature and the limitations of the current mobile device eye-tracking technologies, such as using the front-facing mobile camera. Further, we have proposed an edge computing driven eye tracking solution to achieve the real-time eye tracking experience. Based on the findings, the paper outlines various research gaps and future opportunities that are expected to be of significant value for improving the work in the eye-tracking domain.
... Learning about these topics would benefit from the use of visual aids to reinforce understanding of the relationship that exists with the molecular structure and function of each biomolecule. It has been shown that complex concepts are comprehended more efficiently and effectively by using both text and visual aids when compared with just text [3,4]. The means by which to encourage visual active learning was inspired by the website Compound Interest, produced by Andy Brunning, which stores chemistry-focused infographics about products and items encountered in everyday life as well as infographics on SARS-CoV-2 and RNA viruses, the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines, testing and the importance of handwashing [5,6]. ...
The present paper addresses a case study on the implementation of an online learning exercise utilising infographics in undergraduate Biochemistry and General Chemistry courses at the University of Roehampton (UoR) and Hostos Community College (HCC) of the City University of New York (CUNY). Students at UoR were asked to create infographics on topics related to the four major classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, and these infographics were shared with HCC students in an active learning exercise which incorporated peer evaluation and feedback. We highlight the various teaching and learning strategies, as well as the challenges related to the implementation of digital tools, in the educational process during the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain student engagement and active learning. Student feedback revealed positive learning gains on biochemistry concepts related to the four biomolecules. The exercise was viewed favourably by students, with learners indicating the acquisition of digital skills to effectively represent and visualise their understanding of biochemical concepts and explain these processes to peers.
